Prevalence, risk factors and parental perceptions of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Asian infants in Singapore

INTRODUCTION@#Infant gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a significant cause of concern to parents. This study seeks to describe GERD prevalence in infants, evaluate possible risk factors and assess common beliefs influencing management of GERD among Asian parents.@*METHODS@#Mother-infant dyads in the Singapore PREconception Study of long-Term maternal and child Outcomes (S-PRESTO) cohort were prospectively followed from preconception to 12 months post-delivery. GERD diagnosis was ascertained through the revised Infant Gastroesophageal Reflux Questionnaire (I-GERQ-R) administered at 4 time points during infancy. Data on parental perceptions and lifestyle modifications were also collected.@*RESULTS@#The prevalence of infant GERD peaked at 26.5% at age 6 weeks, decreasing to 1.1% by 12 months. Infants exclusively breastfed at 3 weeks of life had reduced odds of GERD by 1 year (adjusted odds ratio 0.43, 95% confidence interval 0.19-0.97, P=0.04). Elimination of "cold or heaty food" and "gas producing" vegetables, massaging the infant's abdomen and application of medicated oil to the infant's abdomen were quoted as major lifestyle modifications in response to GERD symptoms.@*CONCLUSION@#Prevalence of GERD in infants is highest in the first 3 months of life, and the majority outgrow it by 1 year of age. Infants exclusively breastfed at 3 weeks had reduced odds of GERD. Cultural-based changes such as elimination of "heaty or cold" food influence parental perceptions in GERD, which are unique to the Asian population. Understanding the cultural basis for parental perceptions and health-seeking behaviours is crucial in tailoring patient education appropriately for optimal management of infant GERD.

Impacto da pirose e regurgitação no bem-estar de indivíduos da população geral: um inquérito nacional brasileiro / Impact of heartburn and regurgitation on individuals' well-being in the general population: a brazilian national survey

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Heartburn and acid regurgitation are typical symptoms usually associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD is one of the gastrointestinal diagnosis with higher prevalence worldwide, significantly impairing patients' quality of life. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of GERD-related symptoms in the Brazilian urban population. METHODS: National telephone survey with community-dwelling Brazilian individuals. Self-reported prevalence and frequency of symptoms (heartburn / regurgitation) were assessed. Individuals rated the impact of symptoms in their general well-being using a numeric scale from 1 to 10 (1 = no impact; 10 = very intense, preventing the person to eat and perform daily routine activities). Descriptive and bivariate statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS: The final sample was comprised of 1,773 subjects, 935 (52.7%) females, an average of 40 years old. The prevalence of heartburn and regurgitation in the past 6 months was 26.2% (n=466) and 11.0% (n=196), respectively. Women presented higher prevalence (heartburn n=266, 28.5% and regurgitation n=119, 12.7%) than men (n=200, 23.1% and n=78, 8.9%, respectively) (P<0.05). Heartburn in the past week was reported by 175 individuals (9.8%), while regurgitation episodes by 67 (3.8%). Absence of impact of the symptom in the overall well-being was observed for 82 subjects (17.6%) with heartburn and 18 individuals (9.2%) with regurgitation. Very intense impact was reported by 46 subjects (9.8%) with heartburn and 41 (20.9%) with regurgitation. Women's well-being was more affected than men's (mean score 5.45 vs 4.71, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Heartburn and regurgitation were frequent symptoms, women with higher prevalence. These symptoms led to a substantial impact on individuals' well-being, women being more affected.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Pirose e regurgitação ácida são sintomas típicos usualmente relacionados à doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE). A DRGE é um dos diagnósticos gastrointestinais com maior prevalência mundial, afetando significativamente a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. OBJETIVO: Analisar o impacto de sintomas relacionados à DRGE em uma amostra da população brasileira urbana. MÉTODOS: Inquérito nacional via telefone com indivíduos brasileiros em contexto comunitário. O inquérito foi conduzido entre 6 de agosto e 12 de setembro de 2018. A prevalência autorrelatada e a frequência dos sintomas foram avaliadas. Os respondentes classificaram o impacto dos sintomas no seu bem-estar geral utilizando uma escala numérica de 1 a 10 (1 = ausência de impacto; 10 = impacto muito grave, impedindo a pessoa de comer ou realizar atividades da vida diária). Análises estatísticas descritivas e bivariadas foram conduzidas. RESULTADOS: A amostra final foi constituída por 1.773 indivíduos, 935 (52,7%) mulheres, com idade média de 40 anos. A prevalência de pirose e regurgitação nos últimos 6 meses foi de 26,2% (n=466) e 11,0% (n=196), respectivamente. Sexo feminino (pirose n=266, 28,5% e regurgitação n=119, 12,7%) apresentou prevalência mais alta do que o masculino (n=200, 23,1% e n=78, 8,9%, respectivamente) (P<0,05). Pirose na última semana foi relatada por 175 indivíduos (9,8%), enquanto episódios de regurgitação por 67 (3,8%). Ausência de impacto dos sintomas no bem-estar geral dos indivíduos foi observada para 82 respondentes (17,6%) com pirose e 18 (9,2%) daqueles com regurgitação. Impacto muito grave foi reportado por 46 (9,8%) indivíduos com pirose e 41 (20,9%) com regurgitação. Sexo feminino foi mais afetado pelos sintomas do que o masculino. CONCLUSÃO: Pirose e regurgitação foram bastante frequentes sendo o sexo feminino mais afetado. Tais sintomas levaram a impacto no bem-estar dos indivíduos, com maior prejuízo para mulheres.

Prevalence of non-obstructive dysphagia in patients with heartburn and regurgitation

OBJECTIVE: Heartburn and regurgitation are the most common gastroesophageal reflux symptoms, and dysphagia could be a possible symptom. This investigation aimed to evaluate the prevalence of non-obstructive dysphagia in patients with heartburn and regurgitation. METHODS: A total of 147 patients (age, 20-70 years; women, 72%) complaining of heartburn and regurgitation, without esophageal stricture, previous esophageal surgery, or other diseases, were evaluated. Twenty-seven patients had esophagitis. The Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10) was employed to screen for dysphagia; EAT-10 is composed of 10 items, and the patients rate each item from 0 to 4 (0, no problems; 4, most severe symptom). Results of the 147 patients were compared with those of 417 healthy volunteers (women, 62%; control group) aged 20-68 years. RESULTS: In the control group, only two (0.5%) had an EAT-10 score ≥5, which was chosen as the threshold to define dysphagia. EAT-10 scores ≥5 were found in 71 (48.3%) patients and in 55% of the patients with esophagitis and 47% of the patients without esophagitis. This finding indicates a relatively higher prevalence of perceived dysphagia in patients with heartburn and regurgitation and in patients with esophagitis. We also found a positive correlation between EAT-10 scores and the severity of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms based on the Velanovich scale. CONCLUSION: In patients with heartburn and regurgitation symptoms, the prevalence of dysphagia was at least 48%, and has a positive correlation with the overall symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux.

Características clínicas e fatores associados à asma grave em Salvador, Brasil / Clinical features and associated factors with severe asthma in Salvador, Brazil

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever características clínicas e identificar fatores associados a maior gravidade da asma, em uma amostra de pacientes acompanhados em um centro de referência em Salvador. Métodos Estudo transversal de 473 adultos, acompanhados regularmente no Programa para Controle da Asma na Bahia (ProAR), reavaliados de forma sistemática entre 2013 e 2015. Os pacientes foram admitidos por preencher critérios anteriores de asma grave e reclassificados de acordo com a definição mais atual, proposta por um documento conjunto da European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society (ERS/ATS 2014). Resultados Foram reclassificados como portadores de asma grave pelos critérios da ATS/ERS (AG-ERS/ATS) 88/473 (18%). Destes, 87% eram mulheres, 48% obesos, com mediana do índice de massa corporal (IMC) de 29 kg/m2 (IQ 26-34), 99% tinham sintomas de rinite crônica e 83%, sintomas de doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE). Nenhum se declarou fumante atual. Os principais corticosteroides inalatórios utilizados foram beclometasona (88%) e budesonida (69%). A maioria relatou adequada adesão (77%) e a minoria das avaliações (0,6%) revelou erros graves na técnica inalatória. A mediana do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo pós-broncodilatador (VEF1pós-BD) foi 67% do predito (IQ 55-80). A mediana do número de eosinófilos no sangue periférico foi menor nos pacientes com AG-ERS/ATS [209 células/mm3 (IQ 116-321)] do que nos demais pacientes estudados [258 células/mm3 (IQ 154-403)]. Sintomas de doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE) foram associados a mais gravidade [OR = 2,2; IC95% (1,2-4,2)]. Conclusões Neste grupo de pacientes, sintomas de RGE foram associados a AG-ERS/ATS e contagem de eosinófilos > 260 células/mm3 esteve associada a 42% menos chance de AG-ERS/ATS.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the clinical features and to identify factors associated with significant severe asthma in samples of patients followed in a reference center in Salvador. Methods A cross-sectional study of 473 adults, regularly followed in the "Asthma Control Program" in Bahia (Programa de Controle da Asma e da Rinite Alérgica na Bahia (ProAR)), reassessed systematically between 2013 and 2015. The patients were admitted for meeting previous criteria of severe asthma and were reclassified according to the most current definition proposed by a joint document of the "European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society" (ERS/ATS) (ERS/ATS 2014). Results Only 88/473 (18%) were reclassified as having severe asthma by ERS/ATS criteria (SA-ERS/ATS). Among these patients, 87% were women, 48% obese, with a median Body Mass Index (BMI) of 29 kg·m2 (IQ 26-34), furthermore, 99% had symptoms of chronic rhinitis and 83% had symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). None of the 88 patients claimed to be current smokers. The most frequently corticosteroids were beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) (88%) and budesonide (BUD) (69%). The majority of the evaluations reported adequate adherence (77%), however, the minority (0,6%) detected serious errors in inhalation techniques. The median Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1) associated with post-bronchodilator test (post-BD) was 67% predicted (IQ 55-80). The median number of eosinophils in the peripheral blood was lower in patients with SA-ERS/ATS (258 cells/mm3 (IQ 116-321) than in the other patients studied [258 cells/mm3 (IQ 154-403)]. Gastroesophageal reflux symptoms were associated with a higher severity [OR = 2.2 95% CI (1.2-4.2)]. Conclusion In this group of patients, symptoms of GERD were associated with SA-ERS/ATS and eosinophil count > 260 cells/mm3 were associated 42% with less chance SA-ERS/ATS

Algunas consideraciones sobre el reflujo gastroesofágico en infantes / Several view about gastroesophageal reflux in children

RESUMEN El reflujo gastroesofágico presenta variaciones en cuanto a su definición, pero continúa causando una elevada morbilidad y mortalidad, a pesar que las estadísticas no recogen cifras exactas, su manejo sigue siendo controversial. En la práctica médica, se podría decir que el reflujo gastroesofágico fisiológico, no patológico, usualmente se acompaña de regurgitación, y que en esta enfermedad el síntoma principal de presentación en los niños, es el vómito. Cuando el reflujo gastroesofágico es mantenido, persistente, a pesar de la medidas posturales y dietéticas indicadas, provocando sintomatología digestiva y extradigestiva, se considera patológico, capaz de provocar una enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico. En neumología, no todo niño que tiene sibilancias es un asmático, en gastroenterología no todo niño que vomita o regurgita tiene un reflujo gastroesofágico. Actualmente, se conocen ciertas patologías y condiciones de tórpida evolución que por su historia natural y morbimortalidad, se catalogan como reflujo gastroesofágico refractario, cuyo pronóstico implica una diferente orientación terapéutica. El niño con reflujo gastroesofágico incluye las medidas antirreflujo, tratamiento medicamentoso y quirúrgico (AU).

ABSTRACT The Gastroesophageal Reflux presents variations as for its definition, but it continues causing a high morbility and mortality, to weigh that the statistics don't pick up exact report, its handling continues being controversial. In the medical practice, one could say that the reflux physiologic gastroesophageal, not pathological, usually accompanies of regurgitation, and that in this illness the main symptom of presentation in the children, is the vomit. When RGE is maintained, persistent, in spite of the measures posturales and dietary suitable, provoking digestive symptoms and extradigestive, it is considered pathological, able to provoke an illness for reflux gastroesophageal . In Neumology, not all boy that has lung sonority is an asthmatic one, in Gastroenterology not all boy that vomits or it regurgitation he has a reflux gastroesophageal. At the moment, certain pathologies and conditions of torpid evolution are known that for their natural history and morbimortality, they are classified as reflux refractory gastroesophageal whose presage implies a therapeutic different orientation. The boy with reflux gastroesophageal includes the measures antirreflux, treatment prescribes and surgical (AU).

Reintervenciones por fallo de la cirugía antirreflujo / Reinterventions for Failed Antireflux Surgery

RESUMEN Introducción: En la actualidad, la fundoplicatura laparoscópica se considera el tratamiento de elección para la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico con resultados excelentes en más del 90 por ciento de los pacientes. Sin embargo, a pesar de estos resultados, el 30 % de los pacientes presentan persistencia de los síntomas y del 3 por ciento al 10 por ciento requieren reintervención por fallo de la cirugía antirreflujo. Objetivo: Describir las causas del fracaso de la cirugía antirreflujo y las técnicas realizadas en la reintervención. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y longitudinal, de una serie de pacientes a los cuales se les realizo cirugía antirreflujo en el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso desde enero de 1994 hasta diciembre de 2016. Las variables analizadas fueron: reintervenciones y sus causas, tratamiento quirúrgico, morbilidad y el índice de conversión. Resultados: De un total de 1 550 pacientes operados, 37 (2,3 por ciento) fueron reintervenidos. Las causas más frecuentes de reintervención fueron la recidiva de los síntomas y la presencia de disfagia. La herniación de la fundoplicatura fue el hallazgo transoperatorio más frecuente. El índice de conversión fue bajo y no hubo fallecidos en las reintervenciones. La morbilidad triplicó la del total de la serie, así como la estadía hospitalaria. Conclusiones: Las reintervenciones por fallo de la cirugía antirreflujo resultan de gran complejidad pues aumentan considerablemente la morbilidad y la estadía hospitalaria. Debe realizarse en centros que acumulen una alta experiencia en estas técnicas(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Nowadays, laparoscopic fundoplication is considered the treatment of choice for gastroesophageal reflux disease, showing excellent results in more than 90 percent of patients. However, despite these results, 30 percent of patients present with persistent symptoms, while 3 percent to 10 percent require reintervention for failed antireflux surgery. Objective: To describe the causes of failed antireflux surgery and the techniques performed in the reintervention. Method: A descriptive, retrospective and longitudinal study was conducted with a series of patients who underwent antireflux surgery at the National Center for Minimally Access Surgery, from January 1994 to December 2016. The variables analyzed were reinterventions and their causes, surgical treatment, morbidity and the conversion rate. Results: From among 1550 patients operated on, 37 (2.3 percent) were reintervened. The most frequent causes of reintervention were the recurrence of symptoms and the occurrence of dysphagia. The fundoplication herniation was the most frequent transoperative finding. The conversion rate was low and there were no deaths in the reinterventions. The morbidity tripled that of the total of the series, as well as hospital stay. Conclusions: Reinterventions for failed antireflux surgery are very complex, since they increase morbidity and hospital stay considerably. It must be performed in centers that accumulate a high experience in these techniques(AU)

Calidad de vida y evolución clínica después de miotomía de Heller con fundoplicatura de Dor / Quality of Life and Clinical Evolution after Heller Myotomy plus Dor fundoplication

RESUMEN Introducción: La miotomía de Heller laparoscópica es considerada en la actualidad el tratamiento de elección para el alivio de la disfagia. Se ha demostrado que gracias a ella se logra una baja incidencia de reflujo gastroesofágico y una mejoría evidente de la calidad de vida Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad de vida y evolución clínica de los pacientes después de la miotomía de Heller con fundoplicatura de Dor. Método: Estudio observacional descriptivo longitudinal prospectivo mediante la aplicación del cuestionario de índice de calidad de vida gastrointestinal a pacientes operados de acalasia esofágica desde enero del 2010 hasta diciembre del 2017 en el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso. Se aplicó un cuestionario en el preoperatorio y al año de operados. Análisis estadístico: Porcentajes para variables cualitativas, media ± desviación estándar o mediana y rango según corresponda para las cuantitativas, para la comparación de los resultados del cuestionario se emplearon pruebas de hipótesis de comparación de medias, con nivel de significación estadística α= 0,05. Resultados: Fueron incluidos en el estudio 101 pacientes. Las edades oscilaban entre 18 y 78 años con una media de 47 años. El tiempo medio de evolución de los síntomas fue de 62 meses, con una media de 3,3 en la escala de disfagia y una presión de reposo del esfínter esofágico inferior (mmHg) 38,7 ± 16,8, se obtuvo un GIQLI inicial de 85,3 ± 20,4 que aumentó al año a 131,6 ± 10,5 Conclusiones: La miotomía de Heller con fundoplicatura de Dor, mejora la calidad de vida de los pacientes con acalasia esofágica con una evolución clínica excelente(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Laparoscopic Heller myotomy is now considered the treatment of choice for the relief of dysphagia. It has been shown that thanks to it a low incidence of gastroesophageal reflux and evident improvement in the quality of life is achieved. Objective: To evaluate the quality of life and clinical evolution of patients after Heller myotomy plus Dor fundoplication. Method: Prospective, longitudinal, descriptive, observational study carried out by applying the Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI) questionnaire to patients operated on for esophageal achalasia, from January 2010 to December 2017, at the National Center for Minimum Access Surgery. The questionnaire was applied preoperatively and one year after surgery. Statistical analysis: Percentages for qualitative variables, mean and standard deviation, or median and range, as appropriate for quantitative variables. For the comparison of the results of the questionnaire, we used tests of hypothesis of comparison of means, with statistical significance level of 0.05. Results: The ages ranged between 18 and 78 years, with an average of 47 years. The mean time of evolution of symptoms was 62 months, with an average of 3.3 on the dysphagia scale and a resting pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter (mmHg) 38.7±16.8. An initial gastrointestinal quality of life index of 85.3±20.4 was obtained, which increased to 131.6±10.5 per year. Conclusions: Heller myotomy plus Dor fundoplication improves the quality of life of patients with esophageal achalasia and guarantees an excellent clinical evolution(AU)

Eosinofilia duodenal en pacientes Colombianos con dispepsia funcional: un estudio de casos y controles / Duodenal eosinophilia in functional dyspepsia in a Colombian sample: a case-control study

Introducción: La dispepsia funcional (DPF) es una entidad compleja cuya fisiopatología no está claramente definida. Existen alteraciones motoras gastroduodenales y recientemente se ha dado importancia a la eosinofilia duodenal. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fuedeterminar si existe asociación entre eosinofilia duodenal y DPF. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de casos y controles. Pacientes mayores de 18 años con dispepsia según ROMA IV, a quienes se descartó DP orgánica con endoscopia alta (EVDA). Los controles fueron pacientes con anemia ferropénica y diarrea crónica a quienes de rutina se toman biopsias tanto del estómago como del duodeno. Se calcularon 70 pacientes en cada grupo. La información se recolectó en un formulario específico. Resultados: Hubo 243 pacientes elegibles. Se incluyeron 84 pacientes en grupo. El 80% eran mujeres. Edad promedio 53,6 años. Se encontró eosinofilia duodenal con diferencia significativa en los pacientes con saciedad precoz (p=0,01). No hubo diferencia significativa en los pacientes con llenura posprandial (p=0,63), dolor o ardor epigástrico (p=0,26), síntomas de reflujo gastroesofágico (p=0,13), alergia e intolerancia a alimentos (p=0,42) y tabaquismo (p=0,28). Asimismo, no se encontró relación entre mastocitosis duodenal y saciedad precoz (p=0,98), llenura posprandial (p=0,78) y dolor o ardor epigástrico (p=0,82). Conclusiones: La eosinofilia duodenal fue más frecuente en pacientes con DPF que tenían saciedad precoz.

Introduction: Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a complex symptom. Currently there are multiple therapeutic options that are used for the management of these patients; however, FD therapies are based on symptomatic control and do not address the pathophysiological pathways involved in its development. The duodenum has been proposed as a key site to understand the complex pathophysiology involved in FD. Objective: The aim of the study is to determine duodenal eosinophilia in patients with FD and establish the clinical-pathological correlation with the cardinal symptoms of dyspepsia. Material and methods: Case-control study. Patients older than 18 years with dyspepsia according to the Rome IV criteria, and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy normal (FD group).Patients with iron deficiency anemia and chronic diarrhea (control group). Biopsies were taken in the stomach, duodenal bulb and second portion of duodenum. A sample size of 140 patients (70 patients in the FD group and 70 patients in the control group) was calculated. The collected information was described and analyzed by conventional statistical techniques. Results: 243 patients were recruited. 84 patients were included in the FD group and 84 patients in the control group. 135 patients were women (80.3%). The mean age was 53.6 years (SD 14.9). Duodenal eosinophilia was found with significant difference in patients with early satiety (p=0.01). There was no difference in patients with postprandial fullness (p=0.63), epigastric pain or burning (p=0.26), gastroesophageal reflux symptoms (p=0.13), allergy and food intolerance (p=0.42) and smoking (p=0.28). There was no relationship between duodenal mastocytosis and early satiety (p=0.98), postprandial fullness (p=0.78), and epigastric pain or burning (p=0.82). Conclusions: Duodenal eosinophilia was similar in FD and controls. In subgroup analysis, duodenal eosinophilia occurs in patients with early satiety.

Effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in the control of erosive esophagitis

Introduction: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a multifactorial disease associated with environmental and genetic factors. Obesity is among the risk factors for its development, which also correlates with an increase in severity of clinical presentation and a higher incidence of complications associated with reflux. Methods: This historical cohort study included a sample of 249 patients who had undergone bariatric surgery using the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass technique at the Hospital São Vicente de Paulo, Passo Fundo, southern Brazil, from January 2014 to December 2015. Results: Of 249 patients, 77.9% (190 patients) were female and the mean age was 38 years. The occurrence of reflux esophagitis was 81.1% (196 patients) in the preoperative period and 31.3% (75 patients) in the postoperative period. With regard to bariatric treatment response to control moderate and severe esophagitis (grades B, C and D), there was a reduction in prevalence from 62 (25%) to 12 (5%) patients (p<0.05). Conclusions: Bariatric surgery using the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass technique is effective in the control of reflux esophagitis. Regression is observed mainly in cases of moderate and severe esophagitis. (AU)

Baixa prevalência de esôfago de Barrett em área de risco para câncer esofágico no Sul do Brasil / Low prevalence of barrett's esophagus in a risk area for esophageal cancer in south of brazil

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Barrett's esophagus a complication of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma. The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has been increasing in most Western countries. Rio Grande do Sul (RS), the Southernmost state of Brazil has the highest rates of esophageal cancer with low prevalence of esophageal adenocarcinoma. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of Barrett's esophagus among patients underwent to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in the last 5 years. METHODS: The records of patients underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy between 2011 and 2015 were analyzed. Demographic data, GERD symptoms, endoscopic findings, extension and histological diagnosis of columnar epithelia of the esophagus were recorded. Significance among the variables was accessed by chi-square test and Fisher's exact test with 95% CI. RESULTS: A total of 5996 patients underwent to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in the period were included. A total of 1769 (30%) patients with GERD symptoms or esophagitis and 107 (1.8%) with columnar lined esophagus were identified. Except for eight patients, the others with columnar lined esophagus had GERD symptoms or esophagitis. Barrett's esophagus defined by the presence of intestinal metaplasia occurred in 47 patients; 20 (43%) with segments over 3 cm and 27 (57%) with segments shorter than 3 cm. The global prevalence of Barrett's esophagus was 0.7% and in GERD patients 2.7%. The odds ratio for the occurrence of columnar lined esophagus in patients with GERD was 30 (95%CI=15.37-63.34). The odds ratio for the presence of intestinal metaplasia in long segments was 8 (95%CI=2.83-23.21). CONCLUSION: GERD patients had a risk 30-folds greater to present columnar lined esophagus than patients without GERD symptoms. Long segments of columnar lined esophagus, had a risk eight-folds higher to have Barrett's esophagus than short segments. Barrett's esophagus overall prevalence was 0.7%. In GERD patients, the prevalence was 2.7%. Long Barrett's esophagus represented globally 0.3% and 1.1% in GERD patients.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Esôfago de Barrett, complicação da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE), é lesão precursora do adenocarcinoma esofágico. O adenocarcinoma esofágico apresenta incidência crescente principalmente no ocidente. O estado do Rio Grande do Sul apresenta as taxas mais altas de câncer esofágico no Brasil, porém com baixa prevalência de adenocarcinoma. OBJETIVO: Investigar a prevalência de esôfago de Barrett em pacientes submetidos a endoscopia digestiva alta nos últimos 5 anos. MÉTODOS: Revisão de prontuários dos pacientes submetidos a endoscopia digestiva alta entre 2011 e 2015. Registrados dados demográficos, sintomas de DRGE, achados endoscópicos, extensão e diagnóstico histológico de epitelização colunar do esôfago. A significância entre as variáveis foi acessada pelos testes do qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher com IC95%. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 5996 pacientes. Identificamos 1769 (30%) com sintomas de DRGE ou esofagite e 107 (1,8%) com epitelização colunar. À exceção de oito pacientes com epitelização colunar, os demais apresentavam sintomas de DRGE ou esofagite. Esôfago de Barrett definido pela presença de metaplasia intestinal ocorreu em 47 pacientes; 20 (43%) com segmentos acima de 3 cm e em 27 (57%) com segmentos menores. A prevalência global de esôfago de Barrett foi 0,7% e em pacientes com DRGE foi 2,7%. A razão de chances para a ocorrência de epitelização colunar em pacientes com DRGE foi 30 (IC95%=15,37-63,34) e para a ocorrência de metaplasia intestinal em segmentos longos foi 8 (IC95%=2,83-23,21). CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com DRGE apresentaram risco 30 vezes maior que pacientes sem DRGE para a ocorrência de epitelização colunar. O risco de ocorrência de esôfago de Barrett em segmentos longos foi oito vezes maior. A prevalência global de esôfago de Barrett foi 0,7%. Em pacientes com DRGE a prevalência foi 2,7%. Segmentos longos de esôfago de Barrett representaram globalmente 0,3% e em pacientes com DRGE 1,1%.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with long standing type 1 diabetes mellitus: utility of two self-report questionnaires in a multifactorial disease / Enfermedad por Reflujo Gastroesofágico en pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1: utilidad de dos cuestionarios auto-aplicables

Abstract Background: Gastroesophageal pathologies are common and multifactorial in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). The evaluation with endoscopy and 24 h pH esophageal monitoring is expensive and not always available in all medical centers, especially in developing countries so more cost-effective algorithms for diagnosis are required. Clinical questionnaires are easy to apply but its utility for gastroesophageal reflux disease screening in patients with long standing T1DM must be analyzed. Objective: To evaluate the utility of the FSSG and Carlsson-Dent (CDQ) questionnaires to detect the frequency of gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with T1DM. Methods: Analytic cross-sectional study, included 54 randomly selected patients from the T1DM clinic in our hospital. Before their routine evaluation, were asked to answer FSSG and CDQ questionnaires, classifying them as positive with a score >8 or >4, respectively. we associated and compared the clinical and biochemical characteristics between patients with or without gastroesophageal reflux detected through questionnaires. Results: Median age was 29 years (22-35), 67% were female (median of 16 years from diagnosis). In 39% of the patients FSSG was positive, CDQ was positive in 28%. A total of 71% of patients were taking medications to treat non-specific gastric symptoms. The concordance between questionnaires was 65% (p: <0.001). Those patients with tobacco consumption as well as those with poor glycemic control were more likely to score positive in either questionnaire. Conclusions: Patients T1DM had a high prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease. In those patients FSSG questionnaire detected a higher number of patients in comparison with CDQ.

Resumen Introducción: Las patologías gastroesofágicas son comunes y multifactoriales en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 (DM1). La evaluación por medio de panendoscopia y pHmetría es costosa y difícil de realizar en todos los centros de atención, por lo que se requieren algoritmos rentables para su diagnóstico. Existen cuestionarios sencillos y autoaplicables que pueden ser útiles para el diagnóstico de enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico en los pacientes con DM1. Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad de los cuestionarios FSSG y Carlsson-Dent (CDQ) para detectar la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE) en pacientes con DM1. Métodos: Estudio transversal, se incluyeron 54 pacientes, elegidos al azar de la clínica de DMT1. Previo a la consulta, se les solicitó contestaran los cuestionarios FSSG y el CDQ, considerándose positivos para diagnóstico de ERGE los puntajes >8 y >4, respectivamente. Se analizaron y compararon las características bioquímicas y clínicas entre los pacientes con y sin síntomas de ERGE detectada por medio de los cuestionarios. Resultados: Los pacientes estudiados tenían edad de 29 años (22-35), 67% fueron mujeres, (mediana de diagnóstico de 16 años). El 39% de los pacientes tenían ERGE detectado mediante FSSG y 28% utilizando el cuestionario CDQ. El 71% de los pacientes reportó uso de medicamentos para reflujo. La concordancia entre ambos cuestionarios fue del 65% (p: <0.001). Pacientes que consumen tabaco y con descontrol glucémico, tenían más probabilidades de positividad en cualquier cuestionario. Conclusiones: Existe una alta prevalencia de ERGE en los pacientes con DM1. En esta población el cuestionario FSSG detectó a un mayor número de pacientes en comparación con el CDQ.

End-to-end versus end-to-side anastomosis in the treatment of esophageal atresia or tracheo-esophageal fistula / Anastomose terminoterminal versus terminolateral no tratamento da atresia ou fístula traqueoesofágica

Background: Dehiscence of esophageal anastomosis is frequent and there are still controversies which type of anastomosis is preferred to diminish its incidence . Aim: To compare end-to-end anastomosis versus end-to-side anastomosis in terms of anastomotic leakage, esophageal stricture and gastroesophageal reflux symptom. Methods: This study was carried out for two year starting from 2012. End-to-side and end-to-side anastomosis were compared in terms of anastomotic leakage, esophageal stricture, gastroesophageal reflux symptom, length of surgery and pack cell infusion. Results: Respectively to end-to-end and end-to-side anastomosis, duration of surgery was 127.63±13.393 minutes and 130.29±10.727 minutes (p=0.353); esophageal stricture was noted in two (5.9%) and eight (21.1%) cases (p=0.09); gastroesophageal reflux disease was detected in six (15.8%) and three (8.8%) cases (p=0.485); anastomotic leakage was found in five (13.2%) and one (2.9%) cases (p=0.203); duration of neonatal intensive care unit admission was significantly shorter in end-to-end (11.05±2.438 day) compared to end-to-side anastomosis (13.88±2.306 day) (p<0.0001). Conclusion: There were no significant differences between end-to-end and end-to-side anastomosis except for length of neonatal intensive care unit admission which was significantly shorter in end-to-end anastomosis group.

Racional: Deiscência de anastomose esofágica é frequente e ainda existem controvérsias qual tipo de anastomose é preferível para diminuir sua incidência. Objetivo : Comparar a anastomose terminoterminal versus a lateroterminal em termos de deiscência de anastomose, estenose de esôfago, e sintoma de refluxo gastroesofágico. Métodos : Este estudo foi realizado por dois anos a partir de 2012. Anastomoses terminoterminal e terminolateral foram comparadas em termos de deiscência de anastomose, estenose de esôfago, sintoma do refluxo gastroesofágico, duração da operação e transfusão. Resultados : Na comparação das anastomoses terminoterminal e terminolateral, respectivamente, a duração em minutos das operações foi de 127.63±13.393 e 130.29±10.727 (p=0,353); estenose esofágica foi observada em dois (5,9%) e oito (21,1%) casos (p=0,09); doença do refluxo gastroesofágico foi detectada em seis (15,8%) e três (8,8%) casos (p=0,485); deiscência de anastomose foi encontrada em cinco (13,2%) e um (2,9%) caso (p=0,203); duração do internamento na UTI neonatal foi significativamente menor na terminoterminal (11,05±2,438 dias) em comparação com terminolateral (13,88±2,306 dias, p<0,0001). Conclusão : Não houve diferença significativa entre as anastomoses terminoterminal e terminolateral, exceto para UTI neonatal que foi significativamente menor no grupo de anastomose terminoterminal.

Doença do refluxo gastroesofágico / Gastroesophageal reflux disease

A doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE) é considerada uma das afecções mais prevalentes em todo o mundo, podendo comprometer de forma significativa a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Trata-se de uma afecção crônica que se desenvolve quando o refluxo do conteúdo gástrico causa sintomas incomodativos ou complicações, sendo sintomas incomodativos aqueles definidos pelos pacientes.

Gastric reflux disease (GERD) is considered one of the most prevailing sickness in all over the world that can affect meaningfully patient?s quality of life. It?s a case of chronic sickness which is developed when reflux of gastric contents causes disturbing, that are defined by patients, or complications.

Laryngopharyngeal Reflux and Proton Pump Inhibitors.

Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) refers to the backflow of stomach contents into the throat that is into the hypopharynx.LPR is different from classical GERD. Although PPIs appear to be effective, higher doses for a longer duration are necessary as compared with esophageal GERD disease. In this study we focused on clinical characteristics and role of proton pump inhibitors in Laryngopharyngeal Reflux. Material and Methods: The prospective observational study was done in LPR patients in the Department of ENT and HNS of SKIMS Medical College and Government Medical College Srinagar for a period of 2 years from 2010 to 2012 .Sixty cases were enrolled in the study. LPR was diagnosed on the basis of RFS and RSI. Role of PPI was assessed by the changes of RSI and RFS with Proton pump inhibitors. Results: Total number of patients included in the study were 60, 42 (70%) cases were females, 18 (30%) were males. Frequent clearing of throat was the most common symptom. Mean RSI of all patients was 25.25 before treatment. Significant change in RSI occurred after first 10 weeks of therapy and no further significant change occurred in the next 10 weeks. Most common laryngeal finding was erythema/hyperaemia; Mean RFS of the patients was 13 before treatment with proton pump inhibitors. There was slight response after 10 weeks of therapy in physical findings and significant response after 20 weeks. Conclusion: LPR is a common condition presenting in ENT settings, the symptoms and signs may be complex. PPI are treatment of choice and should be continued for about 5 months because clinical symptoms take about two month to resolve while signs take about 5 months to resolve.

The Relationship between Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Chronic Periodontitis

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The most common cause of chronic periodontitis is poor oral hygiene. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) enhances the proximal migration of gastric contents and may cause poor oral hygiene. We hypothesized that GERD may increase thse risk of chronic periodontitis and investigated this potential relationship. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in outpatients between January 1, 2010, and April 30, 2012. GERD was defined as being present based on at least two of the following criteria: etiologic agent(s), identifiable signs and symptoms, and consistent anatomic alterations. A total of 280 patients with chronic periodontitis and 280 controls were analyzed. Information regarding patient demographics and other potential confounding factors for chronic periodontitis were collected through individual medical records. RESULTS: GERD was revealed to be independently associated with an increased incidence of chronic periodontitis (odds ratio [OR], 2.883; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.775 to 4.682). The other three variables of dental caries (OR, 1.531; 95% CI, 1.042 to 2.249), tobacco use (OR, 2.335; 95% CI, 1.461 to 3.730), and history of medication (calcium channel blocker, cyclosporine, or phenytoin) (OR, 2.114; 95% CI, 1.160 to 3.854) were also determined to be independent risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: The present study supported our hypothesis that GERD can be a risk factor for chronic periodontitis.

Presencia de síntomas digestivos en el Día Mundial de la Salud Digestiva / Presence of digestive symptoms in the World Digestive Health Day

Introduction: Gastrointestinal symptoms such as heartburn, indigestion/dyspepsia, constipation and bloating are very common in every community. Our group applied a questionnaire in order to identify the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms. Methodology: In 2012, during the World Digestive Health Day a survey of 13 questions given by the World Gastroenterology Organization (WGO) was administered to a group of people (E) at the Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile (HCUCH); the questions were based on the presence and frequency of digestive symptoms. The results were compared with two other groups, one rural (R) and another comprised of people that were accompanying the patients attending HCUCH (group A) for examinations. A χ2 test was used to compare variables by group. Results: Total E = 270, A = 100, R = 69. Women: E = 212 (79 percent), A = 66 (66 percent), R = 43 (62.4 percent). Age E = 48, A = 44, R = 53 (p = 0.0003). Digestive discomfort: E = 94.8 percent (256), A = 81 percent (81), R = 85.5 percent (59) p = 0.000. Distension/bloating E = 94.44 percent (255), A = 84 percent (84), R = 81.2 percent (56) p = NS. Abdominal pain/discomfort E = 89.6 percent (242), A = 75 percent (75), R = 82.6 percent (57) p = 0.000. Constipation: E = 80 percent (216), A = 71 percent (71), R = 63.7 percent (44) p = 0.01, with significant differences in sensation of incomplete evacuation in the 3 groups p = 0.001. Heartburn E = 75.2 percent (203), A = 67 percent(67), R = 68.1 percent (47) p = NS. Reflux E = 74 percent (200), A = 69 percent (69), R = 68.1 percent (47) p = NS. Interference with sleep: E = 62.2 percent (168), A = 45 percent (45), R = 56.5 percent (39) p = 0.012. Problems with soft/mushy/liquid stools = 65.92 percent (178), A = 61 percent (61), R = 68.11 percent (47) p = NS. Conclusions: Over 80 percent of respondents provided an upset stomach. The control group had the highest prevalence of digestive symptoms...

Introducción: Síntomas digestivos como pirosis, indigestión/dispepsia, constipación y distensión son muy frecuentes en cada comunidad. Nuestro grupo aplicó un cuestionario con el objetivo de identificar la presencia de sintomatología digestiva. Metodología: En el año 2012, durante el día mundial de la salud digestiva (DMSD) se realizó en el Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile (HCUCH), una encuesta propuesta por la Organización Mundial de Gastroenterología (OMGE) que incluía 13 preguntas basadas en la presencia y frecuencia de síntomas digestivos. La encuesta se hizo a un grupo de personas (E). Los resultados fueron comparados con otros dos grupos, uno rural (R) y otro conformado por acompañantes (A) de pacientes que acudieron a exámenes al HCUCH. Se realizó una prueba χ² para comparar variables por grupo. Resultados: Total E = 270; A = 100; R = 69. Mujeres: E = 212 (79 por ciento), A = 66 (66 por ciento), R = 43 (62,4 por ciento). Edad E = 48, A = 44, R = 53 (p = 0,0003). Molestias digestivas: E = 94,8 por ciento (256), A = 81 por ciento (81); R = 85,5 por ciento (59) p = 0,000. Distensión/hinchazón E = 94,44 por ciento (255), A = 84 por ciento (84), R = 81,2 por ciento (56) p = NS. Dolor/molestia abdominal E = 89,6 por ciento (242), A = 75 por ciento (75), R = 82,6 por ciento (57) p = 0,000. Constipación: E = 80 por ciento (216), A = 71 por ciento (71), R = 63,7 por ciento (44) p = 0,01, existiendo diferencias significativas en sensación de evacuación incompleta en los 3 grupos p = 0,001. Pirosis E = 75,2 por ciento (203), A = 67 por ciento (67), R = 68,1 por ciento (47) p = NS. Reflujo E = 74 por ciento (200), A = 69 por ciento (69), R = 68,1 por ciento (47) p = NS. Interferencia con el sueño: E = 62,2 por ciento (168), A = 45 por ciento(45), R = 56,5 por ciento (39) p = 0,012. Problemas de heces blandas/ pastosas/líquidas E = 65,92 por ciento (178), A = 61 por ciento (61), R = 68,11 por ciento (47) p = NS...

Frecuencia de trastornos digestivos funcionales y enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico en pacientes con dispepsia no investigada que acuden al Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú / Frecuency of functional gastrointestinal disorders and esophageal reflux disease in adults with non investigated dyspepsia in the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru

Objetivo: Evaluar la frecuencia de trastornos digestivos funcionales y enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico en pacientes adultos con dispepsia no investigada en un hospital docente localizado en Lima, Perú. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo realizado en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú. Se recolectaron los resultados de las endoscopías y de los cuestionarios para Trastorno Digestivo Funcional (TDF) y Enfermedad por Reflujo Gastro Esofágico (ERGE) aplicados a pacientes con criterios de selección que acudieron al servicio de gastroenterología desde julio hasta diciembre del 2011. Resultados: 110 pacientes participaron en el estudio, 70,9% fueron mujeres y la edad promedio fue 49,4 años (rango 20-77, DE: ±13,1). 82 pacientes (76,4%) presentaron algún TDF. El más común fue dispepsia funcional (71,8%), seguido por el trastorno por eructos (57,3%), trastorno por náuseas y vómitos (27,3%) y síndrome de intestino irritable (18,2%). 91 pacientes (82,7%) presentaron ERGE, siendo el síntoma más común la regurgitación (80,0%). Las endoscopias mostraron que 25 pacientes (22,7%) tenían alguna lesión estructural. Conclusiones: Se encontró una alta frecuencia de ERGE, trastorno por eructos, trastorno por nauseas y vómitos y síndrome de intestino irritable entre los pacientes con dispepsia no investigada. Además, se encontró una alta frecuencia de superposición de trastornos en un mismo paciente. Nuestros resultados sugieren la necesidad de reconocer los diferentes tipos de TDF para evitar el sub-diagnóstico de éstos desórdenes.

Objective: To assess the frequency of functional gastrointestinal disorders and gastroesophageal reflux disease in adults with uninvestigated dyspepsia in a general teaching hospital in Lima, Peru. Material and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study performed at Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia Lima, Peru. Data was collected from questionnaires for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (FGID) based on Rome III criteria and from surveys for diagnosis of GERD applied to eligible patients who visited the gastroenterology unit from July to December 2011. Also, we collected the endoscopy’s reports. Results: Among 110 patients who participated in the study, 70.9% were female and the mean age was 49.4 years (range 2077, SD: ± 13.1). FGID was found in 82 subjects (74.6%) based on Rome III criteria. The most common FGID was functional dyspepsia (71.8%), followed by belching disorder (57.3%), nausea and vomiting disorder (27.3%) and irritable bowel syndrome (18.2%). Ninety-one patients (82.7%) were diagnosed of GERD, being the most common symptom regurgitation (80.0%). Structural abnormalities were found by upper endoscopy in 25 patients (22.7%). Conclusions: We found a high frequency of GERD, belching disorder, nausea and vomiting disorder and irritable bowel syndrome among adult patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia. In addition, we found a high frequency of overlapping disorders in the same patient. Our results suggest the necessity to recognize the different types of FGID in order to avoid the under diagnosis of common conditions in the outpatient setting.

Zero inflated statistical count models for analysing the costs imposed by GERD and dyspepsia

Background and study aims: Recent studies have shown that the high prevalence and the various clinical presentations of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease [GERD] and dyspepsia impose an enormous economic burden on society. Economic cost data have unique characteristics: they are counts, and they have zero inflation. Therefore, these data require special models. Poisson regression [PR], negative binomial regression [NB], zero inflated Poisson [ZIP] and zero inflated negative binomial [ZINB] regression are the models used for analysing cost data in this paper

Patients and methods: In this study, a cross-sectional household survey was distributed to a random sample of individuals between May 2006 and December 2007 in the Tehran province of Iran to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms and disorders and their related factors. The cost associated with each item was calculated. PR, NB, ZIP and ZINB models were used to analyse the data. The likelihood ratio test and the Voung test were used to conduct pairwise comparisons of the models. The log likelihood, the Akaike information criterion [AIC] and the Bayesian information criterion [BIC] were used to compare the performances of the models

Results: According to the likelihood ratio test and the Voung test and all three criteria used to compare the performance of the models, ZINB regression was identified as the best model for analysing the cost data. Sex, age, smoking status, BMI, insurance status and education were significant predictors

Conclusion: Because the NB model demonstrated a better fit than the PR and ZIP models, over-dispersion was clearly only due to unobserved heterogeneity. In contrast, according to the likelihood ratio test, the ZINB model was more appropriate than the ZIP model. The ZINB model for the cost data was more appropriate than the other models

Manifestações extraesofágicas da DRGE / Extraesophageal manifestations of GERD

A doença do refluxo gastroesofágico é decorrente do fluxo retrógrado de secreção cloridropéptica para o esôfago e órgãos adjacentes, causando um espectro variável de lesões e sintomas. Sua incidência vem aumentando nos últimos anos e sua prevalência estimada na população brasileira é de cerca de 12%. A DRGE tem como manifestações típicas a pirose e a regurgitação, podendo se apresentar com queixas extraesofágicas tais como asma, tosse crônica, dor torácica não cardíaca e sintomas otorrinolaringológicos.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease is caused by the retrograde flow of gastric acid-peptic secretion into the esophagus and adjacent organs, causing a variable spectrum of lesions and symptoms. Its incidence has been increasing in recent years and its estimated prevalence in the Brazilian population is about 12%. Typical manifestations of GERD are heartburn and regurgitation, but the disease may present with extraesophageal complaints such as asthma, chronic cough, non-cardiac chest pain and ENT symptoms.

[Clinical and phmetric evaluation of gastro-esophageal reflux impact on upper airways in adult]

Gastroesophageal reflux is a frequent and benign affection. It represents an etiopathological entity in otorhinolaryngology; that may occasion a large variety of ENT manifestations. To evaluate clinical and pHmetric impact of gastro esophageal reflux on upper airways in adult. Prospective study about 95 cases diagnosed and treated at the ENT department of military hospital of Tunis. Clinical features, pH metric profiles and therapeutic approach are reported and compared to the literature. The mean age was 37 years old. Sex ratio was 1.16. Pharyngolaryngeal symptoms dominated ENT manifestations [41 cases]. Laryngeal dyspnea, cough and dysphonia were predictive of danger. Positive pH metric rate collated to posterior laryngitis and pharyngitis were respectively 81.2% and 79.1%. Posterior laryngitis, dental erosion and chronic sinusitis, seem to have pejorative significance. Otorhinolaryngologist must think about asymptomatic reflux every time when chronic or recurrent ENT affection remain unexplained after complete clinical investigations. PH monitoring confirms gastroesophageal reflux disease