Prognostic roles and survival benefits of endoscopic resection versus surgical resection in the management of malignant colon polyps

Background: Due to few sufficient data regarding the comparison between endoscopic and surgical resection of malignant colorectal polyps regarding outcomes and survival benefits, there are no clear guidelines of management strategies of malignant colorectal polyps. The aims of the present study were to compare endoscopic resection alone and surgical resection in patients with malignant polyps in the colon (T1N0M0) readings advantages, disadvantages, recurrence risks, survival benefits, and long-term prognosis to detect how management strategy affects outcome. Patients and methods: we included 350 patients. All included patients were divided into 2 groups; the first group included 100 patients who underwent only endoscopic polypectomy and the second group included 250 patients who underwent endoscopic polypectomy followed by definitive surgical resection after histopathological diagnosis. We followed all patients for about 5 years, ranging from 18 to 55 months. The primarily evaluated parameters are surgical consequences and patients' morbidity. The secondary evaluated parameters are recurrence risks, recurrence free survival, and overall survival rates. Results: The age of patients who underwent polypectomy is usually younger than the surgical group, males have more liability to polypectomy in comparison with females. Patients with tumors in the left colon have more liability to polypectomy in comparison with the right colon (p< 0.0001). Tumor factors associated with more liability to surgical resection are presence of lymphovascular invasion, high grade, and poor tumor differentiation (p< 0.0001). The management strategy was the most significant predictor of overall and recurrence free survival rates in patients with malignant colon polyps (p< 0.001). Conclusions: We found that survival benefits and lower incidence of recurrence are detected in the surgical resection group more than in the polypectomy group. (AU)

Clinical features of children with colorectal polyps and the efficacy of endoscopic treatment: an analysis of 1 351 cases / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the clinical features of children with colorectal polyps and the efficacy of endoscopic treatment.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 1 351 children with colorectal polyps who were admitted and received colonoscopy and treatment in the past 8 years, including clinical features and the pattern and outcomes of endoscopic treatment.@*RESULTS@#Among the 1 351 children, 893 (66.10%) were boys and 981 (72.61%) had an age of 2-<7 years, and hematochezia (1 307, 96.74%) was the most common clinical manifestation. Of all the children, 89.27% (1 206/1 351) had solitary polyps, and 95.77% (1 290/1 347) had juvenile polyps. The polyps were removed by electric cauterization with hot biopsy forceps (6 cases) or high-frequency electrotomy and electrocoagulation after snare ligation (1 345 cases). A total of 1 758 polyps were resected, among which 1 593 (90.61%) were pedunculated and 1 349 (76.73%) had a diameter of <2 cm. Postoperative complications included bleeding in 51 children (3.77%), vomiting in 87 children (6.44%), abdominal pain in 14 children (1.04%), and fever in 39 children (2.89%), while no perforation was observed. The children aged <3 years had the highest incidence rates of postoperative bleeding and fever (P<0.0125), and the children with a polyp diameter of ≥2 cm had significantly higher incidence rates of postoperative bleeding, vomiting, and fever (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Solitary polyps, pedunculated polyps, and juvenile polyps are common types of pediatric colorectal polyps. Electric cauterization with hot biopsy forceps or high-frequency electrotomy and electrocoagulation after snare ligation can effectively remove colorectal polyps in children, with good efficacy and few complications. Younger age and larger polyp diameter are associated with a higher risk of postoperative bleeding.

Clinical guidance on endoscopic management of colonic polyps in Singapore

Colonoscopy with endoscopic resection of detected colonic adenomas interrupts the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and reduces the incidence of colorectal cancer and cancer-related mortality. In the past decade, there have been significant developments in instruments and techniques for endoscopic polypectomy. Guidelines have been formulated by various professional bodies in Europe, Japan and the United States, but some of the recommendations differ between the various bodies. An expert professional workgroup under the auspices of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, was set up to provide guidance on the endoscopic management of colonic polyps in Singapore. A total of 23 recommendations addressed the following issues: accurate description and diagnostic evaluation of detected polyps; techniques to reduce the risk of post-polypectomy bleeding and delayed perforation; the role of specific endoscopic resection techniques; the histopathological criteria for defining endoscopic cure; and the role of surveillance colonoscopy following curative resection.

Avaliação de ressecção de mucosa endoscópica sob imersão d'água de pólipos colorretais em um centro ambulatorial no Brasil / Evaluation of underwater endoscopic mucosal resection for colorectal polyps in an outpatient clinic in brazil

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Since 2012, a new technique for resection of large polyps has been described, the underwater endoscopic mucosal resection (UEMR). Some advantages that emerge from it is the needless of injection in submucosal layer and a greater chance of complete capture of the polyp. OBJECTIVE: There are few studies of UEMR in Brazil. The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this technique in one Brazilian center. METHODS: This case series was conducted from February to December of 2020. Colorectal polyps greater than 9 mm without features of deep submucosal invasion were resected using UEMR. RESULTS: Twenty-four large polyps were resected with the UEMR approach from 24 patients. The mean size of the polys was 19 mm, ranging from 12 to 35 mm. All lesions were successful resected and 66% (16/24) were resected en bloc. In histologic analyses, most of them were adenomas (70.8%) and only one had deep submucosal invasion. There were no cases of acute complications, such perforation or acute bleeding. CONCLUSION: The UEMR is a safe and feasible procedure. With the emerging data on the procedure, it seems to be a wonderful tool in preventing colorectal cancer and its applicability and scope should be encourage to surpass reference centers.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Desde 2012, uma nova técnica para ressecção de pólipos grandes tem sido descrita, a ressecção da mucosa endoscópica sob imersão d'água (REMS). Algumas vantagens que surgem desta técnica são evitar a injeção na camada submucosa e a maior chance de captura completa do pólipo. Objetivo - Há poucos estudos com REMS no Brasil. Nosso objetivo é avaliar a segurança e a eficácia da técnica em um centro brasileiro. MÉTODOS: Esta série de casos foi conduzida de fevereiro a dezembro de 2020. Pólipos colorretais maiores que 9 mm sem sinais endoscópicos de invasão de submucosa foram ressecados utilizando RMES. RESULTADOS: Vinte e quatro pólipos foram ressecados com RMES em 24 pacientes diferentes. O tamanho médio dos pólipos era de 19 mm, variando de 12 a 35 mm. Todas as lesões foram ressecadas e 66% (16/24) foram ressecadas em monobloco. Na análise histológica, a maioria era adenoma (70.8%) e apenas uma havia invasão profunda da submucosa. CONCLUSÃO: O uso de REMS é um procedimento seguro e factível. Com o aumento de dados relativos ao procedimento, esta parece ser uma excelente ferramenta na prevenção do câncer colorretal e sua aplicabilidade deve ser encorajada para fora dos centros de referência.

The risk of post-polypectomy bleeding among patients receiving antithrombotic agents: A prospective observational study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: In July 2012, the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society updated their guidelines for gastroenterological endoscopy in patients receiving antithrombotic therapy. Colonoscopic polypectomy procedures are associated with a high risk of bleeding. OBJECTIVES: The present study evaluated the safety of colonoscopic polypectomy procedures in terms of bleeding, among patients receiving antithrombotic therapy. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective observational study conducted in a tertiary-level public cardiovascular hospital in Istanbul, Turkey. METHODS: Colonoscopic polypectomies carried out in a single endoscopy unit between July 2018 and July 2019 were evaluated prospectively. The patients' data, including age, gender, comorbidities, whether antithrombotic drug use was ceased or whether patients were switched to bridging therapy, polyp size, polyp type, polyp location, histopathology, resection methods (hot snare, cold snare or forceps) and complications relating to the procedures were recorded. RESULTS: The study was completed with 94 patients who underwent a total of 167 polypectomy procedures. As per the advice of the physicians who prescribed antithrombotic medications, 108 polypectomy procedures were performed on 60 patients without discontinuing medication and 59 polypectomy procedures were performed on 34 patients after discontinuing medication. The age, gender distribution and rate of bleeding did not differ significantly between the patients whose medication was discontinued and those whose medication was continued (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study found that the colonoscopic polypectomy procedure without discontinuation of antithrombotic medication did not increase the risk of bleeding. This procedure can be safely performed by experienced endoscopists in patients with an international normalized ratio (INR) below 2.5.

Características clínico-patológicas y manejo endoscópico de lesiones serradas sésiles de colon en un hospital de referencia en Lima - Perú / Clinical-pathological characteristics and endoscopic management of colonic sessile serrated lesions in a reference hospital in Lima - Peru

RESUMEN El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es uno de los más frecuentes a nivel mundial. Aproximadamente un tercio de los casos se originan por la vía serrada de carcinogénesis, siendo las lesiones serradas sésiles (LSS) de colon, una las principales responsables del CCR de intervalo. Objetivo: Evaluar las características clínicas, endoscópicas, histológicas y el manejo endoscópico de las LSS de colon. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo de julio del 2017 a junio del 2019 en el servicio de gastroenterología del Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima - Perú. Se evaluó las características de 79 LSS, se utilizó el estadístico chi-cuadrado para analizar la asociación de variables clínicas y endoscópicas con la presencia de displasia; y el tamaño de la lesión con el tipo de resección endoscópica. Resultados: En 74 pacientes se halló 79 LSS, 67 (84,8%) con displasia (44 de alto grado y 23 de bajo grado). Edad media de 52 años y 44 (59,4%) fueron varones. La localización en colon derecho (OR=5,09, IC 95% 1,38-18,7, p= 0,009), el tamaño >10 mm (OR=6,13/IC 95%/1,50-24,94/ p=0,014) y los "bordes borrosos" (OR=5,08, IC 95% 1,17-21,98, p=0,019), se relacionan de manera significativa con la presencia de displasia. Las LSS menores a 20 mm mostraron asociación estadística con la resección en bloque (OR=69,3, IC 95% 7,35-653,9, p<0,001) respecto a la piecemeal. Conclusiones: El hallazgo de LSS durante colonoscopías es frecuente. La localización, el tamaño y el hallazgo de bordes borrosos se relacionan con la presencia de displasia. La resección endoscópica mucosa fue una técnica segura y efectiva.

ABSTRACT Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent worldwide. Approximately one third of cases originate from the serrated pathway of carcinogenesis, with colonic sessile serrated lesions (SSL) being the main cause of interval CRC. Objective: To evaluate the clinical, endoscopic, histological characteristics and endoscopic management of colonic LSS. Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive, retrospective study from July 2017 to June 2019 in the gastroenterology service of the Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen National Hospital, Lima - Peru. The characteristics of 79 LSS were evaluated, the chi-square statistic was used to analyze the association of clinical and endoscopic variables with the presence of dysplasia; and the size of the lesion with the type of endoscopic resection. Results: In 74 patients, 79 SSL were found, 67 (84.8%) with dysplasia (44 high-grade and 23 low-grade). Average age of 52 years and 44 (59.4%) were males. The location in the right colon (OR=5.09, 95% CI 1.38-18.7, p=0.009), the size >10 mm (OR=6.13, 95% CI 1.50-24,94, p=0.014) and the "blurred edges" (OR=5.08, 95% CI 1.17-21.98, p=0.019), are significantly related to the presence of dysplasia. SSL smaller than 20 mm showed statistical association with bloc resection (OR=69.3, 95% CI 7.35-653.9, p <0.001) with respect to the piecemeal resection. Conclusions: The finding of SSL during colonoscopies is frequent. The location, size and finding of blurred edges are related to the presence of dysplasia. Mucosal endoscopic resection was a safe and effective technique.

Aumento do risco de lesões colorretais síncronas em pacientes encaminhados para ressecção endoscópica da mucosa de tumores de propagação lateral / Increased risk of synchronous colorectal lesions in patients referred for endoscopic mucosal resection of lateral spreading tumors

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Endoscopic mucosal resection is one of the most frequent therapeutic alternatives for large colorectal lateral spreading tumors. There are few data on the prevalence of synchronous lesions on these patients. OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of synchronous colorectal lesions in patients referred for endoscopic mucosal resection of lateral spreading tumors >20 mm. METHODS: We reviewed the endoscopic database of our Department and identified adult patients who were referred for the resection of a colorectal lateral spreading tumor >20 mm and had a diagnostic colonoscopy performed up to six months before. The proportion of patients with at least one synchronous lesion was estimated. The following features were compared between patients with and without synchronous lesions: age, gender, bowel preparation quality and cecal intubation on index colonoscopy and therapeutic colonoscopy, serrated adenoma as index lesion. RESULTS: From December 2016 to November 2017, we identified 70 patients who fulfilled inclusion criteria. Median size of lesions was 25 mm (20-45). Eighty percent were located in the right colon and 35.71% were serrated adenomas. Synchronous lesion rate was 38.57%. Bowel preparation quality was similar in both groups when comparing both index and therapeutic colonoscopies. Patients with synchronous lesions had a higher proportion of serrated adenoma as index lesion than patients without synchronous lesions [51.85% vs 25.58%, OR 3.13 (1.13-8.68), P=0.03]. CONCLUSION: We found a high prevalence of synchronous lesions among patients with a large colorectal lateral spreading tumor. This risk seems to be increased if index lesions are serrated adenomas.

DESCRITORES CONTEXTO: A ressecção endoscópica de mucosa é uma das alternativas terapêuticas frequentes para grandes tumores colorretais de propagação lateral. Há poucos dados sobre a prevalência de lesões síncronas nesses pacientes. OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência de lesões colorretais síncronas em pacientes encaminhados para ressecção endoscópica da mucosa de tumores de disseminação lateral >20 mm. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se a revisão de banco de dados endoscópicos de nosso departamento e foram identificados pacientes adultos encaminhados para a ressecção de um tumor colorretal com propagação lateral >20 mm e que tiveram colonoscopia diagnóstica realizada até seis meses antes. Estimou-se a proporção de pacientes com pelo menos uma lesão síncrona. As seguintes características foram comparadas entre pacientes com e sem lesões síncronas: idade, sexo, qualidade da preparação intestinal e intubação cecal pelo índice de colonoscopia e adenoma serrilhado como lesão índice. RESULTADOS: De dezembro de 2016 a novembro de 2017, identificamos 70 pacientes que preencheram os critérios de inclusão. O tamanho mediano das lesões foi de 25 mm (20-45). Foram 80% situados no cólon direito e 35,71% eram adenomas serrilhados. A taxa de lesão síncrona foi de 38,57%. A qualidade da preparação intestinal foi semelhante em ambos os grupos comparando-se os índices e colonoscopia terapêutica. Pacientes com lesões síncronas apresentaram maior proporção de adenoma serrilhado como lesão índice do que pacientes sem lesões síncronas [51,85% vs 25,58%, or 3,13 (1,13-8,68), P=0,03]. CONCLUSÃO: Encontramos alta prevalência de lesões síncronas entre pacientes com grande tumor de propagação lateral colorretal. Este risco parece ser aumentado se as lesões índice forem adenomas serrilhados.

Revisão sistemática e meta-análise sobre técnicas de polipectomia de pólipos colorretais pequenos e diminutos / Best polypectomy technique for small and diminutive colorectal polyps: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Polypectomy of colorectal polyps is the mainstay of colorectal cancer prevention. Identification of the best polypectomy technique is imperative. OBJECTIVE: This review aims at comparing efficacy of nine different resection methods for small colorectal polyps (<10 mm). METHODS: We searched and selected only randomized controlled trials. Primary outcome was complete resection rates of small polyps by histological eradication. Secondary outcomes were: adverse events, retrieval tissue failures rates and duration of procedure. RESULTS: Eighteen trials including 3215 patients and 5223 polyps were analysed. Overall, cold polypectomy had a significantly shorter time of procedure than hot polypectomy (RD -5.92, 95%CI -9.90 to -1.94, P<0.05), with no statistical difference on complete histological eradication (RD 0.08, 95%CI -0.03 to 0.19, P>0.05). Regarding cold polypectomy techniques, cold snare was found superior to cold forceps on complete and en-bloc resection rates and less time consuming. When comparing endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) with hot-snare and cold-snare, the latter showed no-inferiority on histological eradication, adverse events or retrieval tissue failure rates. CONCLUSION: Cold polypectomy is the best technique for resection of small colorectal polyps. Among cold methods, dedicated cold snare was found superior on histological eradication. Cold snare endoscopic mucosal resection might be considered an option for polyps from 5 to 9 mm.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A polipectomia de pólipos colorretais é a base da prevenção do câncer colorretal. A identificação da melhor técnica de polipectomia é imperativa. OBJETIVO: Esta revisão tem como objetivo comparar a eficácia de nove diferentes métodos de ressecção para pólipos colorretais pequenos (<10 mm). MÉTODOS: Pesquisamos e selecionamos apenas ensaios clínicos randomizados. O desfecho primário foi taxas de ressecção completa de pólipos pequenos por confirmação histológica. Os desfechos secundários foram: eventos adversos, taxas de falha de recuperação do espécime e duração do procedimento. RESULTADOS: Dezoito estudos, incluindo 3215 pacientes e 5223 pólipos foram analisados. No geral, a polipectomia a frio teve um tempo de procedimento significativamente menor do que a polipectomia a quente (RD -5,92; IC 95% -9,90 a -1,94; P<0,05), sem diferença estatística na erradicação histológica (RD 0,08; IC 95% -0,03 a 0,19; P>0,05). Em relação às técnicas de polipectomia a frio, a alça fria foi considerada superior ao uso de pinça fria nas taxas de ressecção completa e em bloco, além de um menor tempo de procedimento. Ao comparar a ressecção endoscópica da mucosa utilizando alça quente ou alça fria, esta última mostrou não-inferioridade na erradicação histológica, eventos adversos ou taxas de falha do tecido de recuperação. CONCLUSÃO: A polipectomia a frio mostrou ser a melhor técnica para ressecção de pequenos pólipos colorretais. Entre os métodos frios, a alça fria dedicada foi considerada superior na erradicação histológica. ressecção endoscópica da mucosa com alça fria pode ser considerado uma opção para pólipos de 5 a 9 mm.

Underwater endoscopic mucosal resection of serrated adenomas

OBJECTIVES: Serrated polyps, which are considered to be precursors of colorectal carcinoma, include hyperplastic polyps, sessile serrated adenomas and traditional serrated adenomas. With the exception of hyperplastic polyps, all of these lesions must be removed. This study sought to examine whether underwater endoscopic mucosal resection is a safe and effective technique for treating serrated polyps. METHODS: Cases in which patients were submitted for underwater endoscopic mucosal resection and histologically diagnosed with sessile serrated adenoma were prospectively registered. RESULTS: The median patient age was 54.5 years (range, 48 to 72 years), and the patients included 4 men (28.5%) and 10 women (71.5%). One lesion (6.2%), 10 lesions (62.5%), 1 lesion (6.2%), 3 lesions (18.8%) and 1 lesion (6.2%) were found in the cecum, the ascending colon, the hepatic flexure, the transverse colon and the descending colon, respectively. The median lesion size was 20 mm (range, 10 to 35 mm). Eight lesions (50%) were removed en bloc, and the remaining eight lesions (50%) were removed using a piecemeal technique. None of the cases were complicated by perforation or delayed bleeding. CONCLUSION: Underwater resection could be a feasible, safe and effective alternative for the resection of sessile serrated adenomas.

Eficacia y seguridad de la resección endoscópica en pacientes con pólipos colorrectales no pediculados grandes / Efficacy and safety of endoscopic resection in patients with large non-pedunculated colorectal polyps

Introducción: Los pacientes con pólipos colorrectales no pediculados grandes (PCNP-G) han sido tradicionalmente tratados quirúrgicamente. Los avances en la endoscopía terapéutica permiten que la resección endoscópica de estas lesiones pueda ser considerada como una alternativa a la cirugía. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de la resección endoscópica en pacientes con PCNP-G. Materiales y métodos: Cohorte prospectiva multicéntrica. Se incluyeron a todos los pacientes referidos para resección endoscópica de PCNP-G entre enero del 2012 y diciembre del 2015, seguidos hasta agosto del 2016. Se obtuvieron las tasas de resecciones exitosas, de recurrencia y de complicaciones. Se analizaron los factores predictivos asociados a resección no exitosa y a recurrencia. Resultados: Se incluyeron 107 pacientes con 115 PCNP-G. La tasa de resección exitosa fue de 92%. Las complicaciones más comunes fueron el sangrado (8,7%) y la perforación (2,6%). La tasa de recurrencia fue de 7%, todas tratadas endoscópicamente con éxito. Los factores predictivos de resección no exitosa fueron una medida >50 mm de la lesión resecada y la presencia de fibrosis; y el único factor predictivo de recurrencia fue una medida >50 mm del pólipo resecado. Conclusiones: La resección endoscópica de los PCNP-G es altamente eficaz y segura

Introduction: Patients with large non-pedunculated colorectal polyps (L-NPCP) have been traditionally treated with surgery. Advances in therapeutic endoscopy allow endoscopic resection of these lesions and can be considered as an alternative to surgery. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic resection in patients with L-NPCP. Methods: A prospective multicentric cohort. All patients referred for endoscopic resection with L-NPCP between January 2012 and December 2015, followed until August 2016, were included. Rates of successful resection, recurrence and complications were obtained. Predictive factors associated with unsuccessful resection and recurrence were analyzed. Results: 115 L-NPCP in 107 patients were included. The rate of successful resection was 92%. The most common complications were bleeding (8.7%) and perforation (2.6%). The recurrence rate was 7%, all successfully treated with a new endoscopic session. Predictors of unsuccessful resection were a measure >50 mm of the lesion and the presence of fibrosis; and the only predictor of recurrence was a size of the polyp resected >50 mm. Conclusions: Endoscopic resection of L-NPCP is very efficacious and safe

El pólipo plano: un desafío / Flat polyp: a real challenge

The relevance and interest in discussing on flat polyps is mainly due to the various challenges involved in its diagnosis and therapeutical difficulties, being the endoscopic route the state of the art nowadays, as well as their follow up and subsequent controls. Available diagnostic technologies have improved significantly and are widespread among digestive endoscopy units. Endoscopy treatment includes EMR(endoscopic mucosal resection), ESD(endoscopic submucosal dissection), ablation and even transmural resections. Prevention and treatment of complications is a major issue in these endoscopic solutions. Multiple variables related with flat lesions are analysed in this review, such as serrated lesions, laterally spreading tumors, and flat lesions meaning dysplasia and cancer in inflammatory bowel disease patients, among others. Complete resections should be ensured in order to avoid interval colon polyps and cancer, preventing the development of colon cancer, which is our major goal.

El interés actual y la relevancia de discutir sobre el pólipo planoestá en los desafíos que se enfrentan tanto en el terreno del diagnóstico como en su resolución terapéutica, mayormente endoscópica, su seguimiento y controles posteriores. Los medios diagnósticos endoscópicos se han perfeccionado y se encuentran disponibles en muchos centros. Las armas disponibles en esta terapia incluyen hoy la EMR (endoscopic mucosal resection), ESD (endoscopic submucosal dissection), la ablación y terapias transmurales. Se cuenta con elementos para prevenir y tratar complicaciones de su manejo. Múltiples variables de las lesiones planas se discutirán en esta revisión, como las lesiones serradas, los tumores de extensión lateral (laterally spreading tumors; LSTs) y las lesiones planas que significan displasia y cáncer en pacientes portadores de enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal, entre otros. Debemos preocuparnos de su resección completa, evitando así recidivas y cáncer colorrectal de intervalo, avanzando en nuestra lucha en la prevención de esta patología.

Mucosectomía endoscópica por coloproctólogos. Resultados iniciales / Endoscopic mucosal resection by coloproctologists. initial results

ANTECEDENTES: La detección y resección de lesiones colónicas plipoideas, sésiles y planas, previene el desarrollo de cáncer de colon. La mucosectomía endoscópica ha surgido en 1970 como un procedimiento alternativo para el tratamiento de éstas lesiones y, en la actualidad, es considerado el procedimiento de elección, pudiendo evitar procedimientos quirúrgicos mayores. OBJETIVO: Evaluar los resultados y complicaciones de la técnica de mucosectomía realizada por cirujanos coloproctólogos. Con revisión de indicaciones y limitaciones de la técnica. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se realizó un análisis descriptivo, retrospectivo y observacional de pacientes tratados con técnica de mucosectomía endoscópica en el Servicio de Coloproctología del Hospital Británico de Bs. As., desde junio de 2010 a junio 2015. Se aplicó la técnica de “elevación y corte” en lesiones polipoideas mayores a 1 cm. Se realizó la resección en bloque para aquellas lesiones de hasta 3 cm y, para aquellas mayores a los 3 cm, se utilizó la resección por técnica de piecemeal. Se evaluaron complicaciones y resultados según la técnica empleada al igual que tasa de recidiva, realizando en todos los casos seguimiento con control endoscópico. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron un total de 41 casos (25 mujeres y 16 hombres) realizándose un procedimiento por paciente. La edad promedio fue de 65,8 años (38-83 años) y el tamaño promedio de las lesiones de 20,3 mm (10 – 50 mm). Se realizó resección en bloque en 19 pacientes (representando el46,3% de nuestra serie) y logrando resección endoscópica y anatomopatológica completa en todos ellos. En tanto se empleó técnica de piecemeal en los 22 pacientes restantes (53,6%). La tasa de complicaciones en nuestra serie fue del 7,3% (3/41). El seguimiento promedio fue de 14,4 meses (2 – 48 meses) y la tasa global de recidiva local fue de 9,75%...

BACKGROUND: Detection and resection of colonic lesions polypoid sessile and flat, prevents the development of colon cancer. Endoscopic mucosal resection has emerged in 1970 as an alternative method for the treatment of these lesions and, at present it is considered the procedure of choice, being able to avoid major surgical procedures. Objectives evaluation of the results and complications of the technique mucosectomy by colorectal surgeons. Review of indications and limitations of the technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive, retrospective and observational analysis of patients treated with endoscopic mucosal resection technique in the Coloproctology Service of the British Hospital of Buenos Aires, from June 2010 to June 2015. Technique of "lift and cut" was used in polypoid lesions greater than 1 cm. The bloc resection is used for those injuries up to 3 cm, and the piecemeal resection technique was used for those older than 3 cm. Complications and results were evaluated according to the technique as recurrence rate , performing tracking in all cases with endoscopic control. RESULTS: forty one cases (25 women and 16 men) performing a procedure per patient were analyzed. The average age was 65.8 years (38-83 years) and the average lesion size of 20.3 mm (10-50 mm). The average age was 65.8 years (38-83 years) and the average lesion size of 20.3 mm (10-50 mm). Resection was performed in 19 patients block (representing the 46.3 % of our series) and achieving endoscopic resection and pathologic complete in all. Piecemeal technique was used in the remaining 22 patients (53.6 %). The complication rate in our series was 7.3% (3/41). Mean follow-up was 14.4 months (2-48 months) and overall local recurrence rate was 9.75%...

Repair of post polypectomy colonic perforation by Endoclip: a case report / Reparo de perfuração de cólon pós-polipectomia por Endoclip: relato de caso

A 73-year-old woman was admitted to evaluate for iron deficiency anemia, increased serum creatinine, and ascites. Her colonoscopy revealed a polyp at the junction of sigmoid and descending colon, and after polypectomy, a 6 mm colonic perforation was seen. The perforation was detected by radiography and CT scan; and beside conservative management and antibiotics, her perforation was closed by using Endoclip. The patient was observed and discharged from hospital without any surgery 5 days later, and in follow-up there was no problem regarding perforation. (AU)

Mulher, 73 anos, internada para avaliação para anemia ferropriva, com aumento da creatinina sérica e ascite. A colonoscopia revelou um pólipo na junção dos colos sigmoide e descendente e, em seguida à polipectomia, foi observada uma perfuração de 6 mm no cólon, comprovada por radiografias e tomografia computadorizada. Além do tratamento conservador e da antibioticoterapia, a perfuração foi ocluída com Endoclip. A paciente ficou sob observação e recebeu alta do hospital sem qualquer cirurgia 5 dias mais tarde. Durante o seguimento, não foram observados problemas com relação à perfuração. (AU)

What Are the Risk Factors for Delayed Post-polypectomy Bleeding? / 대한소화기학회지

No abstract available.

Risk Factors of Delayed Bleeding after Colonoscopic Polypectomy: Case-Control Study / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Colonoscopic polypectomy is a valuable procedure for preventing colorectal cancer, but is not without complications. Delayed bleeding after colonoscopic polypectomy is a rare, but serious complication. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors of delayed bleeding after colonoscopic polypectomy. METHODS: A retrospective case-control study was conducted in a single university hospital. Forty cases and 120 controls were included. Data collected included comorbidity, use of antiplatelet agents, size and number of resected polyps, histology and gross morphology of resected polyps, endoscopist's experience, resection method, use of sedation, and use of prophylactic hemostasis. RESULTS: In univariate analysis, size, histology and number of resected polyps, endoscopist's experience, resection method and use of prophylactic hemostasis were significant risk factors for delayed bleeding after colonoscopic polypectomy. In multivariate analysis, risk of delayed bleeding increased by 11.6% for every 1 mm increase in resected polyp diameter (OR, 1.116; 95% CI 1.041-1.198; p=0.002). Number of resected polyps (OR, 1.364; 95% CI, 1.113-1.671; p=0.003) and endoscopist's experience (OR, 6.301; 95% CI, 2.022-19.637; p=0.002) were significant risk factors for delayed bleeding after colonoscopic polypectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Size and numbers of resected polyps, and endoscopist's experience were independent risk factors for delayed bleeding after colonoscopic polypectomy. More caution would be necessary when removing polyps with these factors.

Endoscopic mucosal resection in colorectal lesion: a safe and effective procedure even in lesions larger than 2 cm and in carcinomas / Mucosectomia em lesões do cólon e reto: procedimento seguro e eficaz mesmo em pacientes com lesões maiores que 2 cm e em carcinomas

CONTEXT: Endoscopic mucosal resection is a minimally invasive technique used in the treatment of colorectal neoplasms, including early carcinomas of different size and morphology. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate procedure safety, efficacy, outcomes, and recurrence rate in endoscopic mucosal resection of colorectal lesions. METHODS: A total of 172 lesions in 156 patients were analyzed between May 2003 and May 2009. All lesions showed pit pattern suggestive of neoplasia (Kudo types III-V) at high-magnification chromocolonoscopy with indigo carmine. The lesions were evaluated for macroscopic classification, size, location, and histopathology. Lesions 20 mm or smaller were resected en bloc and lesions larger than 20 mm were removed using the piecemeal technique. Complications and recurrence were analyzed. Patients were followed up for 18 months. RESULTS: There were 83 (48.2 percent) superficial lesions, 57 (33.1 percent) depressed lesions, 44 (25.6 percent) laterally spreading tumors, and 45 (26.2 percent) protruding lesions. Mean lesion size was 11.5 mm ± 9.6 mm (2 mm-60 mm). Patients' mean age was 61.6 ± 12.5 years (34-93 years). Regarding lesion site, 24 (14.0 percent) lesions were located in the rectum, 68 (39.5 percent) in the left colon, and 80 (46.5 percent) in the right colon (transverse, ascending, and cecum). There were 167 (97.1 percent) neoplasms: 142 (82.5 percent) adenomatous lesions, 24 (14.0 percent) intramucosal carcinomas, and 1 (0.6 percent) invasive carcinoma. En bloc resection was performed in 158 (91.9 percent) cases and piecemeal resection in 14 (8.1 percent). Bleeding occurred in 5 (2.9 percent) cases. Recurrence was observed in 4.1 percent (5/122) of cases and was associated with lesions larger than 20 mm (P<0.01), piecemeal resection (P<0.01), advanced neoplasm (P = 0.01), and carcinoma compared to adenoma (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic mucosal resection of colorectal lesions is a safe and effective procedure, with low complication and local recurrence rates. Recurrence is associated with lesions larger than 20 mm and carcinomas.

CONTEXTO: A mucosectomia endoscópica é uma técnica minimamente invasiva para o tratamento de neoplasias de cólon e reto, inclusive carcinomas precoces, de diferentes tamanhos e aspectos morfológicos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a segurança, a eficácia, os resultados e a recurrência das lesões após mucosectomia. MÉTODOS: Entre maio de 2003 e maio de 2009 um total de 172 lesões em 156 pacientes foi incluído no estudo. Todas as lesões tinham padrão de criptas sugestivo de neoplasias (III-V), segundo a classificação de Kudo, com o diagnóstico feito por colonoscópios com magnificação de imagens e índigo-carmin. As lesões foram avaliadas quanto à macroscopia, tamanho, localização e histopatologia. Lesões com até 20 mm foram removidas em bloco e as maiores que 20 mm pela técnica de piecemeal. Complicações e recurrência foram analisadas. O seguimento foi de 18 meses. RESULTADOS: Este estudo identificou 83 (48,2 por cento) lesões superficiais, sendo 57 (33,1 por cento) deprimidas, além de 44 (25,6 por cento) lesões de espraiamento lateral e 45 (26,2 por cento) protrusas. O tamanho médio foi de 11,5 ± 9,6 mm (2-60 mm) e a idade média de 61,6 ± 12,5 anos (34-93 anos). No reto estavam 24 (14 por cento) lesões, 68 (39,5 por cento) no cólon esquerdo e 80 (46,5 por cento) no cólon direito (transverso, ascendente e ceco). Foram 167 (97,1 por cento) neoplasias, sendo 142 (82,5 por cento) lesões adenomatosas, 24 (14,0 por cento) carcinomas intramucosos e 1 (0,6 por cento) carcinoma invasivo. Foram tratadas em bloco 158 (91,9 por cento) lesões e 14 (8,1 por cento), por piecemeal. Houve cinco casos (2,9 por cento) de sangramento. A recurrência foi de 4,1 por cento (5/122) e associada a lesões maiores que 20 mm (P<0,01), à técnica piecemeal (P<0,01), à neoplasia avançada (P = 0,01) e ao carcinoma quando comparado ao adenoma (P = 0,04). CONCLUSÕES: A mucosectomia endoscópica de lesões colorretais é procedimento seguro, eficaz, com baixo índice de complicações e recidiva local. A recidiva de lesão é associada a lesões maiores que 20 mm e aos carcinomas.

Polipectomías difíciles por residentes: ¿Es posible? / Difficult polypectomies by residents: Is it possible?

Antecedentes: La polipectomía endoscópica (PE) es una herramienta habitual en el campo de la coloproctología. La misma ofrece un desafío al residente más aún cuando son pólipos difíciles (mayores de 20 mm). La bibliografía es escasa y no concluyente en lo que respecta a la curva de aprendizaje de este procedimiento. Objetivos: analizar la eficacia y complicaciones de la (PE) en pólipos difíciles de colon realizadas por médicos residentes en coloproctología, comparando sus resultados con los de la bibliografía internacional. Pacientes y métodos: Durante el periodo 1 de junio de 2009 al 31 de mayo del 2010 se efectúa el análisis retrospec­tivo de las polipectomías endoscópicas difíciles realizadas por un médico residente de su último año de formación bajo supervisión de un tutor. Se evalúan las siguientes variables: el tamaño, patología y complicaciones. Resultados: Se realizaron 1303 colonoscopias. Se encontraron 34 pólipos mayores a 20 mm en 34 pacientes, realizando pe en 24 casos de los cuales el residente pudo realizar el 95,8%. La edad media fue de 63 años. 15 del sexo masculino y 9 femeninos. El tamaño promedio fue 28 mm. El tiempo medio fue de 47 minutos. Displasia leve fue reportada en el 66,4%, grave en 29.4 %, cáncer invasor en 4,2 %. Complicaciones: un paciente presento un sangrado que se resuelve endoscópicamente colocando clips. No se registraron perforaciones ni síndromes post polipectomias. Conclusiones: Con una técnica adecuada y una selección cuidadosa de los casos, las polipectomías endoscópicas de pólipos de gran tamaño pueden ser realizadas con seguridad y eficacia por residentes con una adecuada curva de entrenamiento.

Background: the endoscopic polypectomy (EP) is a widespread practice in the coloproctology field. It is usually seen as a challenge by the resident, and it is seen even more challenging when operating on difficult polyps (bigger than 20 mm). The available literature is Iittle and it is not conclusive regarding the learning curve of this procedure. Objectives: analyse the efficiency and complications of the EP practiced on difficult polyps performed by residents specialized in coloproctology, and compare the outcome with the international literature available. Patients and Techniques: the retrospective analysis ­from 1st of June 2009 to 31 st of May 2010- of the EP practiced on difficult polyps done by a senior resident supervised by his mentor; considering the following indicators: size, pathology and complications of the polyp. Results: 1303 colonoscopies performed. 34 polyps bigger than 20 mm were found in 34 patients: EP was practiced on 24 cases of which the resident was able to accomplish the 95.8%. The median age of patients was 63 years old. 15 of which were males and 9 females. The average size of the polyp resulted in 28 mm. The median time of the practice was 47 minutes. The 66.4% of the cases indicated moderate dysplasia, the 29.4% acute dysplasia and the rest 4.2% invader cancer. Complications: a patient bleeding. No perforations nor post polypectomies syndroms were observed. Conclusions: With an appropiate technique and a carefuI case selection, the endoscopic polypectomies of big size polyps can be efficiently performed by residents with an adequate training curve.