Amniotic membrane transplantation for ocular surface burns / Transplante de membrana amniótica em queimaduras da superfície ocular

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the morphological and functional long-term outcomes of amniotic membrane transplantation after ocular surface chemical burns. Methods: This prospective study analyzed 7 patients who suffered from severe ocular surface burn and underwent amniotic membrane transplantation from 2015 to 2020 in Hospital de Clínicas - Universidade Federal do Paraná. Results: Out of the seven patients, six (85.7%) suffered unilateral burn and one (14.3%) suffered bilateral burn. Five of them had alkali burns (71.4%), one had acid burn (14.3%) and one suffered gunpowder fireworks burn (14.3%). Mean age was 29.4 years (±standard deviation 13.3, range 14.0 to 47.0 years). Mean visual acuity at first presentation was 1.83±0.79 logMAR (0.015 decimal) and mean VA after a follow-up of 1 year was 0.85±0.70 logMAR (0.141 decimal). The visual acuity significantly improved from 1.83±0.79 to 0.85±0.70 logMAR (p<0.05). Conclusion: Amniotic membrane transplantation is an effective adjunctive treatment in the management of ocular surface chemical burns with potential to improve the final vision outcome.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os resultados morfológicos e funcionais a longo prazo do transplante de membrana amniótica após queimaduras químicas da superfície ocular. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo com análise de sete pacientes que sofreram queimaduras graves da superfície ocular e foram submetidos a transplante de membrana amniótica no período de 2015 a 2020 no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná. Resultados: Dos sete pacientes, seis (85,7%) sofreram queimadura unilateral e um (14,3%) sofreu queimadura bilateral. Cinco deles sofreram queimaduras por álcali (71,4%), um por ácido (14,3%) e um por pólvora de fogo de artifício (14,3%). A média de idade foi de 29,4 anos (±desvio-padrão de 13,3, intervalo de 14,0 a 47,0 anos). A acuidade visual média na primeira apresentação foi de 1,83±0,79 logMAR (0,015 decimal) e, após 1 ano de seguimento, foi de 0,85±0,70 logMAR (0,141 decimal). A acuidade visual melhorou significativamente, de 1,83±0,79 para 0,85±0,70 logMAR (p<0,05). Conclusão: O transplante de membrana amniótica é um tratamento adjuvante eficaz no manejo de queimaduras químicas da superfície ocular com potencial para melhorar a visão final.

Contact corneal thermal burn from domestic electric clothes iron in a female teenager: A case report

Corneal thermal burn from domestic electric clothes pressing iron is a very rare occurrence among teenagers in Nigeria. We report the case of thermal burn to the ocular surface of a 16-year-old female, at home, from the sole plate of an electric clothes pressing iron. She presented with superficial eyelids and corneal burns (RoperHall Classification Grade II; Dua Classification Grade II). The patient was successfully managed with topical cyclopentolate 2%, topical moxifloxacin 0.5%, and tetracycline ointment. Well-documented causative agents of domestic eye injuries in the young in Nigeria are usually flying missiles. Thermal ocular injuries are quite uncommon, and when they occur, are likely due to steam burns. This report highlights the electric clothes pressing iron as a domestic hazard that caregivers must be mindful of.

Principales causas de consulta de urgencias oftalmológicas en un instituto de atención terciaria en Colombia / Primary causes of emergency ophthalmological consultations at a tertiary care institution in Colombia / Principais causas de atendimento oftalmológico emergencial em uma instituição de atenção terciária na Colômbia

Introducción. Diversas condiciones oftalmológicas son causas de consultas a los servicios de urgencias. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar las causas más comunes de consulta al servicio de urgencias oftalmológicas de una institución terciaria en Colombia y, así, poder explorar en el futuro la posibilidad de identificar algunas medidas preventivas dirigidas a disminuir la frecuencia de esas causas. Metodología. Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo basado en los registros de pacientes que asistieron al servicio de urgencias durante los años 2014 y 2015. Las patologías se identificaron a partir de los códigos de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades, CIE-10. Resultados. Se identificaron 9,088 y 8,162 registros para los años 2014 y 2015, respectivamente. Las causas de consulta a urgencias oftalmológicas más frecuentes para el año 2014 fueron: cuerpo extraño en la córnea o en la conjuntiva con un 20.2 % de los casos, conjuntivitis aguda no especificada con 11.3 %, traumatismo de la conjuntiva y abrasión corneal con 8.3 %, hemorragia conjuntival con 5.8 % y quemaduras corneales con 4.7 %. En el año 2015, las causas fueron: cuerpo extraño en la córnea o en la conjuntiva (23.6 %), traumatismo de la conjuntiva y abrasión corneal (9.0 %), conjuntivitis aguda no especificada (8.9 %), hemorragia conjuntival (4.4 %) y quemaduras corneales (4.0 %). Discusión. Las causas más frecuentes de consulta a urgencias oftalmológicas incluyeron los traumas y las infecciones del segmento anterior del ojo. Conclusiones. Existe la posibilidad de identificar algunas medidas preventivas (elementos de protección adecuados, protocolos de conducta en situaciones de riesgo, etc.) que ayuden a disminuir la frecuencia de traumas oculares y minimicen el riesgo de infecciones. Hay, entonces, cabida para más estudios en los que se analicen los mecanismos específicos de estas lesiones. Cómo citar. Galvis V, Díaz AL, Ochoa ME, Rey JJ, Ardila LC, Olivero LP, Tello A. Principales causas de consulta de urgencias oftalmológicas en un instituto de atención terciaria en Colombia. MedUNAB 2019;22(2):153-161. doi:10.29375/01237047.3489

Introduction. Several ophthalmological conditions are causes of consultations to the emergency services. The objective of this study was to determine the most common causes of consultation to the ophthalmological emergency service of a tertiary institution in Colombia and thus be able to explore in the future the possibility of identifying some preventive measures aimed at reducing the frequency of these causes. Methodology. Retrospective descriptive study based on the records of patients attending the emergency department during 2014 and 2015, identifying the diseases based on the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) codes. Results. 9,088 and 8,162 records were identified for 2014 and 2015, respectively. The most frequent causes of ophthalmologic urgency consultation for the year 2014 were: corneal or conjunctive foreign body with 20.2 %, acute conjunctivitis not specified 11.3 %, conjunctival trauma and corneal abrasion 8.3 %, conjunctival haemorrh age 5.8 % and corneal burns 4.7 %. In 2015 the causes were: foreign body in the cornea or conjunctiva (23.6 %), conjunctival trauma and corneal abrasion (9.0 %), acute unspecified conjunctivitis (8.9 %), conjunctival hemorrhage (4.4 %), and corneal burns (4.0 %). Discussion. The most frequent causes of consultation with ophthalmologic emergencies included trauma and infections of the anterior segment of the eye. Conclusions. There is a possibility of identifying some preventive measures (adequate protection elements, behavior protocols in situations of risk, etc.) that help to reduce the frequency of eye traumas and minimize the risk of infections. There is room for more studies in which the specific mechanisms of these injuries are analyzed. Cómo citar: Galvis V, Díaz AL, Ochoa ME, Rey JJ, Ardila LC, Olivero LP, Tello A. Principales causas de consulta de urgencias oftalmológicas en un instituto de atención terciaria en Colombia. MedUNAB 2019;22(2):153-161. doi:10.29375/01237047.3489

Introdução. Várias condições oftalmológicas são causas de atendimento nos serviços de emergência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as causas mais comuns de atendimento oftalmológico emergencial em uma instituição terciária na Colômbia e, assim, poder explorar no futuro a possibilidade de identificar algumas medidas preventivas para reduzir a frequência dessas causas. Métodos. Estudo descritivo retrospectivo baseado nos registros de pacientes que compareceram ao serviço de emergência oftalmológica durante os anos 2014 e 2015. As patologias foram identificadas a partir dos códigos da Classificação Internacional de Doenças, CID-10. Resultados. Foram identificados 9,088 e 8,162 registros para os anos 2014 e 2015, respectivamente. As causas de atendimento oftalmológico emergencial mais frequentes em 2014 foram: corpo estranho na córnea ou na conjuntiva com 20,2 % dos casos, conjuntivite aguda não especificada com 11,3 %, trauma conjuntival e abrasão corneana com 8,3 %, hemorragia conjuntival com 5,8 % e queimaduras corneanas com 4,7 %. No ano 2015, as causas foram: corpo estranho na córnea ou na conjuntiva (23,6 %), trauma conjuntival e abrasão corneana (9,0 %), conjuntivite aguda não especificada (8,9 %), hemorragia conjuntival (4,4 %) e queimaduras corneanas (4,0 %). Discussão. As causas mais frequentes de atendimento oftalmológico emergencial incluíram traumas e infecções do segmento anterior do olho. Conclusões. Existe a possibilidade de identificar algumas medidas preventivas (elementos de proteção adequados, protocolos de conduta em situações de risco, etc.) que ajudem na redução da frequência de trauma ocular e para minimizar o risco de infecções. Há, então, espaço para mais estudos que analisem os mecanismos específicos dessas lesões Cómo citar. Galvis V, Díaz AL, Ochoa ME, Rey JJ, Ardila LC, Olivero LP, Tello A. Principales causas de consulta de urgencias oftalmológicas en un instituto de atención terciaria en Colombia. MedUNAB 2019;22(2):153-161. doi:10.29375/01237047.3489

Skin burn and ocular damage by calcium oxide (virgin lime) in swines / Queimadura de pele e lesão ocular por óxido de cálcio (cal virgem) em suínos

An outbreak of skin burn and ocular damage by calcium oxide in swines is reported. The outbreak occurred in a rural property located in the municipality of Iuiu, Western Bahia, during the transport of 60 pigs from a recreation farm to a fattening farm. The observed macroscopic lesions were erythematous areas; formation of papules, vesicles, and in some cases, there was the formation of firm, parched, high brown plaques and in other cases detachment and loss of skin. His eyes were dull. Histological analysis of the skin revealed areas of necrosis of focally extensive clotting of the epidermis, and dermis, delimited in the paniculus, by cellular debris and rare neutrophils. Corneal necrosis with perforated ulcer formation, superficial epithelial necrosis, edema, and neutrophil infiltration of the cornea adjacent to the ulcer were revealed in the eye.(AU)

Descreve-se um surto de queimadura de pele e lesão ocular por óxido de cálcio (cal virgem) em suínos. O surto ocorreu em uma propriedade rural localizada no município de Iuiu, região Oeste da Bahia, durante o transporte de 60 suínos de uma granja de recria para uma granja de engorda. Macroscopicamente foi evidenciado que na pele dos suínos havia áreas eritematosas, formação de pápulas, vesículas, e em alguns casos havia a formação de placas elevadas marrom firmes, ressequidas e em outros casos desprendimento e perda da pele. Os olhos estavam opacos. Na microscopia da pele observaram-se áreas de necrose de coagulação focalmente extensa da epiderme, e derme, delimitadas no panículo, por restos celulares e raros neutrófilos. No olho observou-se necrose da córnea com formação de úlcera perfurada, necrose do epitélio superficial, edema e infiltração de neutrófilos na córnea adjacente a úlcera.(AU)

Long-term outcomes with Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis in ocular burns / Resultados a longo prazo com o implante da ceratoprótese de Boston tipo 1 em queimaduras oculares

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the long-term outcomes of Boston type I keratoprosthesis (B-Kpro) in the management of patients with ocular burn injuries. Methods: This prospective study included all patients with ocular burns who underwent B-Kpro implantation at a tertiary eye care center between February 2008 and November 2015. Twelve patients (12 eyes) were enrolled. The procedures performed for managing ocular injury were identified, and information on ocular history, surgical procedures performed, and postoperative outcomes was collected. The main outcome measures were visual acuity, prosthesis retention, postoperative complications, and required surgical procedures. Results: Twelve eyes from 12 patients met the inclusion criteria for B-Kpro implantation, including nine eyes with alkali burns and three eyes with thermal burns. A total of 13 B-Kpro devices were implanted in the 12 eyes. The mean follow-up period was 60.8 months (range, 13-91 months). Preoperative best-corrected visual acuity ranged from counting fingers to light perception. Postoperative best-corrected visual acuity was better than 20/200 in 83.3%, 66.6%, and 57.1% of patients at 12, 48, and 60 months, respectively. The initial keratoprosthesis was retained in 10 (83.3%) eyes and was successfully replaced in one eye. The major cause of worsening of initial visual acuity was advanced glaucoma (four of 12 eyes). Conclusion: The anatomical and functional results support the use of B-Kpro for managing bilateral limbal stem cell deficiency secondary to ocular burns. However, glaucoma should be carefully evaluated, as it is a continuous threat that may result in irreversible visual loss in this population.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados em longo prazo do implante da ceratoprótese de Boston tipo 1 (B-Kpro) no tratamento de pacientes vítima de queimadura ocular. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo envolvendo todos os casos de implante de B-Kpro 1 para queimadura ocular em um centro de oftalmologia terciário durante o período de fevereiro/2008 e novembro/2015. Doze pacientes (doze olhos) foram incluídos no estudo. Os procedimentos realizados para o manejo da queimadura ocular foram identificados, e os dados foram coletados com relação à história oftalmológica do paciente, procedimentos cirúrgicos realizados, e resultados pós-operatórios. Os principais parâmetros avaliados foram acuidade visual, retenção da prótese, complicações pós-ope ratórias e intervenções cirúrgicas necessárias. Resultados: Doze pacientes preencheram os critérios de inclusão para implante da B-Kpro, incluindo 09 olhos vítimas de queimadura por álcali e 03 olhos pós queimadura térmica. Um total de 13 B-Kpro tipo 1 foram implantadas em 12 olhos de 12 pacientes. O tempo de seguimento médio foi de 60,8 meses (variando, 13-91 meses). Melhor acuidade visual corrigida pré-operatória variou de conta dedos à percepção luminosa. Melhor acuidade visual corrigida pós-operatória foi melhor que 20/200 em 83,3%, 66,6% e 57,1% dos pacientes em 12 meses, 48 meses e 60 meses, respectivamente. A ceratoprótese inicialmente implantada permaneceu retida em 10 (83,3%) dos olhos e foi re-implantada com sucesso em um olho. A principal causa de piora da acuidade visual inicialmente atingida foi glaucoma avançado (4 de 12 olhos). Conclusão: Os resultados anatômicos e funcionais reportados neste estudo dão suporte ao uso da B-Kpro para o tratamento da deficiência límbica bilateral secundária a queimadura ocular. Glaucoma é o principal fator limitante e pode causar perda visual irreversível nesses pacientes.

Effects of topical and subconjunctival use of bevacizumab on corneal neovascularization in rabbits' eyes / Efeitos do uso tópico e subconjuntival do bevacizumabe na neovascularização corneana de olhos de coelhos

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate and compare the effects of topical application and subconjunctival injection of bevacizumab on corneal neovascularization (CNV) in rabbits' eyes after chemical burning of the cornea. Methods: The animals were randomly distributed into four groups of five animals. In one group, the drug was instilled, while in another, it was administered by subconjunctival injection. The two procedures using bevacizumab were compared with instillation and subconjunctival injection of saline solution (S). Neovascularization was evaluated according to the size of the invasion area of new blood vessels and through computerized analysis of this area. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's test for two-by-two comparison of the groups, to assess the external examination of CNV. Analysis of variance was used to assess the area of CNV. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Assessing both the external examination and the invasion area of neovessels on the 5th and 10th days, there was a clear difference between the groups. The group to which saline solution had been applied showed higher scores for CNV, as well as increases in the invasion area of neovessels. Two-by-two comparison of groups revealed no significant differences. However, an analysis of the factors involved (injection vs. instillation and bevacizumab vs. saline solution) showed that injection did not differ from instillation, but that bevacizumab differed from saline solution. Conclusion: Bevacizumab showed an inhibitory effect on CNV in rabbits' eyes after chemical burning of the cornea. There was no difference between the topical or subconjunctival administration of bevacizumab in the inhibition of CNV.

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar e comparar o efeito do uso tópico e da injeção subconjuntival do bevacizumabe na neovascularização corneana de olhos de coelhos após queimadura química. Métodos: Os animais foram distribuídos de forma aleatória em quatro grupos de cinco animais. Em um grupo de coelhos a droga foi instilada, enquanto em outro foi aplicada injeção subconjuntival, sendo os dois procedimentos comparados com a instilação e injeção subconjuntival de soro fisiológico 0,9% (SF) e entre si. A neovascularização foi avaliada conforme o tamanho da área de invasão dos neovasos e com análise computadorizada da mesma. Na análise de dados aplicou-se o teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguido do teste de Dunn com p<0,05 para comparação dos grupos dois a dois na análise do exame externo da neovascularização corneana. Na análise da área de neovascularização corneana, aplicou-se o teste F de análise de variância. A significância estatística foi definida como valor de p<0.05. Resultados: A avaliação do exame externo e da área de invasão de neovasos, no 5º e 10º dia, mostrou nítida diferença entre os grupos. Com o uso de soro fisiológico houve maior graduação na escala de neovascularização corneana e também na área de invasão dos nevasos, o que demonstrou o efeito inibitório do bevacizumabe. Nas comparações dos grupos dois a dois não foram detectadas diferenças significativas, porém, ao analisar os fatores envolvidos (procedimentos: injeção ou instilação, e as drogas: bevacizumabe ou soro fisiológico), verificou-se que a injeção não diferiu da instilação, mas o bevacizumabe diferiu do soro fisiológico. Conclusão: O bevacizumabe apresentou efeito inibitório na neovascularização corneana de olhos de coelhos após queimadura química, tanto por via tópica como por via subconjuntival e não houve diferença entre a via tópica e a via subconjuntival de administração do bevacizumabe na inibição da neovascularização corneana.

Manejo de quemadura ocular severa con implante de membrana amniótica / Severe ocular chemical injuries management with amniotic membrane implant

Objetivo: Las quemaduras oculares químicas con compromiso extenso de limbo (mayor del 50%) tienen mal pronóstico visual con manejo médico como única alternativa terapéutica; por lo que el propósito de este trabajo es evaluar el tratamiento temprano con el implante de membrana amniótica en cuanto a resultados anatómicos y funcionales en estos pacientes. Metodología: Estudio retrospectivo tipo serie de casos. Se presentan los resultados visuales en 9 ojos de 6 pacientes tratados en la Clínica de Oftalmología de Cali y el Hospital Universitario del Valle con quemadura ocular química grave a los que se les realizó implante precoz de membrana amniótica adjunto al manejo oftalmológico convencional. Resultados: Todos los pacientes tuvieron mejoría de la agudeza visual. El 87% de ellos lograron una agudeza visual mejor corregida (AVMC) de 20/30 o mejor. Ningún paciente desarrolló simbléfaron ni requirió trasplante heterólogo de córnea. Conclusiones: Los resultados presentados sugieren que el implante de membrana amniótica precoz adicional a la terapia médica, puede ser el manejo de elección en la fase aguda de quemaduras químicas extensas de superficie ocular (compromiso mayor del 50% de limbo), ya que mejora el pronóstico visual con respecto a la terapia médica como único manejo.

Purpose: Ocular chemical burns with extensive limbus involvement (greater than 50%) have poor visual prognosis with medical management as the only therapeutic alternative; So the purpose of this work is to evaluate if early treatment with amniotic membrane implant improves the anatomical and functional results in these patients. Methods: Retrospective study of a cases series. We present the visual results in 9 eyes of 6 patients treated at the Cali Ophthalmology Clinic and the Valle´s University Hospital with severe chemical ocular burns who underwent early amniotic membrane implantation added to conventional ophthalmologic management. Results: All patients had improvement of visual acuity. 87% of patients achieved a better corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/30 or better. No patient developed simblefaron or required heterologous corneal transplantation. Conclusions: The results presented suggest that amniotic membrane implantation in addition to medical therapy could be the management of choice in the acute phase of extensive ocular surface chemical burns (involvement greater than 50% of limbo), since it improves the visual prognosis with respect to medical therapy as sole management.

Trauma ocular grave: guía de práctica clínica / Severe ocular trauma: clinical practice guideline - health problem AUGE N°50

OBJETIVO Generar recomendaciones basadas en la mejor evidencia disponible acerca del manejo de personas con trauma ocular. TIPO DE PACIENTE Y ESCENARIO CLÍNICO Niños y adultos con trauma ocular que consultan en los Servicios de Urgencia del sector público y privado. USUARIOS DE LA GUÍA Todos los profesionales de salud con responsabilidades en el manejo de personas con trauma ocular: Médicos de servicios de urgencia que atienden pacientes adultos, servicios de urgencia que atienden niños y médicos oftalmólogos. METODOLOGÍA Las recomendaciones de esta Guía fueron elaboradas de acuerdo con el sistema "Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation" (GRADE). Luego de priorizadas las preguntas a responder, se realizó la búsqueda y la síntesis de evidencia, para finalmente generar las recomendaciones a través del juicio del Panel de Expertos. La búsqueda y selección de la evidencia de esta Guía se basó en un método sistemático, transparente y reproducible. Una vez seleccionada la evidencia, se resumió en un formato claro y conciso que permitiera al Grupo Elaborador realizar los juicios respecto a la calidad de dicha evidencia, el balance entre los riesgos y beneficios asociados a la intervención o calidad de una prueba, un tratamiento, los valores y preferencias de los pacientes, y los costos derivados de su implementación.

Assessment of surgical outcomes of limbal transplantation using simple limbal epithelial transplantation technique in patients with total unilateral limbal deficiency / Avaliação dos resultados cirúrgicos do transplante de limbo utilizando a técnica SLET (simple limbal epithelial transplantation), em pacientes com deficiência límbica total unilateral

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the novel simple limbal epithelial transplantation (SLET) technique, which reduces the risk of iatrogenic limbal stem cell deficiency in the donor eye. Four patients with total unilateral limbal stem cell deficiency received a limbal graft, measuring 4 mm × 2 mm, from the contralateral healthy eye in a single surgical procedure. The graft was divided into 10-20 pieces and distributed on the corneal surface. At 6-month follow-up, a completely avascular corneal epithelial surface was obtained in two patients, and there was improvement in visual acuity in one patient. The limbal grafts did not adhere to the cornea in one patient. No serious complications related to the surgery were observed in this study.

RESUMO Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a eficácia de uma nova técnica cirúrgica denominada SLET (simple limbal epithelial transplantation), um procedimento promissor que reduz os riscos de indução de deficiência límbica iatrogênica no olho doador. Quatro pacientes com deficiência límbica total unilateral, secundária a queimadura química, receberam um enxerto de células límbicas, medindo 4 mm x 2 mm, do olho contralateral sadio, em apenas um tempo cirúrgico. Este foi divido em 10 a 20 fragmentos e distribuído sobre a superfície da córnea. Após 6 meses de cirurgia, superfície corneana totalmente epitelizada e avascular foi obtida em dois pacientes. Houve melhora da acuidade visual em um paciente. Não houve aderência dos enxertos de limbo na córnea em um paciente. Nenhum paciente apresentou efeitos colaterais graves decorrentes do procedimento cirúrgico.

Molten metal-related ocular thermal burn: report on two cases / Queimadura térmica ocular por metal derretido: relato de dois casos

ABSTRACT We report two cases of severe thermal burns on the ocular surface and its adnexal appendages that developed secondary to exposure to molten heavy metal with a melting temperature of near-thousand degree Celsius. Despite aggressive intervention and strict monitoring, the profound inflammation caused significant damage to the ocular surface, ending up in an intractable infection with an unfavorable outcome. The heat of the molten metal at impact, the heat-retaining capacity of the heavy metal, the total area of the ocular surface exposed to the molten metal, and the duration of exposure determined the severity of the injury. The unfavorable outcome, despite an intensive treatment, in terms of visual acuity and cosmetic appearance, should be explicitly explained to the patient, and a psychiatrist consultation should be considered if necessary.

RESUMO Relatamos dois casos de queimaduras graves da superfície ocular e seus anexos causadas por exposição à metais pesados derretidos com temperatura de fusão de quase mil graus Celsius. Embora rigorosamente acompanhados, a inflamação intensa causou danos significativos para a superfície ocular, que acabou em uma infecção intratável com um resultado desfavorável. O calor do metal fundido no momento do impacto, a capacidade de retenção de calor do metal pesado, a área total da superfície ocular exposta ao metal fundido e a duração da exposição determinaram a gravidade da lesão que vai ocorrer. O resultado desfavorável, apesar do tratamento intensivo, em relação à acuidade visual e à aparência estética, devem ser claramente explicados ao paciente e uma consulta ao psiquiatra deve ser considerada, se necessário.

Efficacy of epigallocatechin gallate in treatment of alkali burn injury of murine cornea / 浙江大学学报·医学版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the efficacy of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in treatment of corneal alkali burn injury in mice.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Corneal alkali burn injury was induced by sodium hydroxide method in C57BL/6J mice. The mice with cornea burns were treated intraperitoneally with EGCG solution or phosphate buffer solution (PBS) respectively. The healing of corneal epithelium, the formation of corneal neovascularization (CNV) and the inflammation reaction were assessed by slit -lamp microscopy and histological examination. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA and protein in cornea was evaluated by real -time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay was used to quantitatively evaluate the polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) infiltration in the corneas.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The healing rate of corneal epithelium in EGCG group was significantly higher than that of PBS group at d1, d3 and d7 after treatment (d1: 41.0%±13.0% vs 23.8%±7.6%; d3: 76.6%±7.5% vs 61.2%±6.8%; d7: 87.8%±8.5% vs 74.0%±9.1%; all P <0.05). The CNV scores and the number of CNV in the corneal sections of EGCG group were significantly lower than those of PBS group at d3, d7 and d14 after treatment (CNV score: d3: 1.1±0.5 vs 6.6±1.0; d7: 1.3±0. 3 vs 8.1±1.0; d14: 0.9±0.2 vs 9.2±1.1; CNV number: d3: 1.68±0.61 vs 2.92±0.95; d7: 4.80±1.36 vs 7.92±1.28; d14: 3.64±0.71 vs 5.88±0.76; all P<0.05) . The expression of VEGF protein at d3 (0.19±0.05 vs 0.45±0.08) and d7 (0.42±0.07 vs 0.84±0.09), the expression of VEGF mRNA at d1, d3 and d7 in EGCG group were significantly lower than those in PBS group (all P <0.05). Compared to PBS group, the inflammatory index at d3 (3.2±0.4 vs 3.7±0.5) and d7 (2.3±0.5 vs 4.0±0.0), the number of PMNs in the corneal sections and the MPO values at d3, d7 and d14 in EGCG group were significantly decreased (PMNs: d3: 34.5±15.7 vs 90.0±28.8; d7: 17.1±11.4 vs 54.9±25.9; d14: 12. 8±4.6 vs 39.0±17.9; all P <0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In the murine corneal alkali burn model, intraperitoneal injection of EGCG solution can promote the healing of corneal epithelium, inhibit the formation of CNV and reduce the inflammatory cell infiltration in the corneas.</p>

Autoinjerto limboconjuntival con membrana amniótica en la insuficiencia límbica total unilateral / Limbal-conjunctival autograft with amniotic membrane to treat total unilateral limbal stem cell deficiency

Se presentan tres ojos de tres pacientes con insuficiencia límbica total por quemadura alcalina grave (n= 2), con enfermedad de Coats y antecedentes de cirugía de desprendimiento de retina (n= 1). Los casos uno y dos tenían una evolución de las quemaduras de 2 años y 8 meses respectivamente, y el caso tres de 8 meses. A todos los pacientes se les realizó la misma técnica quirúrgica: peritomía a 360º, extirpación de la membrana corneal fibrovascular, autoinjerto limboconjuntival (donante del ojo homólogo sano) y la implantación de membrana amniótica. El caso 1, con agudeza visual corregida preoperatoria de percepción de luz y sentido cromático en el ojo derecho, alcanzó a los 12 meses una agudeza visual corregida de 0,3 y a los 13 años, con +1,50-0,50 x 90º, una visión de 0,9. El caso 2, con agudeza visual preoperatoria de bultos a 20 centímetros, logró a los dos años una agudeza visual de 0,6; y el caso 3, con visión preoperatoria de percepción de luz, alcanzó una visión de 0,05 (20/500). En todos los casos el autoinjerto limbo-conjuntival del ojo homólogo sano con implantación de membrana amniótica constituyó una excelente alternativa para la mejoría visual y la rehabilitación laboral de los dos primeros pacientes. En el caso uno se logró un resultado extraordinario. El caso 3 logró una reepitelización corneal total y una evidente mejoría de la transparencia corneal, pero por la enfermedad de base la agudeza visual solo mejoró discretamente.

Three eyes of three patients with grave alkali burns (n-2) and with Coats disease after retinal detachment surgery (n-1). All of the cases presented a total limbal stem cells deficiency. Cases 1 and 2 had an burning evolution of 2 years and 8 months respectively, and the case 3 an evolution of 8 months before surgery. All patients underwent the same operation: Peritomy 360º, keratectomy of corneal fibrovascular membrane, limbo-conjuntival autograft from the healthy fellow eye and implantation of amniotic membrane. Case number 1 with preoperatory visual acuity of light perception and projection improved to 0,3 his visual acuity after 12 months and with +1,50-0,50 x 90 a visual acuity 0,9 after 12 years. Case 2 with preoperatory visual acuity of counter finger at 20 centimeters improved his visual acuity 0,6 after two years, and case 3 with preoperatory visual acuity of light perception improved to 0,05 (20/500). In all cases, limbal-conjunctival autograft of the healthy fellow eye with amniotic membrane transplantation resulted an excellent option for improving visual acuity and laborer rehabilitation in cases 1 and 2 (achieving case 1 excellent visual acuity). Case 3 had a total corneal epithelization and an evident improvement in corneal transparency, but visual acuity had a little improvement due to base disease.

Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Affect Immunologic Profiling of Interleukin-17-secreting Cells in a Chemical Burn Mouse Model

PURPOSE: This study investigated interleukin (IL)-17-secreting cell involvement in sterile inflammation, and evaluated the effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on IL-17-secreting cell immunologic profiling. METHODS: Twenty mice were sacrificed at time points of 6 hours, 1 day, 1 week, and 3 weeks (each group, n = 5) after the cornea was chemically injured with 0.5N NaOH; IL-17 changes in the cornea were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Further, IL-17 secreting cells were assessed in the cervical lymph nodes by a flow cytometer. Rat MSCs were applied intraperitoneally in a burn model (n = 10), IL-17-secreting T helper 17 (Th17) cell and non-Th17 cell changes were checked using a flow cytometer in both cornea and cervical lymph nodes at 1week, and compared with those in the positive control (n = 10). RESULTS: IL-17 was highest in the cornea at 1 week, while, in the cervical lymph nodes, IL-17-secreting cells showed early increase at 6 hours, and maintained the increase through 1 day to 1 week, and levels returned to the basal level at 3 weeks. Specifically, the non-Th17 cells secreted IL-17 earlier than the Th17 cells. When the MSCs were applied, IL-17 secretion was reduced in CD3(+)CD4(-)CD8(-), CD3(+)CD4(+)CD8(-), and CD3(+) CD4(-)CD8(+) cells of the cervical lymph nodes by 53.7%, 43.8%, and 50.8%, respectively. However, in the cornea, IL-17 secretion of CD3(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) cells was completely blocked. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that both IL-17-secreting non-Th17 and Th17 cells were involved in the chemical burn model, and MSCs appeared to mainly modulate non-Th17 cells and also partially suppress the Th17 cells.

Ulcera escleral secundaria a quemadura química por pila de reloj y cuerpo extraño retenido en fondo de saco conjuntival inferior: caso clínico / Scleral ulcer secondary to chemical burn caused by watch battery and retained foreign body in conjunctival sac inside. Case report

Introducción: Aproximadamente un tercio de las cegueras infantiles son debidas a los traumatismos, siendo la principal causa de déficit visual y ceguera monocular en ninos. caso clínico: Se reporta el caso de un preescolar masculino de 2 años de edad quien presentó úlcera escleral en ojo izquierdo secundaria a quemadura química por pila de reloj cuyo motivo de consulta fue contacto con detergente, con cicatrización dificultosa debido a cuerpo extraño mineral retenido en fondo de saco conjuntival inferior durante aproximadamente un mes, contando desde el ingreso al área pediátrica. conclusión: Se reporta un caso inusual de úlcera escleral. Hasta el momento no se han reportado otros casos de úlcera escleral secundaria a quemadura química por pila de reloj y por objetos retenidos en fondo de saco conjuntival inferior, resaltando el manejo diagnóstico y la demora en la extracción del cuerpo extraño, representando una emergencia oftalmológica.

Introduction: Approximately one-third of childhood blindness is due to trauma, representing the leading cause of visual impairment and monocular blindness in children. case report: The patient is a 2 year old preschool boy, who presented scleral ulcer in his left eye secondary to chemical burn caused by watch battery. The reason for seeking medical care was difficult healing caused by a mineral foreign body retained in the lower conjunctival sac after the patient came in contact with detergent one month before the pediatric consultation. Discussion: An unusual case of scleral ulcer was reported. So far, no other similar cases have been reported. The diagnosis process and the delay for the removal of the foreign body are emphasized in this serious ophthalmologic emergency.

Trasplante autólogo de células límbicas y recubrimiento con membrana amniótica / Limbic cell autologous transplantation and coating with amniotic membrane

Se trata de una paciente con antecedentes de quemadura corneal en el ojo izquierdo desde hacía un trienio, a quien además de haberle realizado una queratoplastia terapéutica, la extracción extracapsular del cristalino y la colocación de una lente intraocular un año después, evolucionó con insuficiencia de células límbicas, conjuntivalización de la córnea y simbléfaron. Luego de un trasplante autólogo de las mencionadas células y recubrimiento con membrana amniótica (primer caso informado en la provincia), mejoró considerablemente a los 6 meses de seguimiento clínico, después de lo cual se le realizó una queratoplastia penetrante con finalidad óptica.

This is a patient with history of cornea burn in the left eye for three years. After having performed a therapeutic keratoplasty, extracapsular lens extraction and intraocular lens implantation a year later she progressed with limbic cell failure, cornea conjunctivalization and symblepharon. Once autologous transplantation of these cells and coating with amniotic membrane (first case informed in the province) were performed, the patient improved significantly at 6 months of clinical follow-up, after which she underwent penetrating keratoplasty with optical purposes.

Comparison of Spectral-Domain and Time-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Solar Retinopathy

The purpose of this article is to compare spectral-domain (SD) and time-domain (TD) optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings in patients with solar retinopathy. Complete ocular examinations and OCT were performed in two patients presenting with acute solar retinopathy soon after observation of an eclipse. Both patients were evaluated with SD-OCT and TD-OCT at the same time. SD-OCT demonstrated characteristic defects at the level of the inner and outer segment junction of the photoreceptors in all the affected eyes and decreased reflectiveness of the retinal pigment epithelium layer. TD-OCT images showed unremarkable findings in two eyes with deteriorated visual acuity. SD-OCT improves diagnosis and assessment of the degree and nature of foveal damage in patients with solar retinopathy and may be an important tool for use in identifying foveal damage not detected by TD-OCT. SD-OCT may be preferable to TD-OCT for confirmation or assessment of the degree of foveal damage in patients with solar retinopathy.

The effect of subconjunctival bevacizumab on corneal neovascularization, inflammation and re-epithelization in a rabbit model

PURPOSE: To evaluate the use of subconjunctival bevacizumab on corneal neovascularization in an experimental rabbit model for its effect on vessel extension, inflammation, and corneal epithelialization. METHODS: In this prospective, randomized, blinded, experimental study, 20 rabbits were submitted to a chemical trauma with sodium hydroxide and subsequently divided into two groups. The experimental group received a subconjunctival injection of bevacizumab (0.15 m; 3.75 mg), and the control group received an injection of 0.15 ml saline solution. After 14 days, two blinded digital photograph analyses were conducted to evaluate the inflammation/diameter of the vessels according to pre-established criteria. A histopathological analysis of the cornea evaluated the state of the epithelium and the number of polymorphonuclear cells. RESULTS: A concordance analysis using Kappa's statistic showed a satisfactory level of agreement between the two blinded digital photography analyses. The neovascular vessel length was greater in the control group (p<0.01) than in the study group. However, the histopathological examination revealed no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of the state of the epithelium and the number of polymorphonuclear cells. CONCLUSIONS: Subconjunctival bevacizumab inhibited neovascularization in the rabbit cornea. However, this drug was not effective at reducing inflammation. The drug did not induce persistent corneal epithelial defects.

Investigation of the H₂S contamination in cabin causing fishermen's eye burns / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the H(2)S pollution in cabins which caused the fishermen's eye burns.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifty-six fishing boats' H(2)S concentration was surveyed and 56 fishermen's eyes were inspected. The air samples were collected from 21 fishing boats' cabins, where the eye burns took place and the monitoring conditions met the inspection requirement, in order to confirm the concentration of H(2)S when eye burns and the systemic poisoning happened. Thirty fishing boats were divided into two groups: one was using air ventilating and spraying, the other was using naturally ventilation to find out the effective method of dispersing H(2)S. Five fishing boats were surveyed in which the fishermen had slight symptom of bulbar conjunctiva hyperemia and cough to find out the minimum concentration of H(2)S which caused the eye burns and respiratory mucosa.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among 56 fishermen who were surveyed, 46 fishermen's eyes (92 eyes) burnt and they were from 21 vessels, 10 of them (20 eyes) were moderate, 36 of them (72 eyes) were light. The concentration of H(2)S in the 21 fishing boats' cabins which caused eye burns was (99 ± 38) mg/m(3). The first measuring of the concentration of H(2)S in the 30 fishing boats in which fish were not discharged yet was (219 ± 31) mg/m(3). Air ventilating and spraying group's concentration of H(2)S was (213 ± 24) mg/m(3), while that of naturally ventilation group's was (225 ± 36) mg/m(3). Dispersing after 1 hour, the concentration of H(2)S of air ventilating and spraying group was (21 ± 3) mg/m(3), the decreased concentration was (192 ± 21) mg/m(3), fell 90%; the concentration of naturally ventilation group was (184 ± 36) mg/m(3), the decreased concentration was (41 ± 8) mg/m(3), fell 18%. The difference between the two groups' decreased concentration was significant (t = 25.627, P < 0.05). The threshold value of H(2)S concentration that could cause the eye burns was 38 mg/m(3)(exposure time 120 min). In 7 vessels, the concentration of H(2)S in the cabins was (123 ± 9) mg/m(3) where 10 fishermen's moderate eye burns happened. In other 7 vessels, the concentration of H(2)S in the cabins was (54 ± 7) mg/m(3) where 19 fishermen's light eye burns happened. The difference of H(2)S concentration between the two groups was significant (t = 14.236, P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>High H(2)S concentration and long exposure time in cabin can cause serious eye burns. The bilge air ventilation and inner cabin spraying are the effective method to clear the H(2)S in cabin within short time.</p>

Bilateral macular hole secondary to remote lightning strike.

We report a case of a 16-year-old girl, who was struck by lightning, and experienced blurred vision in the right eye (RE) immediately following the episode. She reported for ophthalmic evaluation two months later. Examination revealed relative afferent pupillary defect in the RE. Posterior subcapsular cataract was noted in both eyes. Fundus examination revealed macular holes and multiple areas of RPE hyperpigmentation in the periphery in both eyes. Fundus fluorescein angiography showed increased choroidal transmission with early fluorescence and late fading in the foveal region and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) stippling in the periphery in both eyes. This is the first case report of such nature in India to the best of our knowledge.