Gallbladder polyps: correlation and agreement between ultrasonographic and histopathological findings in a population with high incidence of gallbladder cancer / Pólipos da vesícula biliar: correlação e concordância entre achados ultrassonográficos e histopatológicos em uma população com alta incidência de câncer de vesícula biliar

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Gallbladder polyps are becoming a common finding in ultrasound. The management has to consider the potential risk of malignant lesions. AIMS: The aim of this study was to analyze the ultrasound findings in patients undergoing cholecystectomy due to gallbladder polyps and compare them for histopathological findings (HPs). METHODS: Patients with an ultrasonographic diagnosis of gallbladder polyp and who underwent cholecystectomy from 2007 to 2020 were included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 447 patients were included, of whom 58% were women. The mean age was 45±12 years. The mean size of polyps in US was 7.9±3.6 mm. Notably, 9% of polyps were greater than 10 mm, and single polyps were significantly larger than the multiple ones (p=0.003). Histopathological findings confirmed the presence of polyps in 88.4%, with a mean size of 4.8±3.4 mm. In all, 16 cases were neoplastic polyps (4.1%), 4 of them being malignancies, and all were single and larger than 10 mm. We found a significant correlation between ultrasound and histopathological findings polyp size determination (r=0.44; p<0.001). The Bland-Altman analysis obtained an overestimation of the US size of 3.26 mm. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis between both measures obtained an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.77 (95%CI 0.74-0.81). Ultrasound polyps size larger than 10 mm had an odds ratio (OR) of 8.147 (95%CI 2.56-23.40) for the presence of adenoma and malignancy, with a likelihood ratio of 2.78. CONCLUSIONS: There is a positive correlation and appropriate diagnostic accuracy between ultrasound size of gallbladder polyps compared to histopathological records, with a trend to overestimate the size by about 3 mm. Neoplastic polyps are uncommon, and it correlates with size. Polyps larger than 10 mm were associated with adenoma and malignancy.

RESUMO RACIONAL: Os pólipos da vesícula biliar estão se tornando um achado comum na ultrassonografia (US). O manejo deve levar em consideração o risco de lesões malignas. OBJETIVOS: Analisar os achados da ultrassonografia em pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia por pólipos vesicais e compará-los com os achados histopatológicos. MÉTODOS: Foram revisados os prontuários médicos dos pacientes com diagnóstico ultrassonográfico de pólipo vesicular e submetidos à colecistectomia no período de 2007 a 2020. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 447 pacientes. A média de idade foi 45±12anos, sendo 58% mulheres. O tamanho médio dos pólipos na US foide 7,9±3,6mm. Nove por cento foram maiores que 10 mm, e os pólipos únicos encontrados foram maiores do que os múltiplos (p=0,003). A HP confirmou a presença de pólipos em 88,4%, tamanho médio 4,8±3,4mm. Dezesseis eram pólipos neoplásicos (4,1%) e quatro deles malignos, únicos e maiores que 10 mm. Foi encontrado correlação significativa entre a determinação do tamanho do pólipo ao ultrassonografia e histopatológicos (r=0,44; p<0,001). A análise de Bland-Altman obteve uma superestimação do tamanho do pólipo ao US em 3,26 mm. A análise da curva da característica de operação do receptor entre as duas medidas obteve uma área sob a curva curva da característica de operação do receptor (AUC) de 0,77 (IC95% 0,74-0,81). Pólipos ao ultrassonografia maiores que 10 mm apresentaram razão de chance (OR) de 8,147 (IC95% 2,56-23,40) para presença de adenoma e malignidade, com razão de verossimilhança de 2,78. CONCLUSÕES: Há uma correlação positiva e acurácia diagnóstica apropriada entre o tamanho dos pólipos da vesícula biliar por ultrassonografia em comparação com os achados histopatológicos, com uma tendência de superestimar o tamanho em cerca de 3 mm. Pólipos maiores que 10 mm foram associados a adenoma e malignidade.

Sangrado y terapia hormonal en la menopausia (THM) / Bleeding during menopause hormone therapy (MHT)

La definición de sangrado ginecológico anormal durante terapia hormonal de la menopausia es aquel sangrado no programado durante el uso de la terapia. Este artículo es un pauteo que describe: 1) cuándo diagnosticar unsangrado anormal, ya que difiere según el tipo de esquema hormonal utilizado; 2) eldiagnóstico diferencial del origen del sangrado anormal; 3) los métodos de evaluación para diagnosticar el origen del sangrado. Se destacan los aspectos principales para el diagnóstico diferencial entre patología orgánica versus disrupción endometrial debida al tratamiento hormonal. Además, se describen los ajustes posibles para resolver el sangrado cuando éste se debe a disrupción del endometrio.

Abnormal bleeding related to menopausal hormone therapy is defined as unscheduled bleeding during the use of the therapy. This article outlines when to diagnose an abnormal bleeding -as this differs according to the type of hormonal scheme used-, the differential diagnosis of the origin of abnormal bleeding, and the methods of evaluation to assess the origin of the bleeding. The main aspects are highlighted on the differentiation of organic pathology versus disruption of the endometrium due to treatment. Also, treatment adjustments to resolve bleeding when it is due to disruption of the endometrium are outlined.

Obstrucción colónica por pólipo hamartomatoso en una paciente pediátrica con esclerosis tuberosa / Bowel obstruction by hamartomatous polyp in a pediatric patient with tuberous sclerosis

La esclerosis tuberosa es una enfermedad autosómica dominante con gran variabilidad de expresión clínica. Se caracteriza por la presencia de tumores benignos en distintos órganos debidos a un desorden en la proliferación y diferenciación celular. Afecta, especialmente, la piel, el sistema nervioso central, el corazón y el riñón. El compromiso intestinal es infrecuente; afecta a adultos y compromete el colon sigmoide y el recto. En niños, hay solo dos casos descritos en la literatura; nuestra paciente sería el tercero. Presentamos a una paciente con esclerosis tuberosa, que comenzó, desde el mes de vida, con cuadros reiterados de suboclusión intestinal. La videocolonoscopía mostró una formación mamelonada que protruía hacia la luz del colon ascendente. Se realizó una hemicolectomía derecha. El informe anatomopatológico correspondió a un pólipo hamartomatoso. La evolución clínica y nutricional en el posquirúrgico fue muy favorable. Aunque poco frecuente, el pólipo hamartomatoso debe considerarse en el diagnóstico diferencial de oclusión intestinal en pediatría.

Tuberous sclerosis is an autosomal dominant disorder with a wide clinical spectrum of disease. It is characterized by development of benign tumors in multiple organs due to a disturbance in cellular growth and differentiation. It usually affects skin, brain, heart and kidney. Gastrointestinal involvement is rare and mainly restricted to adults and sigmoid colon and rectum. In children there are only two cases; our patient would be the third. We present a patient with tuberous sclerosis who began at the first month of life with repeated intestinal subocclusion. The videocolonoscopy showed a mass protruding into the lumen of the ascending colon. Right hemicolectomy was performed. The anatomopathological report corresponded to a hamartomatous polyp. The clinical and nutritional evolution in the postoperative period was very favorable. Although uncommon, the hamartomatous polyp should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intestinal occlusion in pediatrics.

A Rare Cause of Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction

No abstract available.

Pólipo endometrial, una causa infrecuente de sangrado genital anormal en la adolescencia / Endometrial polyp, a rare cause of abnormal genital bleeding in adolescence

Antecedentes: El sangrado genital anormal es una causa frecuente de consulta en la adolescencia. En este período, la principal causa de sangrado es la metrorragia asociada a ciclos anovulatorios producto de la inmadurez del eje hipotálamo-hipofisario-gonadal. Dentro de las causas infrecuentes de sangrado genital anormal en ese período está el pólipo endometrial. Caso clínico: Presentamos el caso de una niña de 13 años cuya causa de sangrado correspondió a un pólipo endometrial, sospechado por ultrasonografía, resecado mediante histeroscopia y confirmado mediante estudio histológico. Discusión: Pese a su baja incidencia, los pólipos endometriales deben ser considerados como parte del diagnóstico diferencial en adolescentes que consultan por trastorno menstrual, particularmente en aquellos casos sin respuesta a la terapia hormonal y donde la ultrasonografía muestra engrosamiento endometrial.

Background: Abnormal genital bleeding is a common cause of medical consultation in patients during adolescence. In this period, the main cause of genital bleeding is metrorrhagia in relation to anovulatory cycles due to immaturity of hypothalamus- pituitary-gonadal axis. Among the uncommon causes of bleeding at this age is the endometrial polyp. Case report: We report a 13 year old girl with abnormal uterine bleeding due to endometrial polyp, suspected during a pelvic ultrasound, removed by hysteroscopy, and confirmed by histological analysis. Discussion: Despite its low incidence, endometrial polyps should be included in the differential diagnosis of adolescents presenting menstrual disorders, particularly in those with no response to hormonal therapy and endometrial thickness in ultrasound.

Pólipo esfenonasal como causa de mucocele esfenoidal: un diagnóstico a considerar / Sphenoidal sinus polips

The sphenoidal sinus mucocele is a pseudocystic lesion of paranasal cavity (CPN). These injuries are probably underdiagnosed as they may be asymptomatic or cause nonspecific symptoms. The CT scan and the MRI increase the precision of the preoperative evaluation. We present a case of sphenoid sinus mucocele in a patient of 69 years old, who was admitted at our institution with 1 month evolution of persistent headache. Clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of this case are discussed as well as the review of the literature...

Role of endobronchial electrocautery in management of neoplastic central airway obstruction: Initial experience with seven cases.

Background. Central airway obstruction (CAO) due to malignant and benign conditions is common. Tumour ablation by various techniques helps effective palliation of symptoms in such patients. Tumour ablation using endobronchial electrocautery (EBEC) with flexible bronchoscope (FB) is an established procedure. However, there is paucity of data from India on this topic. Methods. EBEC was performed in seven patients with CAO; six of these patients had malignant (non-small cell carcinoma) and one had benign aetiology (tracheal fibro-epithelial polyp) as the cause of CAO. Pre- and post-procedure assessment was done with the help of Speiser’s symptomatic scoring. Results. Mean age of the patients was 52.9±7.0 years; there were five males. All the patients had symptomatic relief after the procedure; in five of them the improvement in symptom scores was significant. No major complication was encountered in any patient. Conclusions. EBEC can be a safe, effective and cost-effective tool for palliation in patients with benign or malignant CAO. It is especially beneficial for centres where cost of bronchoscopic laser and cryotherapy is prohibitive.

Trichosporon inkin, an unusual agent of fungal sinusitis: A report from south India.

The aetiology of fungal sinusitis is diverse and changing. Aspergillus species has been the most common cause for fungal sinusitis, especially in dry and hot regions like India. Trichosporon species as a cause for fungal sinusitis has been very rarely reported the world over. Here, we report a rare case of allergic fungal sinusitis caused by Trichosporon inkin in a 28-year-old immunocompetent woman. Bilateral nasal obstruction, nasal discharge and loss of smell were her presenting complaints. Diagnostic nasal endoscopy showed bilateral multiple polyps. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery was performed and many polyps were removed. Based on mycological and histopathological studies, the pathogen was identified as T. inkin.

Hysteroscopic findings in patients with post-menstrual spotting with prior cesarean section / Achados histeroscópicos em pacientes com sangramento pós-menstrual tipo escape com cesárea anterior

Objective: To identify uterine hysteroscopic findings among patients with prior cesarean section and whom had post-menstrual bleeding spotting type. Methods: We conducted a descriptive and prospective study between June 2008 and December 2009 involving women admitted to our clinic in Ji-Paraná (RO), Brazil, and who complained of prolonged genital bleeding after menstrual period. A total of 20 women with the simultaneous following characteristics were selected: at least one prior cesarean section, aged between 18 and 45 years, no use of hormonal contraceptives, and no history of uterine surgery that could change the cavity anatomy. All participants underwent a hysteroscopic examination. Results: During hysteroscopy, in 90% of the patients, the presence of a cesarean section scar was observed in the last third of the cervix. This scarring causes an anomaly in the uterine cavity anatomy, characterized by the viewing of an enlargement followed by a retraction of the anterior wall, which affords the presence of a pseudocavity with depth and lumen narrowing in variable degrees. Two patients did not present the pseudocavity. Conclusion: Pseudocavities in cesarean section scar are usually found in hysteroscopic examination of patients with prior cesarean section and abnormal uterine spotting.

Objetivo: Identificar os achados histeroscópicos uterino em grupo de pacientes com operação cesariana anterior e sangramento pós-menstrual tipo escape. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo e prospectivo, com mulheres que compareceram em consultório em Ji-Paraná (RO), entre junho de 2008 e dezembro de 2009, com queixa de sangramento genital prolongado tipo escape após período menstrual. Destas, foram selecionadas 20 mulheres que apresentavam, simultaneamente, as seguintes características: ao menos uma cesárea prévia; idade entre 18 e 45 anos; sem uso de método anticoncepcional hormonal; e ausência de qualquer outra cirurgia uterina capaz de alterar a anatomia da cavidade. As pacientes selecionadas foram submetidas a exame histeroscópico. Resultados: À histeroscopia, em 90% das pacientes, observou-se, no terço final do colo, a presença da cicatriz de cesárea. Essa cicatriz causa, no interior da cavidade uterina, uma anomalia em sua anatomia, caracterizada pela visualização, na parede anterior, de uma dilatação seguida de retração, que proporciona a presença de pseudocavidade com profundidade e oclusão da luz em graus variáveis. Já em duas pacientes, não foi detectada a pseudocavidade. Conclusão: A pseudocavidade na cicatriz da cesariana é o achado mais freqüente à observação histeroscópica em pacientes com cesárea prévia e sangramento uterino anormal pós-menstrual tipo escape.

Pólipo fibrovascular esofágico: Estudio por imágenes multimodalidad / Endoluminal excision of an esophageal fibrovascular polyp: Report of one case

We report a 47 years old woman presenting with dysphagia. A chest CAT scan and barium swallow showed an endoluminal mass that extended to four vertebrae. An endoluminal sonography localized the pediculum of the mass, that was excised endoscopically. The pathological study disclosed a fibrovascular polyp. After 18 months of follow up, the patient is asymptomatic.

Multiple, Bilateral Fibroepithelial Polyps Causing Acute Renal Failure in a Gastric Cancer Patient

We report a case of primary fibroepithelial polyps (FEPs) in the middle of both ureters in a patient with advanced gastric cancer and acute renal failure. Ureteral FEPs are rare benign lesions, and multiple, bilateral lesions are extremely rare. To our knowledge, this report is the seventh case of bilateral FEPs in the literature. Our case has clinical implications because FEPs should be considered as a cause of ureteral obstruction inducing acute renal failure in advanced gastric cancer.

Polipose gastroduodenal em doentes com polipose adenomatosa familiar Pós-Retocolectomia / Gastroduodenal polyposis in patients with familiar adenomatous polyposis after rectocolectomy

RACIONAL: As manifestações extracólicas, como os pólipos gastroduodenais e o tumor do duodeno, são fatores que influenciam a morbimortalidade dos doentes com polipose adenomatosa familiar no seguimento pós-retocolectomia total. OBJETIVO: Investigar a freqüência destas alterações em doentes com polipose adenomatosa familiar e verificar a eficácia do rastreamento endoscópico. MÉTODO:No período de 1984 a 2005, 62 doentes com polipose adenomatosa familiar pós-retocolectomia foram estudados retrospectivamente pelo Grupo de Coloproctologia da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP. O tempo de seguimento médio pós-operatório foi de 81,9 meses, sendo que em 53 (85,5 por cento) foi possível analisar a ocorrência de pólipos gastroduodenais. RESULTADOS: Dos 53 doentes em seguimento, 27 (50,9 por cento) apresentavam pólipos gastroduodenais. Em 8 (15,4 por cento) os pólipos adenomatosos eram gástricos, 14 (27 por cento) pólipos duodenais e 5 (9,6 por cento) pólipos gástricos e duodenais. Dois doentes (3,8 por cento) desenvolveram adenoma duodenal com displasia de alto grau. E outro (1,9 por cento), adenocarcinoma em papila duodenal. CONCLUSÃO: O rastreamento endoscópico, desta forma, é de grande importância e o objetivo é detectar, o mais precocemente possível, os casos de adenocarcinoma duodenal e pólipos gastroduodenais com displasia de alto grau.

BACKGROUND: The extra colonic manifestations, like upper gastrointestinal tract polyps and duodenal cancer are disorders that affect long-term morbidity and mortality of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis, after rectocolectomy. AIM: To describe the frequency of those disorders in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis and to review efficacy of upper gastrointestinal endoscopic surveillance. METHODS: Between 1984 and 2005, 62 patients with familial adenomatous polyposis after rectocolectomy, were studied retrospectively, by Coloproctology Group, Medical Sciences Faculty, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil. It was possible to analyze 53 patients (85,5 percent) in this study. RESULTS: Twenty seven (50,9 percent) of 53 patients in follow-up had upper gastrointestinal polyps. Eight (15,4 percent) had gastric adenomatous polyps, 14 (27 percent), duodenal polyps and 5 (9,6 percent) duodenal and gastric polyps. Two patients (3,8 percent) had adenomatous duodenal polyps with severe dysplasia, and one (1,9 percent) had adenocarcinoma of the duodenal papilla. CONCLUSION: The upper gastrointestinal endoscopic surveillance has importance and the aim is to detect as early as possible the occurrence of duodenal adenocarcinoma and upper gastrointestinal polyps with severe dysplasia.

rare cause of intermittent dysphagia: giant fibrovascular polyp of the proximal esophagus

Fibrovascular polyps account for only 0.5-1% of all benign esophageal tumors and causes intermittent dysphagia. The patient was a 63-year-old gentleman with gradually progressive intermittent dysphagia of 40 days duration. Investigations revealed a submucosal tumor of the proximal esophagus causing luminal compromise. Excision was performed through a cervical esophagotomy and specimen was subject to histopathological examination. Postoperative recovery was uneventful and he was completely relieved of his symptoms

Estenose pilórica pós-polipectomia: relato de caso / Post-polypectomy pyloric stenosis: report of a case

A maioria dos pólipos gástricos constitui-se de lesões benignas e, geralmente, assintomáticas. Eventualmente, pólipos grand.es localizados no canal pilórico podem cursar com sangramento ou obstrução (outlet obstruction syndrome).Outros podem ser sede de transformações malignas. Portanto, as polipectomias endoscópicas se fazem necessárias.Ascomplicaçõesapós a realizaçãodas polipectomias endoscópicassão raras, porém, em alguns casos, podem ocorrer sangramentos ou estenosescicatriciais.Os autores descrevemo caso de um paciente de 77 anos com queixa de dispepsia que foi submetido a polipectomia endoscópica, que evoluiu com estenosepilórica clássica resolvida por meio de tratamento cirúrgico.

A Case of Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome Showing Resolution with Helicobactor pylori Eradication and Omeprazole / 대한소화기학회지

We describe a 58-year-old woman who was incidentally found to have gastric and colonic polyposis, hypoalbuminemia, cutaneous hyperpigmentation and onychodystrophy (Cronkhite-Canada syndrome). Histology of polyps from the stomach showed features of juvenile or retention type (hamartomatous) polyps with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. The large pedunculated colonic polyps showed hamartomatous polyps with adenomatous component and polypectomy was performed. After the treatment with H. pylori eradication and omeprazole, the gastric polyposis, hypoalbuminemia and anemia regressed, and endoscopic polypectomy of gastric polyps were performed. After the continuous use of omeprazole for 14 months, the patient showed complete resolution of clinical features of Cronkhite-Canada syndome. The experience of this case suggests that eradication of H. pylori and proton pump inhibitor treatment might be considered in patients with gastric polyposis combined with Cronkhite-Canada syndome.

Transvaginal ultrasonography, sonohysterography and hysteroscopy for intrauterine pathology in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding.

OBJECTIVES: To test the diagnostic accuracy of sonohysterography and hysteroscopy in detection of endometrial polyps and submucous myomas. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective review of the fifty six records of the patients with abnormal uterine bleeding who had positive sonohysterography and underwent operative hysteroscopy performed between June 2001 and December 2004. Exclusion of six patients with incomplete records, giving a total of fifty records included in the present study, using pathological reports as a gold standard. RESULTS: The two most common pathologies were 58% of endometrial polyps and 42% of submucous myomas. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, negative predictive values and accuracy for diagnosis of endometrial polyps by sonohysterography were 92.59%,72.73%, 80.65%, 88.89% and 83.67% and by hysteroscopy were 93.10%, 84.0%, 87.10%, 91.30% and 88.89% for submucous myomas by sonohysterography were 88.89%, 93.55%, 88.89%, 93.55% and 91.84% by hysteroscope were 90.91%, 87.50%, 83.33%, 93.33% and 88.89% respectively. CONCLUSION: The diagnostic accuracy for endometrial polyps and submucous myomas by sonohysterography are equal to hysteroscopy.

Non malignant hoarsness of voice in old age patients

Geriatric Voice and Laryngeal Dysfunctions many as ten to fifteen percent of elderly individuals have vocal dysfunction. Voice weakness and articulator imprecision are particularly difficult when an individual's peer group is also likely to have significant hearing losses. This impact on day to day existence can be devastating. Dysfunctions may be classified into those that are part of the aging process and those associated with other pathologies. Some characteristics of the aging voice include altered pitch, roughness, percent of elderly individuals have vocal dysfunction. Voice weakness and articulator imprecision are particularly difficult when an individuals peer group is also likbreathiness. Routine laryngoscope often reveals dark the vocal ligaments commonly seen in aged men may result in thinner vocal cords that vibrate more rapidly. These changes of Routine laryngoscope often reveal a yellowish grayish discoloration of the vocal folds with bowing may contribute to the vocal fold Francis B etal [1999], Bailey, B [1998]. The aim of our work is giving spotlight of that hoarseness of vice in old age not only aging phenomena but also we must but others common causes of voice disorder in our differential diagnosis as in these study We founded that there are many pathological changes as Nodules [8.5%]; polyps [20%]; Reinke's edema [22.8%]; Vocal fold hemorrhage [8.5%]; Vocal fold paralysis or paresis [17,1%], Acid reflux larengitis [11.4%], Presbylaryngis [14,3%].The procedures of treatment depended on the characteristics of patients; microlaryngosurgery for 15% of nodules patients and 20% to the polyps patients. fat injection for 40% Presbylaryngis patients; six weeks of medical treatment in form of antacid is the ideal treatment in aside reflux laryngitis, conservative treatment in form of anticoagulant and abolish any predisposing trauma are excellent management in case of vocal fold hemorrhage. surgical removal for all cases of Reinke's edema. Injection of fat in 35% patients accepted surgical procedures in vocal cord paralysis and speech therapy for patients refused surgery. Intensive speech therapy is very effective for all patients with or without surgical interference and that very helpful treatment in old age group. There are many diseases may be its course may leaden to vice disorder as its complication in old age like Cerebrovascular diseases; cardiac patients with history of I. C. U admission and others diseases association with hoarseness of voice but may be without rule as diabetes mellitus and hypertension patients

Tratamento das lesões polipoides da vesícula biliar: tecendo considerações sobre o tema / Treatment of polypoid lesions of the Gallbladder: considerations about the subject

Os pólipos da vesicula biliar são detectados em 4 a 5% da população, sendo benignos na maioria dos casos. Entretanto, podem ser malignos e com prognóstico sombrio. Assim como em outros cânceres, o tratamento em um estágio precoce é considerado essencial para a melhora da sobrevida. Os autores discutem a classificação histopatológica dos pópilos e as indicações cirúrgicas, quando existentes. Propõem um algaritmo com o fito de auxiliar na conduta a ser tomada frente a um paciente portador de pópilo na vesícula biliar.