Expression Levels of the CA9, WT1, and PRAME genes and genotyping-associated antigens for the diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent type of cancer worldwide, and is one of the major health problems in Asia, Africa, Europe, and America. The tumor antigens recently are of interesting indicators as diagnostic and prognostic tools, The aim of the present study is to detect the expression levels of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9), the Wilms tumor gene (WT1), and the preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME) in the peripheral blood of CRC patients in comparison with healthy controls. Methods: A prospective case-control study of CRC patients was conducted. We included 25 newly-diagnosed CRC eligible patients and obtained peripheral blood samples of them as well as 10 blood samples from the control group. All samples were then submitted to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction and a molecular study through real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: The CRC group consisted of 15 (60%) female and 10 (40%) male patients with a mean age of 50.52 ± 9.8 years, while the control group included 4 (40%) female and 6 (60%) male patients with a mean age of 47.7 ± 7.9 years. The CRC group, 24 (96%) of patient samples were CA9-positive with strong statistically significant differences (p < 0.00001; sensitivity: 96%; specificity: 90%). Regarding the WT1 gene, there were 11 (44%) positive samples in the CRC group, with no statistically significant differences (p = 0.055; sensitivity: 44%; specificity: 90%). The PRAME gene was positive in 9 (36%) samples in the CRC group, with no statistically significant differences (p = 0.357; sensitivity: 36%; specificity: 80%. Among CA9 (24 patients; 96%) of patients with CRC expressed positive results, in WT1 11(91.6%) CRC patients expressed gene, and in PRAME gene, 9 patients with CRC (81.8%) expressed positive results. Conclusion: Overexpression of the CA9 gene in CRC of high sensitivity and specificity to be used as a tool to discriminate CRC from benign associate with high accuracy compare to WT1 and PRAME genes. (AU)

Phenotypic and genetic analysis of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia in young children with WT1, MLL-PTD and EVI1 genes / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) in young children accompany by WT1, MLL-PTD and EVI1, in order to improve the diagnosis level of AMKL.@*METHODS@#EDTA-K@*RESULTS@#White blood cell count was 12.3× 10@*CONCLUSION@#Acute megakaryocytic leukemia has unique and complex phenotypic and genetics characteristics.

Síndrome WAGR por deleción en heterocigosis del gen WT1: Caso clínico pediátrico / WAGR syndrome by heterozygous deletion of the WT1 gene: Pediatric case report

El síndrome WAGR (tumor de Wilms, aniridia, anomalías genitourinarias y retraso mental) es un trastorno genético infrecuente debido a la deleción de la región 11p13, que contiene los genes WT1 y PAX6. Comprende una combinación distintiva de afecciones clínicas; la aniridia y el tumor de Wilms son las más notables. Se presenta a un lactante de 17 meses con microcefalia, alteraciones oculares (buftalmos, leucocoria, aniridia bilateral), hipoplasia escrotal, testículos en la región inguinal y retraso en el neurodesarrollo, a quien se le realizó el estudio de amplificación de sondas dependiente de ligandos múltiples para WT1, que mostró haploinsuficiencia en las sondas que hibridaban la región 11p13, compatible con una deleción en heterocigosis del gen. Posteriormente, se diagnosticó tumor de Wilms. Dada su baja prevalencia, es importante difundir sus características clínicas y hacer énfasis en un manejo interdisciplinario centrado en la identificación precoz del síndrome y de sus posibles complicaciones. .

WAGR syndrome (Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary anomalies and mental retardation) is an uncommon genetic disorder due to the deletion of the 11p13 region that contains the WT1 and PAX6 genes. It involves a distinctive combination of clinical conditions, with aniridia and Wilms tumor being the most notable. We present a 17-month-old infant with microcephaly, ocular alterations (buphthalmos, leukocoria, bilateral aniridia), scrotal hypoplasia, undescended testes and neurodevelopmental delay who underwent multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification study for WT1, showing haploinsufficiency in the probes that hybridize to the 11p13 region, compatible with an heterozygous deletion of the gene. Wilms tumor was later diagnosed. WAGR syndrome is infrequent; its report in Latin America is low. It is important to disseminate its clinical characteristics, emphasizing an interdisciplinary management focused on the early identification of both the syndrome and its possible complications.

Expression of gene and its prognostic value in patients with acute myeloid leukemia / 浙江大学学报·医学版

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the expression of Wilms'tumor 1 () gene in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and to explore its application in predicting prognosis of AML in patients with wild or mutated nucleophosmin 1() and Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3-internal tandem duplication ().@*METHODS@#One hundred and sixty-seven newly diagnosed AML patients(exclued M3 type) were enrolled in this study. The survival of patients were analyzed with Kaplan-Meier method. The clinical data, laboratory findings and the survival of patients were analyzed and compared between patients with high expression (high- group) and those with low expression (low- group), as well as among the patients with or wild type and mutants.@*RESULTS@#The overall response rates (ORR) in high- and low- groups were 65.9% (83/126) and 95.1% (39/41), respectively (0.05). In patients with wild type, the high- group had inferior ORR and 2-y OS rate (all 0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@# gene overexpression indicated poor prognosis of AML patients; the patients with decreased gene expression ≥ 1 log after the first induction therapy show better prognosis than those with<1 log. The gene expression level at diagnosis can be used as an unfavorable prognostic factor for AML patients with or wild types.

An interlaboratory comparison study on the detection of RUNX1-RUNX1T1 fusion transcript levels and WT1 transcript levels / 中华血液学杂志

Objective: To investigate the current status and real performance of the detection of RUNX1-RUNX1T1 fusion transcript levels and WT1 transcript levels in China through interlaboratory comparison. Methods: Peking University People's Hospital (PKUPH) prepared the samples for comparison. That is, the fresh RUNX1-RUNX1T1 positive (+) bone morrow nucleated cells were serially diluted with RUNX1-RUNX1T1 negative (-) nucleated cells from different patients. Totally 23 sets with 14 different samples per set were prepared. TRIzol reagent was added in each tube and thoroughly mixed with cells for homogenization. Each laboratory simultaneously tested RUNX1-RUNX1T1 and WT1 transcript levels of one set of samples by real-time quantitative PCR method. All transcript levels were reported as the percentage of RUNX1-RUNX1T1 or WT1 transcript copies/ABL copies. Spearman correlation coefficient between the reported transcript levels of each participated laboratory and those of PKUPH was calculated. Results: ①RUNX1-RUNX1T1 comparison: 9 samples were (+) and 5 were (-) , the false negative and positive rates of the 20 participated laboratories were 0 (0/180) and 5% (5/100) , respectively. The reported transcript levels of all 9 positive samples were different among laboratories. The median reported transcript levels of 9 positive samples were from 0.060% to 176.7%, which covered 3.5-log. The ratios of each sample's highest to the lowest reported transcript levels were from 5.5 to 12.3 (one result which obviously deviated from other laboratories' results was not included) , 85% (17/20) of the laboratories had correlation coefficient ≥0.98. ②WT1 comparison: The median reported transcript levels of all 14 samples were from 0.17% to 67.6%, which covered 2.6-log. The ratios of each sample's highest to the lowest reported transcript levels were from 5.3-13.7, 62% (13/21) of the laboratories had correlation coefficient ≥0.98. ③ The relative relationship of the reported RUNX1-RUNX1T1 transcript levels between the participants and PKUPH was not always consistent with that of WT1 transcript levels. Both RUNX1-RUNX1T1 and WT1 transcript levels from 2 and 7 laboratories were individually lower than and higher than those of PKUPH, whereas for the rest 11 laboratories, one transcript level was higher than and the other was lower than that of PKUPH. Conclusion: The reported RUNX1-RUNX1T1 and WT1 transcript levels were different among laboratories for the same sample. Most of the participated laboratories reported highly consistent result with that of PKUPH. The relationship between laboratories of the different transcript levels may not be the same.

Changes of WT1 mRNA expression level in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes after hypomethylating agents and its prognostic significance / 中华血液学杂志

Objective: To monitor the WT1 mRNA level and its dynamic changes in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) after hypomethylating agents (HMA) , as well as to assess the significance of WT1 mRNA levels and its dynamic changes in evaluating the efficacy of HMA and distinguishing the disease status of heterogeneous patients with stable disease (SD) . Methods: Bone marrow or peripheral blood samples of 56 patients with MDS who underwent hypomethylating agents (≥4 cycles) from November 2009 to March 2018 were tested by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the expression of WT1 mRNA, and to observe the correlation between the dynamic changes of WT1 mRNA expression and clinical efficacy and prognosis of patients. Results: WT1 mRNA expression levels of MDS patients decreased significantly after 3 cycles of hypomethylating agent treatment. Besides, the WT1 mRNA expression levels of patients increased significantly after diseases progression. According to the dynamic changes of WT1 mRNA expression levels during SD, 45 cases could be further divided into increased group and non-increased group. In those SD patients with increased WT1 mRNA expression level, the ratio of suffering disease progression or transformation to AML was 95.65% (22/23) , whereas the ratio turned to be 9.09% (2/22) for the non-increased group (χ(2)=33.852, P<0.001) . Compared with those SD patients reporting no increase in WT1 mRNA expression level, the overall survival[17 (95%CI 11-23) months vs not reached, P<0.001] and progression-free survival [13 (95%CI 8-18) months vs not reached, P<0.001] of those SD patients reporting increase in WT1 mRNA expression level were significantly shorter. Conclusion: WT1 mRNA expression level is a useful indicator to assess the efficacy of hypomethylating agents in MDS patients. Especially in patients with SD, detection of the changes in WT1 mRNA expression level is able to predict disease progression and help to make clinical decision.

Relationship between Quantitative Monitoring of WT1 Gene and Prognosis in Patients with Acute Leukemia / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the exprassion of WT1 gene in patients with adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and its clinical significance.@*METHODS@#Sixty-three newly diagnosed patients with acute myeloid leukemia were selected. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of WT1 gene in the 63 AML patients and 20 non-AML controls.@*RESULTS@#WT1 gene was highly expressed in AML patents and its expression in the low-risk group was significantly lower than that in middle-risk group and high-risk group (P<0.05), and no significant difference of WT1 gene expression between middle-risk and high-risk group was observed. In the patients of middle-risk and high-risk patients, the expression of WT1 gene in the remission group was significantly lower than that in the patients of non-remission after treatment (P<0.05). The non-remission patients after first treatment in middle-risk and high-risk group were treated with second induction therapy. After second induction therapy, the WT1 expression in remission patients was significantly decreased (P<0.05) in comparison with that in patients still in non-remission. There was a negative correlation between WT1 expression and the 2-year overall survival rate in the newly diagnosed middle and high-risk AML patients.@*CONCLUSION@#The detection of WT1 gene expression can help to divide AML patients into low-/middle-/high-risk groups and to evaluate therapeutic response and clinical prognosis in middle and high-risk AML patients.

Clinical implication of minimal residue disease monitoring by WT1 gene detection and flow cytometry in myelodysplastic syndrome with allogeneic stem cell transplantation / 中华血液学杂志

Objective: To investigate the clinical significance of minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring by using WT1 gene and flow cytometry (FCM) in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) who receiving allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Methods: WT1 gene and MDS-related abnormal immunophenotype were examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR) and FCM, respectively. The bone marrow samples were collected from patients with MDS who received allo-HSCT from Feb, 2011 to Oct, 2015 in Peking University People's Hospital before and after transplantation. Results: Among 92 MDS patients, 40 (48.2%) patients were positive for WT1 (WT1(+)) and 9 (10.8%) patients were positive for flow cytometry (FCM(+)). 27 patients (29.3%) met the criteria of our combinative standard, MRDco (MRDco(+)). Only FCM(+) post-transplant (P<0.001) and MRDco(+) (P=0.017) were associated with relapse. The cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) at 2 years were 66.7% and 1.2% (P<0.001) in FCM(+) and FCM(-) groups. MRDco(+) group had a 2-year CIR of 23.0% while MRDco(-) group had a 2-year CIR of 1.6% (P=0.004). The specificity of post-transplant WT1, FCM and MRDco to predict relapse was 59.0%, 96.4% and 74.7%, respectively. The sensitivity of these three MRD parameters to predict relapse was 66.7%. Conclusion: Post-transplant FCM and MRDco are useful tools to monitor MRD for MDS after transplantation. The preemptive intervention based on MRDco is able to reduce the relapse rate.

The effect of WT1 expression on the prognosis of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in acute leukemia / 中华血液学杂志

Objective: To study the effect of WT1 expression on the prognosis of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in acute leukemia (AL) and its significance as molecular marker to dynamically monitor minimal residual disease (MRD) . Methods: Retrospectively analyzed those AL patients who underwent allo-HSCT in the First Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine during Jan 2016 to Dec 2017, a total number of 314 cases, 163 males and 151 females, median age was 30 (9-64) years old. Comparing the difference of WT1 expression at diagnosed, pre-HSCT and after HSCT. Using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to determine the WT1 threshold at different time so as to predict relapse. The threshold of WT1 expression before transplantation was 1.010%, within 3 months after HSCT was 0.079% and 6 months after HSCT was 0.375%. According to these thresholds, WT1 positive patients were divided into low expression groups and high expression groups. Analyzed the relationship between overall survival (OS) , disease-free survival (DFS) , cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) and WT1 expression. Results: The OS and DFS of high expression group pre-HSCT were lower than low expression group [69.2% (9/13) vs 89.1% (57/64) , χ(2)=4.086, P=0.043; 53.8% (7/13) vs 87.5% (56/64) , χ(2)=9.766, P=0.002], CIR was higher than low expression group [30.8% (4/13) vs 7.8% (5/64) , P=0.017]. There was no significant difference of OS and DFS between high expression and low expression group of 3 months after HSCT (P=0.558, P=0.269) . The OS and DFS of high expression group of 6 months after transplantation were both lower than low expression group (P=0.049, P=0.035) . Multivariate analysis showed that WT1>0.375% when 6 months after transplantation was the only independent prognostic factor for shorter DFS (P=0.022) . There was no statistically significant difference in CIR between the high-expression group and the low-expression group 3 months after transplantation and 6 months after transplantation (P=0.114, P=0.306) . Conclusion: High expression of WT1 before and after HSCT was an adverse prognosis factor. It is of clinical practical value to use WT1 as a transplant recommendation index for patients with acute leukemia and as a marker to monitor MRD dynamically.

Effects of bufalin on up-regulating methylation of Wilm's tumor 1 gene in human erythroid leukemic cells / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effects of bufalin on inhibiting proliferation, up-regulating methylation of Wilm' tumor 1 gene (WT1) as well as its possible mechanisms in human erythroid leukemic (HEL) cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The HEL cells were treated with bufalin at various concentrations to observe cellular morphology, proliferation assay and cell cycle. The mRNA and protein expression levels of WT1 were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot and immunocytochemistry, DNA methylation of WT1 and protein expression levels of DNA methyltransferase 3a (DNMT3a) and DNMT3b were analyzed by methylation-specific PCR, and Western blot respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The bufalin was effective to inhibit proliferation of HEL cells in a dose-dependent manner, their suppression rates were from 23.4%±2.1% to 87.2%±5.4% with an half maximal inhibit concentration (IC) of 0.046 μmol/L. Typical apoptosis morphology was observed in bufalin-treated HEL cells. The proliferation index of cell cycle decreased from 76.4%±1.9% to 49.7%±1.3%. The expression levels of WT1 mRNA and its protein reduced gradually with increasing doses of bufalin, meanwhile, the methylation status of WT1 gene changed from unmethylated into partially or totally methylated. While, the expression levels of DNMT3a and DNMT3b protein gradually increased by bufalin treatment in a dose-dependent manner.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Bufalin can not only significantly inhibit the proliferation of HEL cells and arrest cell cycle at G/Gphase, but also induce cellular apoptosis and down-regulate the expression level of WT1. Our results provide the evidence of bufalin for anti-leukemia, its mechanism may involve in increasing WT1 methylation status which is related to the up-regulation of DNMT3a and DNMT3b proteins in erythroid leukemic HEL cells.</p>

Expression of WT1 gene in children with acute myeloid leukemia / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study WT1 gene expression in children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and its possible correlations to clinical outcomes.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Bone marrow samples were collected from 45 children with AML (excluding acute promyelocytic leukemia, AML-M3) at different time points of AML treatment and follow-up. WT1 gene expression levels in bone marrow mononuclear cells were assayed by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. The correlation between WT1 expression and prognosis was retrospectively analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The WT1 expression level in AML children with bone marrow blast cell percentage of >60% was significantly higher than in those with bone marrow blast cell percentage of ≤ 60% (p<0.05). The lower WT1 expression level was documented in children with AML-M2 compared with in children with other non-M2 subtypes (p<0.05). WT1 expression level in patients in complete remission was significantly lower than that in patients at diagnosis or relapse (p<0.01). The 2-year disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with higher WT1 expression was significantly lower than in those with lower WT1 expression at the end of induction chemotherapy (p<0.05). The 2-year overall survival (OS) and DFS in patients with ≥1 log WT1 reduction range were significantly higher than those with <1 log reduction of WT1 expression level at the end of induction chemotherapy (p<0.05). WT1 expression levels tended to rise 2-3 months prior to bone marrow relapse.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>WT1 expression level is closely correlated prognosis in children with AML. Dynamic monitoring of WT1 expression level is of great clinical importance in terms of individualized management, prognosis evaluation and relapse prediction.</p>

Expression of WT1 Gene in Bone Marrow of Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Its Influence on Prognosis / 中国实验血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expression level of WT1 gene in bone marrow of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and its relationship with prognosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The copy numbers of WT1 and internal reference gene in bone marrow samples from 75 newly diagnosed AML patients were detected by using real-time quantitative PCR. The gene WT1 expression level was determined by the ratio of the copy numbers of WT1 to reference gene. And the clinical characteristics, the complete remission (CR) rate after induction chemotherapy, 2-year overall survival (OS) rate and event-free survival (EFS) rate were calculated and analysed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression level of WT1 did not significantly correlate with common clinical parameters such as age, sex, molecular abnormality, FAB classification and risk stratification. The CR rate in the high WT1 expression group before treatment was 65.4%, which was lower than that of 93.9% in the low expression group (χ2=8.25, P<0.01). The 2-year overall survival rate and event-free survival rate of the two groups were statistically significantly different (P<0.05), and the OS and EFS rates in high WT1 expression group were lower than those in low expression group. After the induction chamotheropy for about 1, 3 month and 6 months, the 2-year OS rate significantly increased in patients with decrease of WT1 gene expression level by one log or more (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The expression level of WT1 gene in bone marrow may be an effective marker to evaluate therapy efficacy and prognosis for AML patients (non APL).</p>

Neuroendocrine differentiation and Wilms' tumor protein-1 expression in breast mucinous carcinoma and their significance / 浙江大学学报·医学版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate neuroendocrine differentiation and Wilms' tumor protein-1 (WT-1) expression in breast mucinous carcinoma and their clinicopathological significance.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinicopathological data of 65 patients with breast mucinous carcinoma, including 31 cases of mixed mucinous carcinoma, 23 cases of hypocellular pure mucinous carcinoma and 11 cases of hypercellular pure mucinous carcinoma, admitted in Taizhou Hospital from January 2010 to June 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. The expression of neuroendocrine markers and WT-1 was detected by immunohistochemistry staining in all cases.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mixed mucinous carcinomas and hypercelluar pure mucinous carcinomas had higher incidence of axillary lymph node metastasis and human epidermal recepter 2 (HER-2) positive than hypocellular pure mucinous carcinoma (all (P<0.01). However, the difference was not significant between mixed mucinous carcinomas and hypercellular pure mucinous carcinomas (all P>0.05). The expression of neuroendocrine marker was stronger in hypercellular mucinous carcinoma than that in mixed mucinous carcinoma and hypocellular mucinous carcinoma (all (P<0.05), but the difference was not statistically significant between mixed mucinous carcinoma and hypocellular pure mucinous carcinoma (P>0.05). The expression of WT-1 was weaker in mixed mucinous carcinoma than that in hypercellular and hypocellular pure mucinous carcinoma(all (P<0.05), but the difference was not statistically significant between hypercellular and hypocellular pure mucinous carcinoma (P>0.05). The mucinous carcinomas with lymph node metastasis had lower expression of neuroendocrine markers than those without lymph node metastasis ((P<0.01). The expression of WT-1 in breast mucinous carcinoma with lymph node metastasis trended lower than that in those without lymph node metastasis, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Hypercellular pure mucinous breast carcinoma has higher rates of lymph node metastasis and HER-2 amplification than hypocellular pure mucinous carcinoma, the sub-classification of breast pure mucinous carcinoma should be considered. Neuroendocrine differentiation and WT-1 expression may be helpful in distinguishing the subtypes of breast mucinous carcinoma. Breast mucinous carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation trends to have less lymph node metastasis.</p>

Establishment of a colorectal cancer SW620 cell line stably over-expressing Wilm's tumor on X chromosome using a recombinant lentivirus vector / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To construct a recombinant lentivirus vector for Wilm's tumor on X chromosome (WTX) gene and establish a colorectal cancer SW620 cell line with stable WTX over-expression.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The full length coding region of WTX gene was amplified with PCR, and the amplified fragment was cloned into the lentivirus vector GV387. The recombinant lentivirus vector was transfected in 293T cells for packaging the virus, which was then transfected into colorectal cancer SW620 cells. The stably transfected cells were selected with G418, and the cellular expressions of WTX mRNA and protein were detected using quantitative PCR and Western blotting.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The recombinant plasmid was successfully constructed as verified by sequence analysis. Quantitative PCR and Western blotting results showed that trasnfection with the recombinant lentivirus significantly increased the expression levels of WTX in SW620 cells.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>We successfully established a colorectal cancer cell lines with stable over-expression of WTX, which provides an essential cell model for studying the role of WTX in the tumorigenesis and progression of colorectal cancer.</p>

Correlation of WT1 and VEGF Expression with Angiogenesis in Bone Marrow Biopsies of Multiple Myeloma Patients / 中国实验血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the relationship of WT1 and VEGF expression with angiogenesis in bone marrow biopsies of multiple myeloma patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>VEGF, WT1 expression and microvessel density (MVD) of 62 cases of multiple myeloma and 10 normal bone marrow tissue were detected by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry SP method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Microvessel density (MVD) of the control group was (45±6)/visual field, and while MVD of the multiple myeloma group was (84±26)/sight, and statistical analysis showed that MVD in multiple myeloma group was significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05); in 62 cases of multiple myeloma the VEGF positive rate was 51.6% (32/62), and MVD in VEGF-positive group was significantly higher than that in the negative group (P<0.05). WT1 positive rate was 30.6% (19/62), and MVD in WT1-positive group was significantly higher than that in the negative group (P<0.05). And statistical analysis showed that WT1 expression significantly correlated with VEGF expression (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>WT1 high expression of multiple myeloma bone tissue can up-regulate VEGF expression and promote angiogenesis.</p>

The relationship between WT1 expression level and prognosis in patients of acute T lymphoblastic leukemia following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation / 中华血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To probe monitoring Wilms tumor-1（WT1）gene expression level in acute T lymphoblastic leukemia（T- ALL）following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation（allo-HSCT）with prognostic significance.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This retrospective study analyzed 68 T-ALL cases from January 2009 to March 2012, that monitoring WT1 gene expression level after allo-HSCT. WT1 expression level was measured with real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction（RQ-PCR） method at + 30, + 60, + 90, + 180, + 270, + 360 days after allo-HSCT, simultaneously monitoring residual leukemia using flow cytometry（FCM）.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Low WT1 gene expression level associated with a low risk of recurrence after allo-HSCT in T-ALL. Increased WT1 gene expression levels at +60 and + 90 days after allo- HSCT associated with higher cumulative incidences of relapse（P<0.001, P=0.003）, and low disease- free survival rates（P=0.004, P=0.006）, and low overall survival rates（P=0.004, P=0.007）. The presence of MRD after allo-HSCT was an independent prognostic factor for relapse in T-ALL. Combining WT1 gene and FCM could be used to monitor recurrence after allo-HSCT.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Increased WT1 gene expression level at +60 and + 90 days after allo-HSCT significantly associated with worse prognosis, that should be intervened as early as possible to reduce the risk of recurrence or death. WT1 gene expression level that was less than 0.6% associated with lower risk of recurrence. WT1 gene expression more than 0.6% that needed close follow- up, combined with FCM monitoring MRD, which required intervention to reduce the relapse.</p>

Incidences and Prognostic Impact of c-KIT, WT1, CEBPA, and CBL Mutations, and Mutations Associated With Epigenetic Modification in Core Binding Factor Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Multicenter Study in a Korean Population

BACKGROUND: To identify potential molecular prognostic markers in core binding factor (CBF) AML, we analyzed incidences and prognostic impacts of mutations in c-KIT, WT1, CEBPA, CBL, and a number of epigenetic genes in CBF AML. METHODS: Seventy one and 21 AML patients with t(8;21) and inv(16) were enrolled in this study, respectively. NPM1, CEBPA, c-KIT, IDH1/2, DNMT3A, EZH2, WT1, and CBL mutations were analyzed by direct sequencing. Patients were categorized with respect to c-KIT and WT1 mutation status, and both clinical features and prognoses were compared. RESULTS: The incidences of FLT3 internal tandem duplication (ITD), NPM1, CEBPA, IDH1/2, DNMT3A, EZH2, and CBL mutations were low (< or =5%) in CBF AML patients. However, c-KIT and WT1 mutations occurred frequently (10.9% and 13.8%, respectively). t(8;21) patients with c-KIT mutations showed significantly shorter overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) periods than those without mutations (P<0.001, for both); however, although the limited number of t(8;21) patients were analyzed, WT1 mutation status did not affect prognosis significantly. Relapse or death during follow-up occurred more frequently in t(8;21) patients carrying c-KIT mutations than in those without the mutation, although the difference was significant only in a specific patient subgroup with no WT1 mutations (P=0.014). CONCLUSIONS: The incidences of mutations in epigenetic genes are very low in CBF AML; however, c-KIT and WT1 mutations occur more frequently than others. The poor prognostic impact of c-KIT mutation in t(8;21) AML patients only applies in a specific patient subgroup without WT1 mutations. The prognostic impact of WT1 mutation in CBF AML is not evident and further investigation is required.

Risk-Reducing Genetic Variant of Wilms Tumor 1 Gene rs16754 in Korean Patients With BCR-ABL1-Negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasm

The genetic variant rs16754 of Wilms tumor gene 1 (WT1) has recently been described as an independent prognostic factor in AML patients. It is of great interest to test whether WT1 single nucleotide polymorphism can be used as a molecular marker in other types of cancer, to improve risk and treatment stratification. We performed sequencing analysis of exons 7 and 9 of WT1, which are known mutational hotspots, in a total of 73 patients with BCR-ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) and 93 healthy controls. No previously reported WT1 mutations were identified in the present study. In Korean patients with BCR-ABL1-negative MPN, WT1 genetic variant rs16754 had no significant impact on clinical outcomes. We observed a significant difference in the allelic frequencies of WT1 rs16754 in Koreans between BCR-ABL1-negative MPN cases and healthy controls. Individuals carrying variant G alleles of WT1 rs16754 showed a relatively low prevalence of BCR-ABL1-negative MPN, compared with those carrying wild A alleles of WT1 rs16754 (Hazard ratio 0.10-0.65, P<0.05). Therefore, possession of the variant G allele of WT1 rs16754 may reduce the risk of developing BCR-ABL1-negative MPN.

Cytotoxicity of T cells transduced with WT1 peptide-specific T-cell receptor gene against human lung cancer cells in vitro / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the cytotoxicity of normal CD8(+) T lymphocytes retrovirally transduced with WT1 peptide-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) genes against human lung cancer cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>HLA-A*2402-restricted and WT1 peptide-specific TCR-α/β genes were cloned from a cytotoxic T lymphocyte clone and inserted into a retroviral TCR expression vector. The cytotoxicity of normal peripheral CD8⁺ T cells transduced with the WT1-TCR genes against human lung cancer cells was evaluated using a standard ⁵¹Cr release assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The WT1-TCR gene-modified T cells recognized the peptide-pulsed target cells but not the non-pulsed cells. TCR-redirected CD8⁺ T cells lysed WT1-overexpressing human lung cancer cells in an HLA-A*2402-restricted manner, but did not kill normal cells positively expressing HLA-A*2402.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These data demonstrate the feasibility of adoptive immunotherapy with TCR-redirected T cell for the treatment of lung cancer.</p>

Expression of WT1 and PRAME gene in bone marrow and peripheral blood samples of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome / 中国实验血液学杂志

This study was aimed to explore the transcription level of WT1 and PRAME two genes in bone marrow and peripheral blood samples of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome(MDS) and their relationship with bone marrow dysplasia and karyotype. The quantitative expression of WT1 and PRAME transcripts detected by RQ-PCR in the bone marrow samples of 203 MDS patients and 19 aplastic anemia(AA), 6 other benign anemia(BA), 4 paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria(PNH) patients from July 2009 to June 2012 and 14 healthy donors, and in 92 peripheral blood samples. The results showed that WT1 and PRAME expression levels in both BM and PB samples of MDS group were higher than those in normal controls, AA, and BA patients (BM: WT1:P = 0.000, 0.000, 0.000, PRAME: P = 0.048, 0.000, 0.064; PB: WT1:P = 0.012, 0.000, 0.011, PRAME: P = 0.020, 0.004, 0.003). What is more, this expression in high risk MDS group (RAEB1, RAEB2, MDS-AML) were higher than those in low risk group (RCUD, RCMD, MDS-U) and AA and BA. The WT1 and PRAME mRNA expression levels in PB and BM were well correlated (WT1:r = 0.6028, P = 0.001; PRAME: r = 0.7628, P = 0.000), as well as the WT1 expression levels in BM samples with the Karyotype (P = 0.049). In addition, the same positive rate of WT1 or PRAME expression existed in BM and PB samples of MDS patients. It is concluded that the WT1 and PRAME gene expression levels in both BM and PB samples of MDS patients are higher than those in healthy controls, AA and other benign anemia patients, and increase with the progression of the disease. The WT1 and PRAME transcripts constitute good molecular markers for the clinical diagnosis and prognosis and monitoring minimal residual disease after treatment of MDS. What is more, when bone marrow is not so convenient to get, the transcript levels of PB samples can be detected.