RESUMO
Eclipta prostrata Linn. is an annual herbaceous plant used in traditional medicine, commonly known as "Trailing Eclipta" or False Daisy in English, ' Keekirindiya ' in Sinhala and ' Kayyantakara' in Tamil. The aim of this study was to conduct a detailed pharmacognostical evaluation of E. prostrata found in Sri Lanka. Anatomical, physicochemical, phytochemical studies, and quantification of phyto - constituents were performed as per WHO guidelines. Whole plant was sequ entially extracted into solvents with different polarities. Phytochemical screening and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) fingerprinting were carried out. Anatomical study and powder microscopy revealed useful diagnostic features. Physicochemical parameters such as moisture content, ash values (total, acid insoluble, water soluble) and extractable matter in water and ethanol were evaluated. Phytochemical screening and TLC fingerprinting revealed the presence of different types of phyto - constituents. Alkaloid, tannin, saponin, total flavonoid and total polyphenol contents were quantified. In conclusion, pharmacognostical study aids in establishing the standardization parameters of E. prostrata found in Sri Lanka.
Eclipta prostrata Linn. es una planta herbácea anual utilizada en la medicina tradicional, comúnmente conocida como "Trailing Eclipta" o False Daisy en inglés, 'Keekirindiya' en sinhala y 'Kayyan takara' en tamil. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una evaluación farmacognóstica detallada de E. prostrata encontrada en Sri Lanka. Se llevaron a cabo estudios anatómicos, fisicoquímicos, fitoquímicos y cuantificación de fitoconstituyentes según l as directrices de la OMS. Se extrajo secuencialmente la planta entera en solventes con diferentes polaridades. Se realizaron pruebas de tamizaje fitoquímico y huellas dactilares de cromatografía en capa delgada (TLC). El estudio anatómico y la microscopía en polvo revelaron características diagnósticas útiles. Se evaluaron parámetros fisicoquímicos como el contenido de humedad, los valores de ceniza (total, insoluble en ácido, soluble en agua) y la materia extraíble en agua y etanol. Las pruebas de tamizaje fitoquímico y las huellas dactilares de TLC revelaron la presencia de diferentes tipos de fitoconstituyentes. Se cuantificaron los contenidos de alcaloides, taninos, saponinas, flavonoides totales y polifenoles totales. En conclusión, el estudio farmacogn óstico ayuda a establecer los parámetros de estandarización de E. prostrata encontrada en Sri Lanka.
Assuntos
Eclipta/química , Saponinas/análise , Sri Lanka , Flavonoides/análise , Cromatografia em Camada Fina , Eclipta/anatomia & histologia , Polifenóis/análiseRESUMO
Species of the genus Cordia have shown biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antiviral, and antifungal activities. The species Cordia glabrata (MART) A.DC. Has no information concerning its phytochemical profile and possible biological activities. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate this profile in ethanolic extracts of young, adult and senescent leaves, as well as their antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial, and virucidal potentials. Phytochemical analysis was performed by TLC (thin-layer chromatography) and showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and terpenes. The evaluation by UPLC-MS/MS (Ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometer) evidenced the presence of caffeic (3.89 mgL-¹), p-cumaric (6.13 mgL-¹), and ferulic (0.58 mgL-¹) acids, whilst, in GC/MS (Gas chromatographymass spectrometry) analysis there was a greater amount of palmitic (51.17%), stearic (20.34%), linoleic (9.62%), and miristic (8.16%) fatty acids. The DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS+ (2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radicals were used to verify the potential antioxidant activity, observing a better activity for the leaf extract in the adult phenological stage: 54.63 ± 1.06 µgmL-¹ (DPPH) and 44.21 ± 1.69 mM (ABTS). The potential photoprotective activity of the extracts was determined by spectrophotometry and the in vitro values of SPF (Sun Protection Factor) in young and adult leaves (5.47 and 5.41, respectively) showed values close to the minimum SPF of 6.0 required by ANVISA (Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency). It was not observed an antimicrobial activity for Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2000 µgmL-¹, however the anti-herpetic assay against the Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) showed a potent virucidal activity at the tested concentrations with CV50 value <0.195 µgmL-¹ and a Selectivity Index (SI = CC50 / CV50) greater than 448. The results [...].
Espécies do gênero Cordia apresentam atividades biológicas, como anti-inflamatória, analgésica, antioxidante, antiviral e antifúngica. Para a espécie Cordia glabrata (MART) A.DC., ainda não existem informações sobre seu perfil fitoquímico e possíveis atividades biológicas, deste modo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar este perfil em extratos etanólicos de folhas jovens, adultas e senescentes, bem como o potencial antioxidante, fotoprotetor, antimicrobiano e virucida. A análise fitoquímica foi realizada por CCD (Cromatografia em Camada Delgada), mostrando a presença de flavonóides, taninos e terpenos. Na avaliação por CLAE EM/EM (Cromatografia Líquida de Ultra Eficiência acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas) foi evidenciado a presença dos ácidos caféico (3,89 mgL-¹), p-cumárico (6,13 mgL-¹) e ferúlico (0,58 mgL-¹), paralelamente, na CG/EM (Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas) verificou-se maior quantidade dos ácidos graxos palmítico (51,17%), esteárico (20,34%), linoléico (9,62%) e mirístico (8,16%). Os radicais DPPH (2,2-Difenil-1-picrilhidrazil) e ABTS+ (2′-Azino-bis (ácido 3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfônico)) foram utilizados para verificar o potencial antioxidante, observando se uma atividade superior para o extrato da folha em sua fase fenológica adulta: 54,63 ± 1,06 µgmL-¹ (DPPH) e 44,21 ± 1,69 mM (ABTS+). A potencial atividade fotoprotetora dos extratos foi determinada espectrofotometricamente e os valores in vitro de FPS (Fator de Proteção Solar) em folhas jovens e adultas (5,47 e 5,41 respectivamente) apresentaram valores próximos ao FPS mínimo de 6,0 exigido pela ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária). Não foi observada atividade antimicrobiana para Staphylococcus aureus sendo a concentração inibitória mínima de 2000 µgmL-¹, no entanto o ensaio anti-herpético contra o vírus Herpes simplex tipo 2 (HSV-2) mostrou uma potente atividade virucida nas concentrações testadas [...].
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/análise , Antioxidantes/análise , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Compostos Fitoquímicos/biossíntese , Cordia/química , Cromatografia/métodos , Polifenóis/análise , Técnicas In VitroRESUMO
Plants possess a renewable source of metabolites with enormous chemical structural diversity, which may have potential therapeutic relevance. Furthermore, this chemical diversity favors the possibility of finding new and different chemical constituents with antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-tumor activities. This work analyzed preliminary phytochemical profiles and evaluated the antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of hexane extracts of leaves of ten species of the family Melastomataceae. Phytochemical screening was performed using staining methods while total phenols and flavonoids were quantified by spectrophotometry. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the disk diffusion method. Antioxidant activity was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) method. Toxicity was recorded using the lethality test with Artemia salina Leach (1819). Cytotoxic activity of the extracts was assessed in vitro with acute monocytic leukemia cells (THP-1). Phytochemical analysis detected the presence of tannins, terpenes, steroids, polyphenols and flavonoids and the absence of alkaloids. Clidemia capitellata (Bonpl.) D. Don had the greatest amount of polyphenols (205.95 mg/g ± 4.14) while Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don had the highest content of total flavonoids (143.99 mg/g ± 4.18). The hexane extracts did not show antimicrobial activity nor toxicity against Artemia salina. The extract of Tibouchina francavillana Cogn. was the most active in sequestering the DPPH radical. The extracts showed cytotoxicity in THP-1 cells with the appearance of apoptotic bodies and cell death. The extracts of Miconia amoena, Clidemia sericea and Clidemia capitellata are non-toxic against Artemia salina and induce the formation of apoptotic bodies and cell death of the THP-1 lineage.
Os vegetais apresentam uma fonte renovável de metabólitos com enorme diversidade química estrutural, os quais podem apresentar potencial relevante na terapêutica, aumentando as possibilidades de encontrar novos e diferentes constituintes químicos com atividades antimicrobiana, antioxidante e antitumoral. Este trabalho analisou o perfil fitoquímico preliminar e as atividades antimicrobiana, antioxidante, citotóxica dos extratos em hexano das folhas de dez espécies da família Melastomataceae. A triagem fitoquímica foi executada utilizando métodos de coloração e quantificação de fenóis e flavonoides totais por espectrofotometria. A atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada pelo método de difusão em disco. A atividade antioxidante foi determinada pelo método 2,2-difenil1-picrilhidrazila (DPPH). A toxicidade foi registrada utilizando o ensaio de letalidade com Artemia salina Leach (1819). A atividade citotóxica dos extratos foi realizada in vitro com células leucêmicas monocítica aguda (THP-1). A análise fitoquímica detectou a presença de taninos, terpenos, esteroides, polifenóis, flavonoides e ausência de alcaloides. A maior quantificação de polifenóis foi da Clidemia capitellata (Bonpl.) D. Don (205,95 mg/g ± 4,14) e o extrato de Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don apresentou maior teor de flavonoides totais (143,99 mg/g ± 4,18). Os extratos hexânicos não demostraram atividade antimicrobiana e nem toxicidade frente à Artemia salina. O extrato de Tibouchina francavillana Cogn. foi o mais ativo no sequestro do radical DPPH. Os extratos apresentaram citotoxicidade em células THP-1, com visualização de corpos apoptóticos e morte celular. Os extratos de Miconia amoena, Clidemia sericea e Clidemia capitellata são atóxicos contra Artemia salina e induzem a formação de corpos apoptóticos e morte celular da linhagem THP-1.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/análise , Fitoterapia , Melastomataceae/química , Melastomataceae/toxicidade , Polifenóis/análiseRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate biological and phytochemical properties of the aqueous extract from the leaves of Miconia chamissois Naudin (AEMC). Phytochemical properties were assessed by analyzing the chromatographic profile and the polyphenol content of AEMC. Biological properties evaluation was conducted based on cytotoxicity assay and by evaluating the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and enzymatic inhibition activities. Results indicated the presence of phytochemicals in AEMC such as flavonoids and polyphenols, including rutin, isoquercitrin and vitexin derivatives. AEMC showed antioxidant activity, which may be attributed to the high polyphenolic content. Moreover, AEMC demonstrated in vitro enzyme inhibition activity against tyrosinase and alpha-amylase, as well as showed low cytotoxicity. On the other hand, AEMC exhibited weak antimicrobial activity against S. aureusand C. albicans. Thus, AEMC is a promising alternative in search of potential drugs for the treatment of diseases induced by oxidative stress and inflammation, conditions due to hyperpigmentation processes, such as melisma, as well as for diabetes.
El objetivo de este estudio fue detectar las propiedades biológicas y fitoquímicos del extracto acuoso de las hojas de Miconia chamissois Naudin (AEMC). Las propiedades fitoquímicas se evaluaron analizando el perfil cromatográfico y el contenido de polifenoles de AEMC. La evaluación de las propiedades biológicas se realizó en base al ensayo de citotoxicidad y evaluando las actividades de inhibición antioxidante, antimicrobiana y enzimática. Los resultados indicaron la presencia de fitoquímicos en AEMC, como flavonoides y polifenoles, que incluyen derivados de rutina, isoquercitrina y vitexina. AEMC mostró una actividad antioxidante considerable, que puede atribuirse al alto contenido polifenólico. Además, AEMC exhibió actividad de inhibición enzimática in vitro contra tirosinasa y alfa-amilasa, así como mostró baja citotoxicidad. Por otro lado, AEMC demostró actividad antimicrobiana débil contra S. aureusy C. albicans. Por lo tanto, AEMC es una alternativa prometedora en busca de posibles drogas para el tratamiento de enfermedades inducidas por el estrés oxidativo y la inflamación, afecciones debidas a procesos de hiperpigmentación, como el melasma, así como para la diabetes.
Assuntos
Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Melastomataceae/química , Flavonoides/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cromatografia em Camada Fina , Monofenol Mono-Oxigenase/antagonistas & inibidores , alfa-Amilases/antagonistas & inibidores , Polifenóis/análise , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologiaRESUMO
Se evaluó la composición proximal, el contenido de polifenoles totales y la capacidad antioxidante de un chocolate oscuro formulado a partir de granos de cacao orgánico, seco, y no sometido al proceso fermentativo. Este producto fue elaborado con insumos y procesos desarrollados en la Granja Experimental El Cairo, ubicada en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia (GEL-UN), departamento de Arauca, Colombia. El contenido de grasa se encontró entre los rangos conocidos (>50%), siendo una característica ligada al origen genético, y a las condiciones climáticas. El alto contenido de proteínas (16,21%), evidencia que se trata de granos de cacao secos no fermentados. Tal contenido juega un papel importante en la formación de los precursores del sabor y aroma, en chocolates finos y exquisitos. El pH determinado es un indicativo de un chocolate amargo, con bajo índice de fermentación y de baja acidez acética o láctica. El contenido de polifenoles totales se relaciona de manera directa con la alta actividad antioxidante de este chocolate. Se concluye que el tipo de material genético usado como insumo, así como los procesos implementados para la obtención del chocolate, en GEL-UN, contribuyeron para la obtención de un producto tipo comercial, con propiedades funcionales, entre ellas las relacionadas con la capacidad antioxidante(AU)
Thee proximal chemical composition, the content of total polyphenols, and the antioxidant capacity of a dark chocolate formulated from organic, dry cocoa beans and not subjected to the fermentation process were evaluated. This product was made with inputs and processes developed at the El Cairo Experimental Farm, located at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia (CEF-UN), Arauca, Colombia. The fat content was found between the known ranges (> 50%), being a characteristic linked to the genetic origin, and to the climatic conditions. The high protein content (16.21%) evidenced that it´s unfermented dry cocoa beans. Such content plays an important role in the formation of precursors of flavor and aroma, in fine and exquisite chocolates. The determined pH is indicative of a dark chocolate, with a low fermentation index and low acetic or lactic acidity. The content of total polyphenols is directly related to the high antioxidant activity of this chocolate. It is concluded that the type of genetic material used as input, as well as the processes implemented to obtain chocolate, in CEF-UN, contributed to obtaining a commercial type product, with functional properties, including those related to antioxidant capacity(AU)
Assuntos
Cacau/química , Polifenóis/análise , Chocolate/análise , Antioxidantes/análise , Fermentação , Alimentos Orgânicos , Manipulação de AlimentosRESUMO
Mango is the second most commercialized tropical fruit in the world, and Mexico is the major exporter. In terms of mango production, Manila´s variety represents a quarter of the total mangoes production in Mexico. However, the changes that occur on the phenolic compounds during the Manila mango ripening process are unknown. Quantitative analysis of the major phenolic compounds was conducted at different maturity stages, using several spectrophotometric measurements and by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). At the late ripening stage was observed the biggest content in pulp and peel of total phenols (577 and 10547 mg EAG /100 g), flavonoids (95.33 and 537 mg EQ/100 g), and antioxidant capacity by DPPH (25 and 347 mmol TE/100 g). Some bioactive compounds achieve their highest values at optimal consumption ripening. Although they diminish when the fruit reaches a senescence appearance. This is the first study to prove that mangiferin by itself shows a higher correlation in antioxidant capacity compared to other phenolic compounds in mango peel, and this suggest that phenolic compounds may have an important role in the postharvest antioxidant metabolism in Manila mango fruit. On the other hand, the results show that the peel compared to the pulp contains higher amounts of total phenols, flavonoids, gallic acid, mangiferin and antioxidant capacity, so its use as an ingredient in the preparation of functional food products is recommended. More studies are needed to go in-depth in the changes of the content of phytochemicals during the ripening process in the peel and pulp mango, which ones could be caused by the hormones responsible for ripening in the fruit, such as ethylene, and bioavailability of these compounds at different stages of maturation(AU)
El mango es la segunda fruta tropical más comercializada del mundo y México es el principal exportador. En términos de producción de mango, la variedad Manila representa una cuarta parte de la producción total de mangos en México. Sin embargo, se desconocen los cambios que ocurren en los compuestos fenólicos durante el proceso de maduración del mango Manila. El análisis cuantitativo de los principales compuestos fenólicos se realizó en diferentes etapas de madurez, utilizando varias medidas espectrofotométricas y mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). En la etapa de madurez tardía se observó el mayor contenido en pulpa y cáscara de fenoles totales (577 y 10547 mg EAG / 100 g), flavonoides (95.33 y 537 mg EQ / 100 g) y capacidad antioxidante por DPPH (25 y 347 mmol TE / 100 g). Algunos compuestos bioactivos alcanzan sus valores más altos en el punto de madurez óptima. Aunque disminuyen cuando el fruto adquiere una apariencia de senescencia. Este es el primer estudio que demuestra que la mangiferina por sí misma presenta una alta correlación con la capacidad antioxidante en comparación con otros compuestos fenólicos de la cáscara de mango, y esto sugiere que los compuestos fenólicos pueden tener un papel importante en el metabolismo antioxidante postcosecha en el mango Manila. Por otro lado, los resultados muestran que la cáscara comparada con la pulpa contiene mayores cantidades de fenoles totales, flavonoides, ácido gálico, mangiferin y capacidad antioxidante por DPPH, por lo que se recomienda su uso como ingrediente en la elaboración de productos alimenticios fucionales. Se necesitan más estudios para profundizar en los cambios del contenido de fitoquímicos durante el proceso de maduración en la cáscara y pulpa del mango, los cuáles podrían ser provocados por las hormonas responsables de la maduración en el fruto, como el etileno, y la biodisponibilidad de estos compuestos en diferentes etapas de maduración(AU)
Assuntos
Mangifera , Polifenóis/análise , Antioxidantes , Compostos Fitoquímicos , FrutasRESUMO
Introducción: en Argentina no hay disponible información sistemática sobre el contenido de polifenoles de sus alimen-tos. Se desarrolló una base de datos de polifenoles, ARFenol-Foods, que recopila información de publicaciones científicas e informes de datos de contenido de polifenoles en alimentos locales generados analíticamente en laboratorios en diferen-tes regiones del país. Objetivos: el objetivo de este trabajo es la difusión, uso y ges-tión de la base de datos ARFenol-Foods. Materiales y métodos: la base de datos es una herramienta electrónica abierta a través de una interfaz web fácil de usar, que permite consultas simples o complejas. Está disponible en línea a través de un sitio web de INSIBIO: http://insibio.org.ar/ar-fenoles-app/. Incluyó el contenido de polifenoles totales y los subgrupos informados en la bibliografía. Resultados: el programa proporciona la entrada a través del ali-mento común y esto conduce a otra ventana donde se encuen-tran los diferentes registros con una breve descripción, el conteni- do de polifenoles y el origen de los datos. En el caso de las papas o tomates andinos, no sólo no hay información en las bases de datos internacionales, sino que también es importante determinar la variabilidad dentro del mismo grupo debido a la gran biodiversi-dad. La base de datos contiene información de 25 variedades y 14 accesiones respectivamente; es posible obtener el rango y el valor medio de ellos. Además, el software permite comparar los datos entre diferentes bases de datos disponibles. Conclusiones: la base de datos ARFenol-Foods es útil para los científicos de alimentos, fabricantes de alimentos, dietistas y profesionales de la salud, entre otros usuarios, para estimar la ingesta de compuestos fenólicos totales y su contribución relacionada de alimentos en las poblaciones de la región.
Assuntos
Base de Dados , Polifenóis/análise , Análise de Alimentos , Gerenciamento de Dados , ArgentinaRESUMO
Background: Biotechnological processes are part of modern industry as well as stricter environmental requirements. The need to reduce production costs and pollution demands for alternatives that involve the integral use of agro-industrial waste to produce bioactive compounds. The citrus industry generates large amounts of wastes due to the destruction of the fruits by microorganisms and insects together with the large amounts of orange waste generated during the production of juice and for sale fresh. The aim of this study was used orange wastes rich in polyphenolic compounds can be used as source carbon of Aspergillus fumigatus MUM 1603 to generate high added value compounds, for example, ellagic acid and other molecules of polyphenolic origin through submerged fermentation system. Results: The orange peel waste had a high concentration of polyphenols, 28% being condensed, 27% ellagitannins, 25% flavonoids and 20% gallotannins. The major polyphenolic compounds were catechin, EA and quercetin. The conditions, using an experimental design of central compounds, that allow the production of the maximum concentration of EA (18.68 mg/g) were found to be: temperature 30°C, inoculum 2 × 107 (spores/g) and orange peel polyphenols 6.2 (g/L). Conclusion: The submerged fermentation process is an effective methodology for the biotransformation of molecules present in orange waste to obtain high value-added as ellagic acid that can be used as powerful antioxidants, antibacterial and other applications.
Assuntos
Gerenciamento de Resíduos , Citrus sinensis/química , Ácido Elágico , Aspergillus fumigatus , Resíduos/análise , Flavonoides/análise , Biotecnologia/métodos , Taninos Hidrolisáveis/análise , Fermentação , Polifenóis/análise , Compostos FitoquímicosRESUMO
Introducción: El uso indiscriminado de agentes antiparasitarios ha resultado en el establecimiento de resistencia a ellos. Por lo cual es necesario el desarrollo de nuevas alternativas de tratamiento. Los productos naturales poseen diversas cualidades como posibles coadyuvantes en terapias contra distintos agentes etiológicos, entre los que destaca sus efectos antiparasitarios. Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad antiparasitaria, antioxidante, citotóxica y citoprotectora de Berberina (Ber), Curcumina (Cur) y Quercetina (Qr). Metodología: Se prepararon soluciones de Ber, Cur y Qr grado analítico y se realizaron alícuotas a diferentes concentraciones para su evaluación en contra de: Entamoeba histolytica, Trichomonas vaginalis y Strongyloides venezuelensis, paraello, se determinó la concentración inhibitoria media (IC50), además se determinó la capacidad antioxidante (CE50) mediante la prueba de DPPH, ambos por la prueba de Probit. Mediante la técnica de hemólisis se determinó la actividad citotóxica y citoprotectora, se aplicó Anova y la prueba de Tukey para determinar la diferencia de las medias en los tratamientos evaluados. Resultados: Ber, Cur y Qr, presentaron actividad en contra de E. histolytica, T. vaginalis y S. venezuelensis in-vitro. Ber presentó IC50 de 1.7, 1.2 y 1.9 μM respectivamente siendo más efectivo en comparación de Cur con IC50 de 55.3, 40.6 y 13.7 μM o Qr con IC50 de 147.2, 93.2 y 110.9 μM, sin embargo, la mejor actividad antioxidante (EC50 = 1.1 μg/ml), citoprotectora y menos hemolítica, fue presentada por Qr (P < 0.001) en comparación con el control evaluado. Conclusiones: Los metabolitos de origen natural berberina, curcumina y quercetina, poseen actividad en contra de trofozoítos de E. histolytica, T. vaginalisy larvas de S. venezuelensis en dosis bajas comparables con los fármacos de referencia para el caso de Ber. Además, estos productos de origen natural, no sintético podrían ser objeto de futuras investigaciones para coadyuvar al tratamiento de parasitosis, ya que, en dosis bajas, mostraron actividad antioxidante sin mostrar hemólisis considerable en eritrocitos humanos.
Introduction: The indiscriminate use of antiparasitic agents has resulted in the establishment of resistance to them. Therefore, the development of new treatment alternatives is necessary. Natural products have various qualities as possible adjuvants in therapies against different etiological agents, among which its antiparasitic effects stand out. Objective: To evaluate the antiparasitic, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and cytoprotective activity of Berberine (Ber), Curcumin (Cur), and Quercetin (Qr). Methods: Analytical grade Ber, Cur, and Qr solutions were prepared, and aliquots were made at different concentrations for their evaluation against Entamoeba histolytica, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Strongyloides venezuelensis. To do this, the mean inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined, and the antioxidant capacity (EC50) was also determined by the DPPH assay, both using the Probit statistical test. The cytotoxic and cytoprotective activity was determined by the hemolysis technique, Anova and Tukey's test were applied to determine the difference in the means in the treatments evaluated. Results: Ber, Cur, and Qr, showed activity against E. histolytica, T. vaginalis, and S. venezuelensisin-vitro. Ber presented IC50 of 1.7, 1.2, and 1.9 μM respectively, being more effective compared to Cur with IC50 of 55.3, 40.6, and 13.7 μM, or Qr with IC50 of 147.2, 93.2, and 110.9 μM, however, the best antioxidant activity (EC50 = 1.1 μg/ml), cytoprotective and less hemolytic, was presented by Qr (P < 0.001) compared to the evaluated control. Conclusions: The metabolites of natural origin berberine, curcumin, and quercetin, have activity against trophozoites of E. histolytica, T. vaginalis and larvae of S. venezuelensis in low doses comparable to the reference drugs in the case of Ber. Furthermore, these non-synthetic products of natural origin could be the subject of future research to help treat parasitosis, since in low doses, they showed antioxidant activity without showing considerable cytotoxicity in human erythrocytes.
Assuntos
Quercetina/análise , Alcaloides de Berberina/análise , Curcumina/análise , Polifenóis/análise , Plantas Medicinais , AntiparasitáriosRESUMO
The aim of this study was evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of crude extracts from Eugenia uniflora, Libidibia ferrea and Psidium guajava. The extracts were obtained by turbo-extraction using water (AQ) or acetone-water (AC-W) (7:3, v/v) as solvents and lyophilized to obtain the crude extracts (CE). The CE were characterized by UV-Vis, TLC and HPLC. The activity of CEs was investigated against clinical isolates of Candida spp. and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), MIC50 and MIC90 were determinated. The analysis by TLC showed that all CEs presented polyphenols (flavonoids and tannins). The CEs from E. uniflora showed higher amount of polyphenols (30.35 ± 2.15%, AC-W) and the HPLC analysis revealed the tannins in all extracts. The CEs of E. uniflora showed MIC range from 1.9 to 500.0 µg/mL, and lower values of MIC50 and MIC90 against non-albicans Candida isolates. Regarding L. ferrea and P. guajava, the results showing MIC from 3.9 to 1000.0 µg/mL (CE-AQ) against C. albicans. The results demonstrate antifungal performance from CE against various species of Candida spp., suggesting that the herbal species may be use as new potential antifungal agents. Additionally, the polyphenol content can play a pivotal role in the antifungal properties of CE.
Assuntos
Técnicas In Vitro/métodos , Extratos Vegetais/efeitos adversos , Polifenóis/análise , Compostos Fitoquímicos , Antifúngicos/administração & dosagem , Flavonoides/farmacocinética , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/métodos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chia seeds are gaining increasing interest among food producers and consumers because of their prohealth properties. RESULTS: The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of chia seeds to act as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors. The highest inhibitory activity against AChE and BChE was observed for colored seed ethanol extracts. A positive correlation was found between the presence of quercetin and isoquercetin as well as protocatechuic, hydroxybenzoic, and coumaric acids and the activity of extracts as AChE and BChE inhibitors. It has also been shown that grain fragmentation affects the increase in the activity of seeds against cholinesterases (ChE). Furthermore, seeds have been shown to be a source of substances that inhibit microbial growth. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that the chia seed extracts are rich in polyphenols and inhibit the activity of ChEs; therefore, their use can be considered in further research in the field of treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
Assuntos
Sementes/química , Butirilcolinesterase , Inibidores da Colinesterase , Salvia/química , Anti-Infecciosos/metabolismo , Técnicas In Vitro , Flavonóis/análise , Compostos Fenólicos/análise , Polifenóis/análise , Aditivos AlimentaresRESUMO
In the present study, nonfat yoghurt made with whey protein isolate (WPI) or pasteurized egg white powder (albumin) was added with syrup containing jaboticaba pulp and lyophilized jaboticaba peel flour and six experimental groups were made: control yoghurt (CY); WPI yoghurt (WY); albumin yoghurt (AY), syrup yoghurt and WPI (WSY); syrup and albumin yoghurt (ASY) and syrup yoghurt (SY). This study aimed to verify the influence of the addition of fruit syrup on the phenolics compounds and on the instrumental color parameters of yoghurts made with proteins on the 1st and 28th day of storage. There was a significant decrease in total phenolics content in yoghurt containing WPI and syrup (from 1408.14mg GAE.L-1 to 686.73mg GAE.L-1), as well as total anthocyanin content. However, yoghurt containing syrup and albumin showed an increase in total flavonoid content on day 28 of storage (from 28.30mg QE.100g-1 to 38.29mg QE.100g-1). Regarding color, there was an increase in L* and b* values in yoghurt containing syrup and WPI and in yoghurt containing syrup and albumin. For a* values, a decrease was observed at the end of the storage period in samples containing protein (WPI or albumin) and syrup. The data showed that the addition of jaboticaba syrup to yoghurts containing different proteins provided different phenolics compounds contents at the end of the storage period, and different color parameters to the final product.
No presente estudo, iogurtes desnatados feitos com proteína isolada do soro do leite (PIS) ou albumina isolada da clara do ovo pasteurizada em pó (albumina) foram adicionados de xarope contendo a polpa da jabuticaba e a farinha liofilizada da casca da jabuticaba, obtendo-se seis grupos experimentais: iogurte controle (CY); iogurte PIS (WY); iogurte albumina (AY); iogurte xarope e PIS (WSY); iogurte xarope e albumina (ASY) e iogurte com xarope (SY). Neste estudo objetivou-se verificar a influência da adição do xarope da fruta nos compostos fenólicos e nos parâmetros instrumentais de cor dos iogurtes elaborados com proteínas no 1º e 28º dia de armazenamento. Houve uma diminuição significativa no teor de fenólicos totais no iogurte contendo PIS e xarope (de 1408.14mg GAE.L-1 para 686.73mg GAE.L-1), bem como no teor de antocianinas (de 158.45mg cyanidin-3-glucoside.L-1 para 56.45mg cyanidin-3-glucoside.L-1). No entanto, os iogurtes contendo xarope e albumina apresentaram um aumento no teor de flavonóides totais no 28º dia de armazenamento (de 28.30mg QE.100g-1 para 38.29mg QE.100g-1). Em relação a cor houve um aumento dos valores de L* e no valor de b* no iogurte contendo xarope e PIS e no iogurte contendo xarope e albumina. Já para os valores de a* foi observado uma diminuição ao final do período de armazenamento nas amostras contendo proteína (PIS ou albumina) e xarope. Os dados demonstraram que a adição do xarope de jabuticaba a iogurtes contendo diferentes proteínas proporcionaram diferentes conteúdos de compostos fenólicos ao final do período de estocagem, e diferentes parâmetros de cor ao produto final.
Assuntos
Albuminas , Frutas , Iogurte , Myrtaceae , Polifenóis/análise , Soro do Leite/administração & dosagem , Produtos Fermentados do LeiteRESUMO
In the present study, nonfat yoghurt made with whey protein isolate (WPI) or pasteurized egg white powder (albumin) was added with syrup containing jaboticaba pulp and lyophilized jaboticaba peel flour and six experimental groups were made: control yoghurt (CY); WPI yoghurt (WY); albumin yoghurt (AY), syrup yoghurt and WPI (WSY); syrup and albumin yoghurt (ASY) and syrup yoghurt (SY). This study aimed to verify the influence of the addition of fruit syrup on the phenolics compounds and on the instrumental color parameters of yoghurts made with proteins on the 1st and 28th day of storage. There was a significant decrease in total phenolics content in yoghurt containing WPI and syrup (from 1408.14mg GAE.L-1 to 686.73mg GAE.L-1), as well as total anthocyanin content. However, yoghurt containing syrup and albumin showed an increase in total flavonoid content on day 28 of storage (from 28.30mg QE.100g-1 to 38.29mg QE.100g-1). Regarding color, there was an increase in L* and b* values in yoghurt containing syrup and WPI and in yoghurt containing syrup and albumin. For a* values, a decrease was observed at the end of the storage period in samples containing protein (WPI or albumin) and syrup. The data showed that the addition of jaboticaba syrup to yoghurts containing different proteins provided different phenolics compounds contents at the end of the storage period, and different color parameters to the final product.
No presente estudo, iogurtes desnatados feitos com proteína isolada do soro do leite (PIS) ou albumina isolada da clara do ovo pasteurizada em pó (albumina) foram adicionados de xarope contendo a polpa da jabuticaba e a farinha liofilizada da casca da jabuticaba, obtendo-se seis grupos experimentais: iogurte controle (CY); iogurte PIS (WY); iogurte albumina (AY); iogurte xarope e PIS (WSY); iogurte xarope e albumina (ASY) e iogurte com xarope (SY). Neste estudo objetivou-se verificar a influência da adição do xarope da fruta nos compostos fenólicos e nos parâmetros instrumentais de cor dos iogurtes elaborados com proteínas no 1oe 28o dia de armazenamento. Houve uma diminuição significativa no teor de fenólicos totais no iogurte contendo PIS e xarope (de 1408.14mg GAE.L-1para 686.73mg GAE.L-1), bem como no teor de antocianinas (de 158.45mg cyanidin-3-glucoside.L-1para 56.45mg cyanidin-3-glucoside.L-1). No entanto, os iogurtes contendo xarope e albumina apresentaram um aumento no teor de flavonóides totais no 28o dia de armazenamento (de 28.30mg QE.100g-1para 38.29mg QE.100g-1). Em relação a cor houve um aumento dos valores de L* e no valor de b* no iogurte contendo xarope e PIS e no iogurte contendo xarope e albumina. Já para os valores de a* foi observado uma diminuição ao final do período de armazenamento nas amostras contendo proteína (PIS ou albumina) e xarope. Os dados demonstraram que a adição do xarope de jabuticaba a iogurtes contendo diferentes proteínas proporcionaram diferentes conteúdos de compostos fenólicos ao final do período de estocagem, e diferentes parâmetros de cor ao produto final.
Assuntos
Iogurte/análise , Flavonoides/análise , Albuminas/análise , Polifenóis/análise , Proteínas do Soro do Leite/análise , FrutasRESUMO
O mercado brasileiro de polpas de suco misto, popularmente conhecidas como sucos detox vem crescendo rapidamente nos últimos anos, devido à tendência mundial de consumo de alimentos saudáveis para redução do risco de desenvolver doenças e para a melhoria da qualidade de vida. O efeito protetor exercido por estes alimentos tem sido atribuído à presença de fitoquímicos com ação antioxidante, dentre os quais se destacam os polifenóis. O presente estudo teve como objetivo quantificar os compostos fenólicos e avaliar a capacidade antioxidante de polpas de suco misto. Os resultados mostram que as polpas de sucos detox apresentam teores de compostos fenólicos e atividade antioxidante elevados, evidenciando que o consumo regular de tais polpas se apresenta como uma alternativa no combate aos radicais livres produzidos pelo próprio organismo.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/análise , Compostos Fenólicos/análise , Sucos de Frutas e Vegetais/análise , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Polifenóis/análiseRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of the salvianolic acids reference extract for quality control for Salvia miltiorrhiza and salvianolic acids for injection. An Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18( 4. 6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) column was used with mobile phase consisting of 0. 1% formic acid-water and 0. 1% formic acid-acetonitrile in gradient elution procedure. The column temperature was 30 ℃; the flow rate was 1 m L·min-1; and the detection wavelength was 288 nm. The content of rosmarinic acid,lithospermic acid and salvianolic acid B in S. miltiorrhiza was determined by using the salvianolic acids reference extract as control substance. The content of caffeic acid,salvianolic acid E,rosmarinic acid,lithospermic acid,salvianolic acid B,and salvianolic acid Y in the salvianolic acids for injection was also determined. The linear relationship between chemicals was good( r>0. 998 9),and the injection precision RSD was 0. 30%-0. 90%. The sexual RSD is between 1. 4% and 3. 0%,and the RSD of the reproducibility of the extract is between 2. 1% and 5. 2%. The recovery rate of the three components in S. miltiorrhiza was 96. 80%-99. 20%,and the recovery rate of the six components in salvianolic acids for injection was 88. 90%-107. 5%. The solution of S. miltiorrhiza and salvianolic acids for injection were stable within 48 h. A total of 8 batches of S. miltiorrhiza and injection were determined by the reference extract,and the difference was smaller than that measured by the monomer control. This study preliminarily verified that the salvianolic acids reference extract can be used as a substitute for the monomer control for the quality control of S. miltiorrhiza and salvianolic acids for injection.
Assuntos
Alcenos/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/normas , Polifenóis/análise , Controle de Qualidade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Salvia miltiorrhiza/químicaRESUMO
RESUMEN: El propóleos es un producto resinoso complejo producido por las abejas Apis mellifera, el cual posee diversas actividades biológicas como inmunomodulador, antiinflamatorio, anticancerígeno, antiviral, antibacteriano, antioxidante, entre otros. El propósito del siguiente estudio fue realizar una evaluación in vivo de las propiedades antiinflamatorias de un extracto de propóleos chileno, sobre el modelo de edema auricular inducido por 13-acetato-12-O-tetradecanoilforbol (TPA) en pabellón auricular de ratón, para posterior evaluación y análisis histológico. El extracto de propóleos chileno (EEP) utilizado se obtuvo a partir de un macerado etanólico, rotaevaporado y liofilizado. Se observó que el EEP disminuyó el edema y el infiltrado inflamatorio de forma significativa. Estos resultados sugieren que el extracto etanólico de propóleos chileno posee potenciales efectos antiinflamatorios o moduladores del sistema inmunológico en edema auricular.
SUMMARY: Propolis is a complex resinous product produced by bees Apis mellifera, which has a number of biological activities such as an immunomodulator, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant, among others. The purpose of the following study was to perform an in vivo evaluation of the anti-inflammatory properties of a Chilean propolis extract, on the model of atrial edema induced 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13- acetate (TPA) in the mouse auricular pavilion, for later evaluation and histological analysis. The Chilean propolis extract (EPP) used was obtained from an ethanolic, rotaevaporated and lyophilized macerate. It was observed that the EPP significantly decreased edema and inflammatory infiltrate. These results suggest that the ethanolic extract of Chilean propolis possesses potential anti-inflammatory or modulatory effects of the immune system in atrial edema.
Assuntos
Animais , Camundongos , Própole/farmacologia , Edema/tratamento farmacológico , Pavilhão Auricular/efeitos dos fármacos , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Própole/química , Pavilhão Auricular/patologia , Polifenóis/análiseRESUMO
Inflammation is a cellular defensive mechanism associated to oxidative stress. The administration of nitrofurantoin, nifurtimox and acetaminophen generates oxidative stress by their biotransformation through CYP450 system. The main adverse effect described for the first two drugs is gastrointestinal inflammation and that of the last, hepatitis. Therefore, standardised dry extracts from Rosmarinus officinalis, Buddleja globosa Hope, Cynara scolymus L., Echinacea purpurea and Hedera helix were tested to evaluate their capacity to decrease drug-induced oxidative stress. For that, rat liver microsomes were incubated with drugs in the presence of NADPH (specific CYP450 system cofactor) to test oxidative damage on microsomal lipids, thiols, and GST activity. All drugs tested induced oxidation of microsomal lipids and thiols, and inhibition of GST activity. Herbal extracts prevented these phenomena in different extension. These results show that antioxidant phytodrugs previously evaluated could alleviate drugs adverse effects associated to oxidative stress.
Inflamación es un mecanismo de defensa el cual está asociado a estrés oxidativo. La administración de nitrofurantoína, nifurtimox y paracetamol genera estrés oxidativo al metabolizarse a través del sistema CYP450. El principal efecto adverso de los dos primeros fármacos es inflamación gastrointestinal y del tercero, hepatitis. Por lo tanto, utilizamos diversos extractos herbales para disminuir el estrés oxidativo inducido por estos fármacos. Para esto se incubaron microsomas hepáticos de rata con dichos fármacos en presencia de NADPH (cofactor específico del sistema CYP450) y se evaluó el daño oxidativo generado sobre los lípidos, los tioles y la actividad GST microsómica. Todos los fármacos indujeron oxidación de los lípidos y los tioles microsómicos e inhibieron la actividad GST. Los extractos herbales previnieron estos fenómenos oxidativos en diferente extensión. Estos resultados indican que fitofármacos antioxidantes previamente evaluados, podrían aliviar los efectos adversos asociados a estrés oxidativo de los fármacos.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Microssomos Hepáticos/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Acetaminofen/efeitos adversos , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Microssomos Hepáticos/enzimologia , NADP/análise , Nifurtimox/efeitos adversos , Nitrofurantoína/efeitos adversos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Polifenóis/análise , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Compostos de SulfidrilaRESUMO
Background: Gnetum parvifolium stems and roots have been used for a long time in traditional Chinese medicines. Stilbenes are bioactive compounds present in G. parvifolium plants, and they possess antioxidative and anticancer properties. However, little is known about the responses of G. parvifolium stilbene biosynthetic pathways to stress conditions. Therefore, we investigated stilbene biosynthesis, including the expression of relevant genes, in G. parvifolium exposed to high-temperature and ultraviolet-C treatments. Results: High temperatures did not influence the accumulation of total stilbenes in stems but decreased stilbene concentrations in roots at 3 h, with a subsequent restoration to control levels. In contrast, ultraviolet irradiation induced the accumulation of total stilbenes in stems but not in roots. We also observed that high temperatures inhibited the production of resveratrol and piceatannol in G. parvifolium stems and roots, whereas ultraviolet treatments initially inhibited their accumulation (up to 6 h) but induced their production at later time points. Analyses of specific genes (i.e., PAL, C4H, 4CL, STS, and CYP) revealed that their expression levels generally increased in stress-treated stems and roots, although there was some variability in the expression profiles during treatments. Conclusions: Our results indicated that high temperatures and ultraviolet irradiation differentially affect the biosynthesis of specific stilbenes in G. parvifolium stems and roots. Therefore, cultivating G. parvifolium seedlings under optimal stress conditions may increase the biosynthesis of specific stilbene compounds.
Assuntos
Estilbenos/análise , Gnetum/metabolismo , Estilbenos/efeitos da radiação , Estilbenos/metabolismo , Raios Ultravioleta , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Gnetum/efeitos da radiação , Gnetum/genética , Plântula , Polifenóis/análise , Polifenóis/efeitos da radiação , Polifenóis/metabolismo , Resveratrol , Temperatura AltaRESUMO
Atherosclerosis, one major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, is a complex and multifactorial disease that involves three mainly conditions: chronic inflammation, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress. Although statins are the first-line therapy for LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering, the efficacy of cardiovascular events prevention is limited to 30-40%. This residual risk brought attention to the need of new therapies and clinical targets beyond LDL-C, such as inflammation and oxidative stress. Importantly, suboptimal treatment and/or statin discontinuation due to adverse effects have also been a very challenging clinical problem. Complementary diet therapy can be an effective and safe approach to support pharmacological treatment, especially when drugs alone are insufficient to attenuate risk factors and/or the recommended dose is not well tolerated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of three bioactive components, namely omega-3 fatty acids, plant sterols and polyphenols, on markers of dyslipidemia, inflammation and oxidative stress in patients treated with statins. A randomized, crossover clinical study was carried out, with the participation of 53 subjects. At each intervention period, study participants received a packaged for the functional or control treatment. Functional treatment consisted of fish oil (1.7 g of EPA+DHA/day), chocolate containing plant sterols (2.2 g/day) and green tea (two tea sachets/day). Control treatment consisted of soy oil softgels, regular chocolate and anise tea. After 6 weeks of intervention, functional treatment reduced plasma LDL-C (-13.7% ± 3.7, p=0.002) and C-reactive protein (-35.5% ± 5.9, p=0.027). Plasma triacylglycerol (-15.68% ± 5.94, p=0.02) and MDA (-40.98% ± 6.74, p=0.04) were reduced in subgroups of patients (n=23) with baseline values above the median (93 mg/dL and 2.23 umol/L, respectively). Analysis of lathosterol and campesterol in plasma suggested that intensity of LDL-C reduction was influenced by cholesterol absorption rate rather than its endogenous synthesis. After multivariate analysis, patients identified as "good responders" to supplementation (n=10) were recruited for a pilot protocol of statin dose reduction with complementary diet therapy. Responders received the functional treatment for 12 weeks: standard statin therapy was kept during the first 6 weeks and reduced by 50% from weeks 6 to 12. No difference was observed for plasma lipids and inflammation biomarkers, cholesterol efflux capacity or HDL particle number after statin dose reduction when compared to standard therapy. Although limited by the small sample size, our study demonstrates the potential for a new therapeutic approach combining lower statin dose and specific dietary compounds. This may be particularly helpful for the many patients with, and at risk for, CVD who cannot tolerate high-dose statin therapy
A aterosclerose, uma importante causa mundial de morbidade e mortalidade, é uma doença complexa e multifatorial que envolve três principais condições: inflamação crônica, dislipidemia e estresse oxidativo. Embora as estatinas sejam fármacos de primeira linha para redução de LDL colesterol (LDL-C), sua eficácia na prevenção de eventos cardiovasculares é limitadada a 30-40%. Este risco cardiovascular residual evidencia a necessidade de novas terapias e marcadores clínicos que vão além do LDL-C, como inflamação e estresse oxidativo. Não obstante, tratamento subótimo e/ou interrupção do uso de estatinas devido à ocorrencia de efeitos adversos também é um grave obstáculo na clínica médica. Neste contexto, a terapia dietética complementar representa uma abordagem efetiva e segura para o suporte do tratamento farmacológico, especialmente quando as drogas são insuficientes para atenuar fatores de risco e/ou quando a dose recomendada não é bem tolerada. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito de três compostos bioativos - ácidos graxos ômega 3, fitosteróis e polifenóis - sobre marcadores de inflamação, lipemia e estresse oxidativo em indivíduos tradados com estatinas. Foi realizado um estudo clínico randomizado, de delineamento crossover, com a participação de 53 voluntários. A cada período de intervenção, os participantes receberam um tratamento funcional ou controle. O tratamento funcional foi composto por cápsulas de óleo de peixe (1.7 g/dia de EPA+DHA), chocolate contendo fitosteróis (2.2 g/dia) e chá verde (dois sachês/dia). O tratamento controle foi composto por cápsulas de óleo de soja, chocolate sem adição de fitosteróis e chá de anis. Após 6 semanas de intervenção, o tratamento funcional reduziu a concentração plasmática de LDL-C (-13.7% ± 3.7, p=0.002) e proteína C-reativa (-35.5% ± 5.9, p=0.027). Triglicerídeos (- 15.68% ± 5.94, p=0.02) e malondialdeído (-40.98% ± 6.74, p=0.04) foram reduzidas apenas em subgrupos de indivíduos que apresentavam valores basais acima da mediana (93 mg/dL e 2.23 umol/L, respectivamente). A análise de latosterol e campesterol no plasma sugeriu que a intensidade da redução de LDL-C não foi influenciada pela síntese endógena de colesterol, mas sim pela taxa de absorção. Após análise multivariada dos resultados, pacientes identificados como "good responders" à suplementação (n=10) foram recrutados para um estudo piloto de redução da dosagem da estatina, aliado à terapia dietética complementar. Estes pacientes receberam o tratamento funcional por 12 semanas: durante as 6 primeiras semanas mantevese a dosagem de estatina, que em seguida foi reduzida em 50% das semanas 6 a 12. Não foram observadas diferenças para os marcadores plasmáticos de lipídeos, inflamação, capacidade de efluxo de colesterol ou número de partículas de HDL após a redução da dose de estatina, quando comparada à terapia convencional. Embora limitado pelo reduzido número de pacientes, o estudo demonstra o potencial para uma nova abordagem terapêutica, combinando reduzida dose de estatina com específicos compostos bioativos. Esta pode ser uma importante alternativa para muitos pacientes em risco cardiovascular e que são intolerantes à terapia com altas doses de estatina.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Biomarcadores , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto/métodos , Aterosclerose/patologia , Fitosteróis/análise , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/análise , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases/análise , Polifenóis/análiseRESUMO
Abstract:The marine angiosperm Thalassia testudinum, commonly known as turtle grass, is a dominant sea- grass that grows in the Caribbean Sea shelf associated to Syringodium filiforme. The hydroalcoholic extract of T. testudinum is rich in polyphenols; the most abundant metabolite in this extract is thalassiolin B, a glycosilated flavonoid with skin damage repairing properties, and antioxidant capacity among others. The present study aimed at generating information about the seasonal behavior of secondary metabolites, as well as to study the antioxidant capacity of the T. testudinum leaves extract, collected monthly during 2012 from the Northeast coastline of Havana, Cuba. For this study, spectrophotometric methods were used to determine the concentrations of polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, soluble carbohydrates and proteins, chlorophylls a and b, and antioxidant activity of the extracts. In general, results demonstrated seasonal variations of the analyzed parameters. Extracts prepared from the vegetal material collected in October and November showed the highest values of polyphenols (58.81 ± 1.53 and 52.39 ± 0.63 mg/g bs, respectivally) and flavonoids (44.12 ± 1.30 and 51.30 ± 0.67 mg/g dw, respectively). On the contrary, the lowest values of polyphenols were found in extracts of leaves collected in July and August (15.51 ± 0.84 and 13.86 ± 0.48 mg/g, respectively). In accordance with these results, the lower value of Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) was obtained to get a 50 % of maximal effect on free radical scavenging activity with the extracts prepared from leaves collected in October and November, and less significant IC50 was obtained from the extract prepared from leaves collected in August (5.63 mg/mL). A negative correlation (r= -0.694) was observed in this study between the content of polyphenols and the IC50 necessary to get the half of its antioxidant maximal effect. The high correspondence between the maximum values of polyphenols, flavonoids, carbohydrates and proteins in October and November, revealed a close relationship between these metabolites found in the extract of T. testudinum. Our hypothesis about the annual variation in the concentration of these metabolites was validated; and these results will support the correct harvesting of T. testudinum leaves for biotechnology and industrial purposes. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (4): 1527-1535. Epub 2016 December 01.
Resumen:La angiosperma marina Thalassia testudinum, comúnmente conocida como "hierba tortuga", es un pasto marino dominante que crece en el Mar Caribe asociada a Syringodium filiforme. El extracto hidroalcohólico de T. testudinum es rico en polifenoles; el metabolito más abundante en este extracto es thalassiolina B, un flavonoide glicosilado con propiedades para la reparación de daños en la piel y la capacidad antioxidante, entre otros. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer el comportamiento estacional de los metabolitos secundarios, así como la capacidad antioxidante del extracto de hojas de T. testudinum recolectadas mensualmente durante el 2012, en la costa noreste de La Habana, Cuba. Para este estudio fueron empleados métodos espectrofotométricos para la determinación de la concentración de polifenoles, flavonoides, carbohidratos y proteínas solubles, clorofilas a y b y la actividad antioxidante del extracto. En sentido general, los resultados demostraron las variaciones estacionales de los parámetros analizados; los extractos preparados a partir de material vegetal recolectado en octubre y noviembre mostraron los mayores valores de polifenoles y flavonoides (44.12 ± 1.30 y 51.30 ± 0.67 mg/g bs respectivamente) y se encontraron los valores más bajos en los extractos de hojas recolectadas en julio y agosto. (15.51 ± 0.84 y 13.86 ± 0.48 mg/g respectivamente). De acuerdo con los resultados, se obtuvo el valor más bajo de la concentración inhibitoria (CI50 ) necesaria para obtener un 50 % de efecto máximo en la actividad de captación de radicales libres con los extractos preparados a partir de las hojas recolectadas en octubre y noviembre y la CI50 menos significativa se obtuvo a partir del extracto preparado a partir de las hojas recolectadas en agosto (5.63 mg/ml). Se observó una correlación negativa (r= -0,694) entre el contenido de polifenoles y la CI50 necesaria para obtener la mitad del efecto antioxidante máximo. La alta correspondencia que existe entre los valores máximos de polifenoles, flavonoides, carbohidratos y proteínas en octubre y noviembre reveló una estrecha relación entre estos metabolitos, encontrados en el extracto de T. testudinum. La hipótesis de la variación anual de la concentración de estos metabolitos fue validada. Estos resultados se tendrán en cuenta con el fin de seleccionar el momento de recolecta de las hojas de T. testudinum para su uso con fines biotecnológicos e industriales.