Colgajos de pedículo perforante en hélice para reconstrucción dearticulaciones mayores en secuelas de quemaduras / Perforator pedicled propeller flaps for big joins reconstruction in burns sequelaeperspective

Introducción: Las secuelas de quemadura juegan un papel fundamental en la recuperación del paciente quemado, ya que tiene una repercusión funcional y estética; para decidir el tratamiento de las contracturas cicatriciales, se necesita una evaluación cuidadosa y una clasificación de las contracturas por sitio, se debe explorar las articulaciones afectadas y notar los rangos de movilidad y las deformidades resaltando cualquier contractura cicatrizal y una vez que se establezca adecua-damente el tipo de secuela se tomara decisiones para orientar a un óptimo tratamiento. Los avances en el conocimiento de la anatomía vascular, en conjunto con el método de disección de colgajos "estilo libre", han permitido el desarrollo de los colgajos en hélice (propeller flap). Presentación de casos: Durante el período de un año (2018-2019) se presentaron seis casos de secuelas de quemaduras que comprometieron articulaciones mayores y que fueron tratadas con colgajo de pedículo perforante en hélice. La edad de los pacientes se ubicó entre 5 a 60 años con una mediana de 29 años con secuelas de quemaduras. Un caso con infección de sitio quirúrgico y seis sin complicaciones. El tiempo quirúrgico entre 120 a 170 min, la estancia hospitalaria tuvo una me-diana de 19 días (rango 6 a 55días). El diámetro del colgajo fue entre 24cm2 y 84cm2, con diferentes diseños lobulado (un caso), bilobulado (tres casos), tetralobulado (dos casos); permitiendo que el defecto secundario se cierre de forma directa en cinco de ellos y en un caso se colocara injerto de piel. Discusión: La literatura científica provee evidencia de las ventajas al utilizar colgajos en hélice por la capacidad de recons-trucción del tejido en un procedimiento de una sola etapa, logrando obtener resultados similares que ofrecen los colgajos libres microvascularizados.Conclusiones: El colgajo en hélice mejora las retracciones en las articulaciones mayores devolviendo el rango de movili-dad, preserva el músculo subyacente, proporciona una menor morbilidad del sitio donante.

Introduction: The sequelae of burns play a fundamental role in the recovery of the burned patient, since they have a func-tional and aesthetic impact; To decide on the treatment of scar contractures, a careful evaluation and classification of the contractures by site is needed, the affected joints should be explored and ranges of motion and deformities noted highli-ghting any scar contractures and once the type of sequel, decisions will be made to guide a better treatment. Advances in the knowledge of vascular anatomy, together with the "freestyle" flap dissection method, have allowed the development of propeller flaps. Case presentation: During a one-year period (2018-2019), there were six cases of burn sequelae that compromised major joints and that were treated with a pedicled propeller flaps. The age of the patients ranged from 5 to 60 years with a median of 29 years with burn sequelae. One case with surgical site infection and six without complications. The surgery time between 120 and 170 min, the hospital stay had a median of 19 days (range 6 to 55 days). The diameter of the flap was between 24cm2and 84cm2, with different designs: lobed (one case), bilobed (three cases), tetralobed (two cases); considering that the secon-dary defect is closed directly in five of them and in one case a skin graft is placed. Discussion: The scientific literature provides evidence of the advantages of using pedicled propeller flaps due to the ability to reconstruct the tissue in a single-stage procedure, achieving similar results as those offered by microvascularized free flaps.Conclusions: The pedicled propeller flaps improves retractions in major joints, restoring the range of motion, preserving the underlying muscle, and providing less donor site morbidity.

Creatina fosfocinasa MB como marcador diagnóstico de disfunción miocárdica en pacientes pediátricos con quemadura eléctrica / Creatine phosphokinase MB levels as a diagnostic marker of myocardial dysfunction in pediatric patients with electrical burns

Resumen Introducción: La disminución de la fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda (FEVI) como consecuencia de una disfunción ventricular se reporta dentro de las alteraciones cardiacas secundarias a una lesión eléctrica. Como complemento de la exploración física, la ecografía cardiaca enfocada (FoCUS) permite una evaluación rápida, no invasiva, que da información para contribuir a tomar mejores decisiones terapéuticas, sobre todo en pacientes en estado crítico. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar la utilidad de la creatina fosfocinasa MB (CPK-MB) como marcador diagnóstico de disfunción miocárdica en pacientes de 6 a 18 años con quemadura eléctrica. Métodos: Durante el periodo de noviembre de 2018 a agosto de 2019 se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal analítico de 10 pacientes, de 6 a 18 años de edad, con quemadura eléctrica, en quienes se obtuvo el porcentaje de FEVI a través del protocolo FoCUS. Posteriormente, el porcentaje de FEVI se correlacionó con los valores de CPK-MB y el porcentaje de superficie corporal quemada (SCQ) en las primeras 24 horas después de la lesión. Resultados: Se encontraron 10 casos de quemadura eléctrica, ocho de sexo masculino y dos de sexo femenino, con una media de edad de 13 años. El 80% de estos casos presentó disminución leve de la FEVI (45-59%). Al realizar el protocolo FoCUS se reportó hipocinesia miocárdica en siete pacientes. Se encontró una correlación moderada entre la FEVI y los valores de CPK-MB (r = −0.671), aunque no se observó correlación entre la FEVI y la SCQ. Conclusiones: La ecografía cardiaca influye en la toma de decisiones y mejora el pronóstico de estos pacientes.

Abstract Background: The decrease of the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) as consequence of a ventricular dysfunction is reported in cardiac alterations secondary to electrical injury. The focused cardiac ultrasound (FoCUS) helps to complete the clinical examination because it allows a faster non-invasive evaluation, and provides information that contributes to make better therapeutic decisions, especially those for patients in critical condition. The objective of this study was to explore the utility of creatine phosphokinase MB (CPK-MB) as a diagnostic tool of myocardial dysfunction in patients from 6 to 18 years old with electrical burn. Methods: From November 2018 to August 2019, we conducted a transversal analytic study of 10 children with electric burn (6 to 18 years of age), in whom the percentage of LVEF was obtained through the FoCUS protocol in the first 24 hours after injury. Results: We found 10 cases of electrical burn injury, eight males and two females, with an average of 13 years of age. Eighty percent of these cases showed a slight decrease in LVEF (45-59%). When performing the FoCUS protocol, myocardial hypokinesia was reported in seven patients. We observed a moderate correlation between LVEF and CPK-MB levels (r = −0.671), and no correlation between LVEF and body surface area affected by the electrical burn. Conclusions: The cardiac ultrasound influences decision making to improve the prognosis of these patients.

Retalho interósseo posterior reverso do antebraço para o tratamento cirúrgico do trauma elétrico da mão: relato de caso / Reverse posterior interosseous flap of the forearm for the surgical treatment of electric hand trauma: Case report

Introdução: Lesões que acometem as mãos com importante perda cutânea frequentemente requerem retalhos para cobertura precoce, visto que permitem melhor reabilitação. Dentre as opções, o retalho interósseo posterior reverso do antebraço é o mais utilizado para defeitos no dorso da mão e punho, com baixas taxas de complicações. Normalmente, esse retalho não é utilizado para a reconstrução de defeitos em região palmar, já que geralmente não alcança esse local. Relato de caso: Apresentamos o caso de um paciente com queimadura elétrica de terceiro grau, em palma da mão direita, cuja reconstrução foi realizada com o uso do retalho interósseo posterior reverso do antebraço, após debridamentos conservadores, no 14o dia após a queimadura. O paciente apresentou boa evolução pós-operatória, sem complicações ou sequelas funcionais a longo prazo. Conclusão: O retalho interósseo posterior reverso do antebraço permite cobertura adequada de lesões em palma da mão, preservando sua funcionalidade.

Introduction: Lesions affecting the hands with significant skin loss often require flaps for early coverage, as these permit faster healing. Among the various options, the reverse posterior interosseous flap of the forearm is most commonly used for defects involving the back of the hand and wrist due to low complication rates. Normally, this flap is not used for the reconstruction of defects in the palmar region since its distal reach is insufficient. Case report: We present the case of a male patient with third-degree electrical burns on his right palm, whose reconstruction was performed on the 14th day postinjury using the reverse posterior interosseous flap of the forearm after conservative debridement. The patient presented good postoperative evolution, without long-term complications or functional sequelae. Conclusion: The reverse posterior interosseous flap of the forearm permits adequate coverage of palm injuries, preserving its functionality.

Fisiopatología de las quemaduras eléctricas: artículo de revisión / Physiopathology of electrical burns

Las quemaduras eléctricas son consideradas uno de los traumas más drásticos al cual puede verse expuesto un individuo, que afecta directa o indirectamente a casi todos los sistemas del cuerpo humano. Este tipo de trauma tiene efectos locales y sistémicos poco comprendidos por la mayoría del personal de salud. El objetivo de éste artículo es ofrecer una explicación completa, que permita al lector entender mejor la fisiopatología de este tipo de trauma y por lo tanto se manifieste en el actuar diario del personal de salud.

Electric burns are one of the most drastic traumas to which an individual can be exposed, They can directly or indirectly compromise almost all the systems of the human body, this type of trauma has local and systemic effects little understood by the majority of health personnel. The objective of this article is to offer a complete explanation, allowing the reader to better understand the pathophysiology of this type of trauma and therefore manifest in the daily actions of health personnel.

Padronização do tratamento cirúrgico do trauma elétrico na fase aguda / Standardization of surgical treatment of acute electrical trauma

INTRODUÇÃO: As queimaduras elétricas correspondem de 5 a 15% dos casos de acidentes com queimaduras. A maioria está associada a acidentes do trabalho, nos quais predominam as lesões com alta voltagem (acima de 1.000 Volts), em pacientes do sexo masculino. As taxas de mortalidade variam de 2 a 15%, nos mais diversos centros de queimados. O objetivo é revisar padronização das etapas cirúrgicas na fase aguda de desbridamento (primeiros 15 dias) pela comparação de dosagem de creatofosfoquinase, hidratação venosa e fotografias para a aplicação de uma rotina de etapas cirúrgicas. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, prospectivo, realizado em um hospital público da cidade de Fortaleza, CE, entre julho de 2013 a dezembro de 2015. A população foi composta por adultos jovens, entre 15 e 50 anos, de ambos os sexos, vítimas de queimaduras por choque elétrico, com lesão de terceiro grau, no mínimo muscular. RESULTADOS: Foram realizados 12 procedimentos cirúrgicos de amputações nos 15 pacientes do estudo (60%). Seis pacientes não sofreram amputação (40%). Um paciente sofreu três procedimentos de amputação no mesmo membro (pododáctilo, pé e coxa esquerdos) e outro, duas amputações em membros superiores distintos. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento na fase aguda do choque elétrico deve incluir uma imediata e adequada reposição líquida venosa, associada com procedimentos cirúrgicos de desbridamentos e de amputações, o mais precoce possível, em etapas com intervalos de 48 a 72 horas.

INTRODUCTION: Electrical burns are responsible for 5% to 15% of cases of burn accidents. The majority is associated with workplace accidents, in which high-voltage injuries (>1,000 V) predominate in male patients. The mortality rates vary from 2% to 15% in different burn centers. The objective is to review the standardization of surgical steps in the acute phase of debridement (the first 15 days) by comparison of creatine phosphokinase levels, intravenous hydration, and photographs to implement routine surgical stages. METHODS: This was a quantitative, prospective study performed in a public hospital in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil, between July 2013 and December 2015. The population was composed of young adults between 15 and 50 years, of both sexes, who experienced electrical burns, with third-degree injuries and muscle involvement. RESULTS: Of the 15 patients in the study, 9 (60%) patients underwent 13 surgical amputation procedures and 6 (40%) patients did not undergo amputation. One patient underwent three amputation procedures in the same limb (toe, foot, and thigh) and another patient underwent two amputations in the upper limbs. CONCLUSION: Treatment in the acute phase of electrical shock must include immediate and adequate intravenous fluid replacement, along with surgical procedures of debridement and amputations, as early as possible, in steps with intervals of 48 to 72 hours.

Bilateral maculopathy following electrical burn: case report / Maculopatia bilateral após queimadura elétrica: relato de caso

CONTEXT: Electrical burns are an important etiology in dealing with patients suffering from burns. In situations of extensive deep lesions of multiple organs and systems affecting young and economically active people, there is a need for expensive multidisciplinary treatment, with a high socioeconomic cost for the community. Among the permanent injuries that explain this high cost, eye injuries stand out, since they are widely disabling. Although rare, lesions of the posterior segment of the eye are associated with higher incidence of major sequelae, and thus deserve special attention for dissemination and discussion of the few cases observed. CASE REPORT: The authors report the case of a patient who suffered high-voltage electrical burns and presented bilateral maculopathy, which evolved with a need for a surgical approach to repair retinal detachment and permanent low visual acuity. CONCLUSION: This report highlights the rarity of the etiology of maculopathy and the need for campaigns for prevention not only of burns in general, but also especially of electrical burns. .

CONTEXTO: As queimaduras elétricas representam etiologia importante na abordagem de pacientes vítimas de queimaduras. Lesões extensas e profundas de múltiplos órgãos e sistemas e o acometimento de população jovem economicamente ativa apontam para a necessidade de tratamento multidisciplinar dispendioso, com alto custo socioeconômico para as comunidades. Dentre as lesões permanentes que justificam esse alto custo, as oculares têm local de destaque, porque são amplamente incapacitantes. Embora raras, as lesões do segmento posterior do olho estão associadas a maior incidência de sequelas importantes, merecendo atenção especial para divulgação e discussão dos poucos casos observados. RELATO DE CASO: Os autores relatam o caso de paciente vítima de queimadura elétrica com fio de alta voltagem que apresentou maculopatia bilateral, evoluindo com necessidade de abordagem cirúrgica para correção de descolamento de retina e baixa acuidade visual permanente. CONCLUSÃO: Este relato destaca a raridade da etiologia da maculopatia e a necessidade de campanhas de prevenção não só das queimaduras em geral, mas especialmente das queimaduras elétricas. .

Retalho de grande dorsal para reconstrução de perda de substância por queimadura elétrica em membro superior / Latissimus dorsi flap for reconstruction of loss of substance caused by electric burn on upper limb

As queimaduras elétricas podem causar lesões graves e o músculo grande dorsal é uma opção para reconstrução dessas lesões. Paciente vítima de queimadura elétrica com lesão grave em membro superior esquerdo foi submetido à reconstrução com retalho pediculado do músculo grande dorsal. O paciente evoluiu bem, com resultado satisfatório. O retalho do músculo grande dorsal pediculado se mostrou seguro para cobrir exposição óssea em queimaduras elétricas em membro superior esquerdo.

Electrical burns can cause serious injuries and the latissimus dorsi reconstruction is an option for these lesions. Victim of electrical burn patient with severe lesions in the left upper limb underwent reconstruction with pedicled latissimus dorsi muscle. The patient progressed well, with satisfactory results. The flap of the large dorsal muscle pedicle proved insurance to cover exposed bone in electrical burns in the left upper limb.

Cataratas: una rara complicación de quemaduras eléctricas / Cataracts: a rare complication of electric burns

Introduction: Electric burns are complex lesions with multiple complications. Cataracts are an infrequent complication. There are several case reports, but very few information of its phisiopatology and clinical characteristics in the surgical literature. Objectives: To report the incidence and characteristics of patients admitted to Hospital del Trabajador de Santiago (HTS) with electric burns and secondary cataracts. And review the literature. Patients and Methods: All patients admitted to the HTS with electric burns between 01/01/1999 and 01/01/2009 were included. Their electronic files were reviewed, and their data were tabulated in an Excel sheet. The literature about electric burns and cataracts was reviewed. Results: There were 977 patients admitted with electric burns in the last 10 years, 3 (0.3 percent) of them developed secondary cataracts. All were male, 33, 36 and 64 years old. Two of them had facial burns, only one had the description of the voltage (13.500 v). The time between the burn and the diagnostic of cataract was 6 month, 2 and 4 years. In two cases the cataracts were bilateral and in one case it was unilateral and right sided. All patients received surgical treatment with satisfactory outcomes. Conclusions: Cataracts secondary to electric burns are infrequent. We need more numerous series, with accurate registers to establish some prognostic factors. It is important to have in mind this complication and actively look for it in patients that present with electric burns.

Introducción: Las quemaduras eléctricas producen lesiones complejas con múltiples complicaciones. Las cataratas son una complicación infrecuente. Existen varios reportes de casos, pero escasa difusión en el ámbito quirúrgico de sus características y fisiopatología. Objetivo: Reportar la incidencia y características de la población atendida en el Hospital del Trabajador de Santiago (HTS) con diagnóstico de catarata secundaria a quemadura eléctrica, y presentar una revisión de la literatura sobre el tema. Pacientes y Métodos: Se incluyeron todos los pacientes admitidos al HTS con diagnóstico de quemadura eléctrica, entre el 01/01/1999 y el 01/01/2009. Se revisaron sus archivos electrónicos y se tabularon en una base de datos Excel. Se realizó una revisión sobre el tema. Resultados: En los últimos 10 años ingresaron 977 pacientes con diagnóstico de quemadura eléctrica, de ellos, 3 (0,3 por ciento) tenían cataratas secundarias. Todos de sexo masculino, de 33, 36 y 64 años. En dos de ellos se reportan quemaduras faciales al ingreso y sólo en uno se describe el voltaje de la quemadura (13.500 v). El tiempo transcurrido entre la quemadura eléctrica y el diagnóstico de catarata fue de 6 meses, 2 y 4 años. En dos casos la catarata desarrollada fue bilateral y en un caso fue unilateral derecha. Todos los pacientes recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico con resultados satisfactorios. Conclusiones: Las cataratas secundarias a quemadura eléctrica son poco frecuentes. Hacen falta series más numerosas, con un buen registro, para poder establecer factores pronósticos. Es importante tener presente esta complicación y buscarla dirigidamente en los pacientes con quemadura eléctrica.

[ Study of electrical injuries in Emam Reza burn center of Mashhad]

Electrical injuries currently remain a world-wide problem. Electrical burn injuries account for fewer than 5% of admissions [reported range 3-9%] to major burn centers. Electrical injuries are arbitrarily divided into high voltage [>1000 V], low voltage [<1000 V], lightening strikes, and electric arc. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanisms, complications, morbidity, and mortality associated with electrical injuries. This descriptive study was done from 2002 to 2006 in burn department of Imam Reza hospital of Mashhad. 132 patients with electrical injuries were admitted to the burn center. Collected data included: age, gender, etiology, burn size, hospital stay, amputation of limb and mortality. Data was gathered in a questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive statistics and frequency distribution tables. Of 5875 acute burn admissions during a 5-year period, 132 patients [2.4%] had electrical burn injuries. Their mean age was 26 years [range2-63 years]. Ninety-seven percent [128 patients] were male, and the extent of burn ranged from 1% to 80% TBSA [mean, 13.8% TBSA]. High-voltage electricity caused 75.7% [100 patients] of the electrical injuries, 23.5% [31 patients] were caused by low-voltage currents and 0.75% [1 patient] by lightening. Twenty six patients [19.7%] required one or more amputations. Six patients [4.5%] died. Electrical burn injuries continue to be a serious problem of modern society. Climbing power poles is the most common mechanism for high-voltage injury. Special consideration is required to prevent this type of injury in our region

[Disarticulation of the shoulder due to a high voltage electrical burn about 2 cases]

The high-voltage electrical bums cause an exceedingly high rate of morbidity resulting from the massive necrosis of deeper structures often necessitating major limb amputations. The authors report two rare cases of high-voltage electrical burns occurring accidentally, with a 49 and 19-year-old men, after an indirect contact with a high-voltage line. These high-voltage electrical burus caused massive necrosis and extended necrosis in the upper limb requiring the recourse to a disarticulation the shoulder. The indications and the operative techniques used are discussed

Pneumothorax due to electrical burn.

A 25-year-old male developed early as well as delayed (15 days post burn) pneumothorax of right side following high voltage, 1100 KV, electrical burn of the right side of the chest wall. Diagnosis was established by clinical examination and chest x-ray. Intercostal tube drainage with underwater seal relieved the patient of pneumothorax.

Quemaduras por electricidad: cirugía reparadora de las lesiones graves / Electrical burns: reconstructive surgical techniques

En el período comprendido entre octubre de 1988 y abril de 1990, fueron tratados en nuestra unidad 24 pacientes con diagnóstico de quemaduras por electricidad, representando el 34,28// de las internaciones. Fueron seleccionados 4 casos demostrativos con lesiones graves, en los cuales se emplearon técnicas reparadoras como expansión tisular, colgajos cutáneos, colgajos musculares pediculados y libres con transferencia microquirúrgica

Epitelioma basocelular superficial multicéntrico: forma inusual de extensión centrífuga / Multicentric superficial basal cell epithelioma with unusual centrifugal extension

Se estudia un caso de epitelioma basocelular (EBC) de aspecto clínico poco frecuente y forma de extensión inusual. A partir de una o dos lesiones centrales que se extendieron en forma periférica con crecimiento centrífugo, presentó múltiples tumores que corresponden clínicamente a epiteliomas basocelulares de tipo planocicatrizal, noduloide ulcerado y lesiones periféricas maculosas que dibujan un margen casi continuo rectangular. La dificultad para encuadrarlo en una forma clínica conocida y el interrogante acerca de la etiopatogenia en este caso motiva esta comunicación