Value of serum procalcitonin combined with soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in the differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral diarrhea in children / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the value of serum procalcitonin (PCT) combined with soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (STREM-1) in the differential diagnosis of bacterial diarrhea and viral diarrhea in children.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 73 children with bacterial infectious diarrhea (bacteria group) and 68 children with viral infectious diarrhea (virus group) who were treated from February 2018 to May 2019. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the diagnostic efficacy of serum PCT and STREM-1 for bacterial infectious diarrhea and viral infectious diarrhea.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the virus group, the bacteria group had significantly higher detection rates of fecal red blood cells (79% vs 43%, P<0.05) and pus (51% vs 19%, P<0.05), as well as significantly higher serum levels of PCT and STREM-1 (P<0.05). The ROC curve analysis showed that in the differential diagnosis of bacterial infectious diarrhea and viral infectious diarrhea, serum PCT had a cut-off value of 0.97 ng/mL and an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.792, and STREM-1 had a cut-off value of 15.66 ng/mL and an AUC of 0.889. Serum PCT combined with STREM-1 had an AUC of 0.955, which was significantly higher than that of each index alone (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Children with bacterial diarrhea have increased serum levels of PCT and STREM-1 than those with viral diarrhea. Both serum PCT and STREM-1 can be used as the indices for the differential diagnosis of bacterial diarrhea and viral diarrhea in children, and the combined measurement of PCT and STREM-1 can improve the efficiency of differential diagnosis.

Value of sTREM-1 in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, APACHE II score, and SOFA score in evaluating the conditions and prognosis of children with severe pneumonia / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the significance of the level of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score, and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score in evaluating the conditions and prognosis of children with severe pneumonia.@*METHODS@#A total of 76 children with severe pneumonia who were admitted from August 2017 to October 2019 were enrolled as the severe pneumonia group. According to the treatment outcome, they were divided into a non-response group with 34 children and a response group with 42 children. Ninety-four children with common pneumonia who were admitted during the same period of time were enrolled as the common pneumonia group. One hundred healthy children who underwent physical examination in the outpatient service during the same period of time were enrolled as the control group. The serum level of sTREM-1, APACHE II score, and SOFA score were measured for each group, and the level of sTREM-1 in BALF was measured for children with severe pneumonia. The correlation of the above indices with the severity and prognosis of severe pneumonia in children was analyzed.@*RESULTS@#The severe pneumonia group had significantly higher serum sTREM-1 level, APACHEII score, and SOFA score than the common pneumonia group and the control group (P0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The level of sTREM-1 in serum and BALF and SOFA score can be used to evaluate the severity and prognosis of severe pneumonia in children.

Expression of triggering receptors expressed by myeloid cells-1 in macrophages stimulated by Porphyromonas gingivalis-lipopolysaccharide / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#Soluble triggering receptors expressed by myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) and inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in macrophage cells were stimulated by Porphyromonas gingivalis-lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS) to investigate the expression of triggering receptors expressed by myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) and further explore the correlation between TREM-1 and the pathogenesis of periodontitis.@*METHODS@#THP-1 cells (a human monocytic cell line derived from an acute monocytic leukemia patient) were induced to differentiate THP-1 macrophages by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate and were injected with 0 (blank control), 0.5, or 1.0 μg·mL⁻¹ Pg-LPS. The THP-1 cells were then grouped in accordance with incubation time, and each group was incubated for 4, 6, 12, or 24 h. The expression of the TREM-1 mRNA in macrophages was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, while the expression of TREM-1 protein was detected by Western blot; the site where TREM-1 protein expression was observed in macrophages was detected by immunofluorescence staining, and the expression of soluble sTREM-1 and TNF-α in cell culture medium was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the blank control group, the expression of TREM-1 mRNA, TREM-1 protein, and sTREM-1 in Pg-LPS-stimulated macrophages was significantly upregulated (P<0.05). The expression of TREM-1 mRNA, TREM-1 protein, and sTREM-1 in the supernatant of cell culture was higher in the 1.0 μg·mL⁻¹ Pg-LPS group than in the 0.5 μg·mL⁻¹ group; this expression was statistically significant since the 6, 4, and 4 h time point (P<0.05). Cell immunofluorescence staining showed that TREM-1 protein was positive when the THP-1 macrophages was stimulated by Pg-LPS (1.0 μg·mL⁻¹) for 24 h, and the staining sites of TREM-1 were mainly located in the cell membrane of the macrophages (P<0.05). The expression level of TNF-α increased in groups stimulated by Pg-LPS, and the expression level of TNF-α was significantly higher in 1.0 μg·mL⁻¹ Pg-LPS stimulated groups than in 0.5 μg·mL⁻¹ Pg-LPS-stimulated groups since the 6 h time point (P<0.05). The expressions of TREM-1 mRNA, TREM-1 protein, and sTREM-1 in 0.5 μg·mL⁻¹ Pg-LPS-stimulated macrophages were positively correlated with one another (r=1, P<0.05), but no statistically significant correlation was found in the expression of TNF-α. The positive correlation between sTREM-1 and TNF-α expressions was detected when macrophages were stimulated by 1.0 μg·mL⁻¹ Pg-LPS (r=1, P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The expression of TREM-1 mRNA, TREM-1 protein, and sTREM-1 in the culture supernatant in Pg-LPS-stimulated macrophages was significantly upregulated on the basis of the concentration of Pg-LPS; moreover, their upregulation was positively correlated with one another. The expression of TNF-α in the supernatant of cell culture was also upregulated and was positively correlated with the expression of sTREM-1 at the group of high Pg-LPS concentration (1.0 μg·mL⁻¹). Results reveal that TREM-1, which has been realized as a proinflammatory receptor protein, can promote the development of periodontitis by regulating the expression of TNF-α in macrophages.

Diagnostic values of plasma CD64 and sTREM-1 for pediatric pneumonia / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the diagnostic values of plasma CD64 and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) in children with pneumonia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixty children with pneumonia between August 2014 and October 2015 were classified into bacterial pneumonia group (25 cases), viral pneumonia group (17 cases), and Mycoplasma pneumonia group (18 cases) according to their clinical manifestations, pathogen cultures, and X-ray findings. Another 30 healthy children who underwent physical examination during the same period were selected as the control group. The concentrations of CD64 and sTREM-1 in blood samples were determined using ELISA. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of plasma CD64 and/or sTREM-1 for bacterial pneumonia.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression of CD64 and sTREM-1 in the bacterial pneumonia group was significantly higher than that in the viral pneumonia, Mycoplasma pneumonia, and control groups (P<0.05). The areas under the ROC curves of CD64, sTREM-1, and a combination of the two markers for diagnosing bacterial pneumonia were 0.878, 0.805, and 0.956, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of CD64 for diagnosing bacterial pneumonia were 81.30% and 92.32%, respectively, when the cut-off value was 641 pg/mL. The sensitivity and specificity of sTREM-1 for diagnosing bacterial pneumonia were 78.65% and 84.67%, respectively, when the cut-off value was 1 479 pg/mL. The sensitivity and specificity of a combination of the two markers for diagnosing bacterial pneumonia were 93.15% and 91.54%, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Plasma CD64 and sTREM-1 can be used as markers for diagnosing pediatric bacterial pneumonia, and a combination of the two markers results in better diagnosis.</p>

Role of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in the pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the role of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1(TREM-1) in the pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease (KD).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Based on color Doppler examination results, 45 children with KD were classified into two groups: coronary artery lesions (CAL group) and no coronary artery lesions (NCAL group). Fifteen children with fever caused by respiratory infection (fever control group) and fifteen healthy children (normal control group) served as controls. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression of TREM-1 mRNA and DNAX-activating protein 12 (DAP12) mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). ELISA was used to detect the expression of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1), DAP12, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1), interleukin-8 (IL-8) proteins levels.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean serum protein concentrations of sTREM-1 and DAP12 and the expression levels of TREM-1 mRNA and DAP12 mRNA in PBMC in 45 children with KD (KD group) were significantly higher than in the two control groups (P<0.05). The levels of sTREM-1 protein and TREM-1 mRNA in the CAL subgroup were significantly higher than in the NCAL subgroup (P<0.05). The serum protein concentrations of MCP-1 and IL-8 in the KD group were significantly higher than in the two control groups (P<0.05). The MCP-1 protein level in the CAL subgroup was significantly higher than in the NCAL subgroup (P<0.05). In children with KD, there was a positive correlation between serum sTREM-1 and MCP-1 levels (r=0.523, P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>TREM-1 activation may be involved in the development of KD.</p>

Changes in serum inflammatory factors in wheezing infants with community-acquired pneumonia / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study whether infantile wheezing pneumonia has similar immune mechanisms to asthma by determining the levels of serum inflammatory factors in wheezing infants with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-two infants with CAP but without wheezing, 47 infants with CAP and wheezing, and 30 healthy infants as a control were recruited in the study. The peripheral blood levels of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-l, interferon-γ, interleukin-4, interleukin-10, and periostin were compared in the three groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The serum levels of procalcitonin, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-l, interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 in the two CAP groups were higher than in the control group (P<0.05). The ratio of interferon-γ/interleukin-4 in the wheezing pneumonia group was lower than in the non-wheezing pneumonia and control groups (P<0.05). The serum level of periostin in the wheezing pneumonia group was higher than in the non-wheezing pneumonia and control groups (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The unbalanced ratio of interferon-γ/interleukin-4 and airway eosinophilic inflammation in wheezing infants with pneumonia suggest infantile pneumonia with wheezing may has similar immune mechanisms to asthma.</p>

The effect of signal transduction pathway of triggering receptor-1 expressed on myeloid cells in acute lung injury induced by paraquat in rats / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the transduction pathway of triggering receptor-1 expressed on myeloid cells (TREM-1) in acute lung injure induced by paraquat in rats through the activating or blocking TREM-1, to observe the effect of signal transduction pathway in the acute lung injure induced-paraquat.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>80 SD rats were randomly divided into normal saline control group (n=20) , PQ poisoning group (n=20) , antibody group (n=20) , and LP17 group (n=20). poisoning group, antibody group and LP17 group were given saline diluting PQ 80 mg/kg of disposable lavage after 2 h, a single set of intraperitoneal injection of anti-TREM-1 mAb (250 g/kg) , tail intravenous LP17 group synthetic peptide (3.5 mg/kg) , poisoning group was given equal normal saline intraperitoneal injection, control group given normal saline 1 mg/kg after 2 h after lavage, given the amount of intraperitoneal injection of saline solution. The expression of NF-κB in lung tissue was determined by immunohistochemistry.The levels of TNF-a, IL-10, TREM-1, and soluble TREM-1 (sTREM-1) in lung tissue and serum were measured by ELISA. Pathology changes of lung were observed under light microscope, and lung score of pathology was compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Administration of anti-TREM-1 mAb after PQ poisoning modeling significantly increased the NF-κB expression in lung tissue at 48 h, resulting in a large number of pro-inflammatory cytokines releasing in the lung tissue and serum and lung pathology injury score increasing.Administration of LP17 after modeling significantly down-·regulated the expressions of NF-κB and proinflammatory cytokines, while led to a slight increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines and a decline of lung pathology injury score.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>TREM-1 may involve in inflammatory response by promoting the generation of inflammatory factors via NF-κB pathway, thus lead to lung pathological changes.</p>

Effects of electro-acupuncture on expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 in ankle joint synovial tissue of acute gouty arthritis rats / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of electro-acupuncture (EA) on the expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell (TREM)l in ankle joint synovial tissue of acute gouty arthritis (AGA) rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal, AGA, medication and EA group, 10 rats in each group. AGA model was established by induced monosodium urate (MSU) method, except the normal group. Tow days before AGA model was established, normal and AGA groups were lavaged with normal saline (20 ml/kg), medication group was lavaged with colchicine solution (20 ml/kg), EA(1.5-2 Hz, D.-D.wave, 9v; 1-3 rnA) was applied to "Sanyinjiao" (SP6), "jiexi" (ST41) and "Kunlun" (BL60) for 20 min, once daily;continuously for 9 days. Then observed the changes in dysfunction, and the content of TNF-α and IL-lβ detected by ELISA, the expression of TREM-l detected by immunohistochemistry and western blot.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared to the normal group, the AGA group of the dysfunction index increased significantly (P<0.01), the content of TNF-α and IL-lβ increased significantly (P<0.05), the expression of TREM-l in synovial tissue increased significantly (P<0.05); the medication and EA groups compared to the AGA group, the dysfunction index decreased significantly (P<0.01), the content of TNF-α and IL-lβ decreased significantly (P<0.05), the expression of TREM-l in synovial tissue decreased significantly (P<0.05); there were not statistically significant between the medication and EA group (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>EA treating AGA may be through down-regulating the expression of TREM -1 in synovial tissue.</p>

Correlation of triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells-1 with the oncogenesis and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the role of triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) in the oncogenesis and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The expression and localization of TREM-1 were detected by immunohistochemistry in 76 specimens of HCC, 33 specimens of liver cirrhosis, 30 specimens of hepatitis and 20 normal liver tissues. The association between TREM-1 expression and the clinicopathologic parameters of HCC was analyzed. Human normal hepatic cell line LO2 and HCC cell line SMMC-7721 were examined for TREM-1 expression pattern using RT-PCR and Western blotting.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All the normal liver samples showed negative expression of TREM-1 protein, which was significantly up-regulated in the other 3 tissues. The positivity rates of TREM-1 expression were not significantly different between hepatitis, cirrhosis and HCC tissues [20.00% (6/30), 24.24% (8/33), and 21.05% (16/76), respectively; Χ² =0.195, P=0.907]. Different from chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis tissues where TREM-1 expression was located mainly in the nucleus and occasionally in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes, HCC tissues showed a cellular localization of TREM-1 protein almost exclusively in the cytoplasm. In HCC, TREM-1 expression was negatively correlated with the histological grade of the tumor (r=-0.261, P=0.023) but not related with the patients' age, gender, tumor size, clinical stage, pre-existing hepatitis and cirrhosis, lymph node metastasis, or intrahepatic vascular embolism (all P>0.05). In the in vitro experiments, low levels of TREM-1 mRNA and protein expressions were detected in LO2 cells line, but their expressions were markedly up-regulated in SMMC-7721 cells.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Aberrant enhancement of the expression and cytoplasmic accumulation of TREM-1 may correlate closely with the oncogenesis and progression of HCC.</p>

Expression of triggering receptors expressed on myeloid-1 in innate response to Porphyromonas gingivalis in macrophages / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the role of triggering receptors expressed on myeloid-1(TREM-1) in innate response to Porphyromonas gingivalis(Pg) in mice macrophages and its potential role in periodontitis development.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Peritoneal macrophages from mice were harvested, separated and cultured, then challenged with viable Pg. Transcription and protein expression in macrophages were assessed with real time PCR and flow cytometry respectively.LP-17 peptide (10, 100 and 1000 µg/L) was utilized to block TREM-1, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected by enzyme linked absorbent analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>At 2 h after Pg challenge, transcription of TREM-1 was significantly up-regulated after Pg challenge[(7.99 ± 1.11) fold vs blank]. At 24 h after bacteria infection, increased TREM-1 expression was demonstrated by flow cytometry, with mean fluorescent intensity increasing from (7.05 ± 1.85) in blank group to (13.17 ± 2.33) in experimental group. Proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α and IL-6) production was significantly decreased after blocking TREM-1 by LP-17 peptide(100 and 1000 µg/L).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>TREM-1 enhanced innate immune response to Pg in macrophages, which may facilitate periodontitis development.</p>

Construction and evaluation of recombinant plasmid containing human triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 gene / 浙江大学学报·医学版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To construct a eukaryotic expression plasmid containing human triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1(TREM-1) gene.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The entire gene coding region of human TREM-1 was amplified from total RNA of human peripheral blood by means of RT-PCR. The fragment of TREM-1 was cloned to vector pUCm-T. After digestion by restriction endonuclease BamH I and Pst I, the fragment was subcloned into the eukaryotic expressing vector pEGFP-C3. This recombinant vector was transfected into 293 cells using liposome. The expression level of TREM-1 was determined by fluorescence microscope and Western blot assay. The recombinant TREM-1 vector was transfected into THP-1 cells. After stimulation with 100 ng/ml LPS for 24 h, the mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were measured using RT-PCR.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The expression vector was constructed, and the result of the DNA sequencing showed that the constructed plasmid containing the TREM-1 gene. Fluorescence microscope and Western blot analysis showed that TREM-1 protein was expressed in 293 cells successfully. After transfection into THP-1 cells, recombinant TREM-1 could upregulate the mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-1β.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Eukaryotic expression plasmid pEGFP-TREM-1 is successfully constructed and showed biological activity.</p>

Effects of the TREM-1 pathway modulation during empyema in rats / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The activation of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) in the presence of microbial components amplifies the inflammatory response. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the modulation of the TREM-1 pathway during empyema in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to empyema induced by intrapleural injection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The animals were treated with LP17 (a synthetic TREM-1 inhibitor), a control peptide, or a vehicle (normal saline). Differential cell count, flow cytometry and histological examination were performed to evaluate local inflammatory alterations. Concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and interleukin-6 in both pleural effusion and serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Although differential counts of each type of leukocytes in pleural effusion were not affected by LP17, a marked reduction in neutrophil numbers was seen in LP17 treated rats due to the reduction of both pleural effusion volume and total cell numbers. LP17 administration impaired concentration elevation in tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and interleukin-6 in both pleural effusion and serum. It was found that survival rate in LP17 treated rats was much higher than that in control rats.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The modulation of the TREM-1 pathway by the use of LP17 appears to be beneficial during empyema in rats in attenuating pleural and systemic inflammatory responses.</p>

Expression of soluble human triggering receptors on myeloid cell-1 in patients with multiple trauma and its clinical significance / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expression profile of human soluble triggering receptor on myeloid cell-1 (sTREM-1) in patients with multiple trauma and determine its clinical significance.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Peripheral blood of 52 patients admitted to the hospital from October 2007 to January 2008 with multiple traumas with injury severity score (ISS) > or = 16 and 7 healthy volunteers were obtained, and sera samples were isolated. sTREM-1 was determined by semi-quantitative immunoblot technique. TNF-alpha and C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined by ELISA.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>sTREM-1 of patients with multiple traumas was significantly increased as compared with that of control (P < 0.001), and sTREM-1 of ISS > or = 25 group was significantly higher than that of 16 < or = ISS < 25 group (P < 0.05). sTREM-1 level correlated closely with TNF-alpha level (r = 0.845, P < 0.05), but did not correlate with CRP (r = 0.426, P > 0.05). In patients with sepsis, sTREM-1 on 1, 2 and 7 d was (25.1 +/- 2.2), (31.9 +/- 2.6) and (25.2 +/- 1.9) ng/L, respectively. In patients without sepsis, sTREM-1 on 1, 2 and 7 d was (15.8 +/- 1.3), (24.2 +/- 2.0) and (13.9 +/- 1.5) ng/L, respectively. sTREM-1 of patients with sepsis was significantly higher than that of patients without sepsis (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Serum sTREM-1 correlates closely with ISS, TNF-alpha and onset of sepsis, indicating that it may play an important role in the development of sepsis in patients with multiple traumas.</p>

Expression of human triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expression pattern of human triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and its clinical significance in acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis (AOSC).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from 36 patients with AOSC and 40 healthy adults. TREM-1 mRNA was determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, and TREM-1 protein by immunocytochemistry. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TNF-alpha) was used to detect the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and immunoturbidimetry employed to detect C reactive protein.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression of TREM-1 mRNA relative to beta-actin was 1.007-/+0.252 in patients with AOSC, significantly higher than that in the healthy adults (0.457-/+0.053, P<0.05). The two groups also showed significantly different TREM protein expression (P<0.01). The AOSC patients exhibited significantly higher levels of TNF-alpha and C reactive protein than the healthy adults (P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The expression of human TREM-1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is up-regulated obviously in early stage of AOSC, probably suggesting an important role of TREM-1 in the development of AOSC.</p>

Expression of soluble triggering receptor expression on myeloid cells-1 in pleural effusion / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells (TREM) proteins are a family of cell surface receptors expressed broadly by cells of the myeloid lineage. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of soluble TREM-1 (sTREM-1) in pleural effusions, and to determine the effects of pneumonia on pleural sTREM-1 concentrations.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Pleural fluid was collected from 109 patients who presented to the respiratory institute (35 with malignant pleural effusion, 31 with tuberculous pleural effusion, 21 with bacterial pleural effusion, and 22 with transudate). The concentrations of sTREM-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) were determined in effusion and serum samples by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The concentrations of sTREM-1 in bacterial pleural effusion were significantly higher than those in malignant, tuberculous, and transudative groups (all P < 0.001). An sTREM-1 cutoff value of 768.1 ng/L had a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 93%. Pleural sTREM-1 levels were positively correlated with levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. Patients with complicating bacterial pneumonia did not have elevated concentration of sTREM-1 in pleural effusion when compared with patients without pneumonia.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Determination of pleural sTREM-1 may improve the ability of clinicians to differentiate pleural effusion patients of bacterial origin from those with other etiologies. The occurrence of bacterial pneumonia did not affect pleural sTREM-1 concentrations.</p>

Expression of myeloid cell triggering receptor-1 in monocytes at early post-burn stage / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM-1) in monocytes of burn patients at early post-burn stage, and its significance.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The monocytes of 8 healthy volunteers (A group), 29 patients with mild and moderate burn (B group), and 9 patients with severe and very serious burns (C group) were isolated from the blood, and the THEM-1 mRNA and protein expression were determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and flow cytometry, respectively. The plasma levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta were determined by ELISA method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The value of TREM-1 mRNA expression in A, B and C groups were 0.74 +/- 0.13, 1.24 +/- 0.09, and 1.46 +/-0.07, respectively, and the expression rates on cell surface in the 3 groups were (9 +/- 4)%, (51 +/- 6)%, and (71 +/- 7)%, respectively, and there were significant differences among the three groups (P = 0.000). the plasma levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in B and C groups were obviously higher than that in A group (P = 0.000), and they were positively correlated to TREM-1 expression (rs = 0.68, 0.72, P = 0.000).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Increased expression of TREM-1 in monocytes of burn patients at early post-burn stage is correlated with the release of inflammatory factors, indicating that TREM-1 might contribute to the onset and development of acute inflammatory response after burns.</p>