Estudio epidemiológico de rinitis alérgica en una población de niños atendidos en el servicio de pediatría de un hospital general. Corte transversal / Epidemiological study of allergic rhinitis in a population of children seen at the Department of Pediatrics of a general hospital. Cross-sectional study

Introducción. La rinitis alérgica (RA) es una de las enfermedades crónicas más frecuentes en la población pediátrica, afecta la calidad de vida del niño y la familia, tiene impacto económico y es frecuentemente subdiagnosticada y subtratada. Dada la escasez de datos locales, se describe su prevalencia y las características clínicas de la población en estudio. Población y métodos. Estudio observacional de corte transversal de pacientes menores de 19 años. Resultados. Se incluyeron 250 pacientes al azar, con una media de edad de 9 años (DE 5) Presentaron diagnóstico de RA 14 de ellos; se observó una prevalencia de RA del 6 %. Conclusiones. La prevalencia de RA en nuestro medio es del 6 %. Debemos darle la relevancia que amerita para brindar un diagnóstico y tratamiento adecuado.

Introduction. Allergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the most frequent chronic diseases in the pediatric population; it affects the quality of life of children and their families, has economic impact, and is frequently underdiagnosed and undertreated. Given the scarcity of local data, here we describe the prevalence of AR and the clinical characteristics of the study population. Population and methods. Observational, cross-sectional study in patients younger than 19 years. Results. A total of 250 patients were randomly included; their mean age was 9 years (SD: 5). AR was diagnosed in 14 of them. The prevalence of AR was 6%. Conclusions. The prevalence of AR in our setting was 6%. AR should be given the relevance it deserves so as to provide an adequate diagnosis and treatment.

Paciente varón de tres años con sibilancias y tos crónica / Three-Year-Old Male with Wheezing and Chronic Cough

Se presenta el caso de un niño de 3 años con diagnóstico de asma, rinitis alérgica, características craneofaciales dismórficas e infecciones respiratorias altas y bajas recurrentes, manejado como asma desde un inicio. Como parte del estudio de comorbilidades, se decide realizar una prueba del sudor que sale en rango intermedio y más tarde se encuentra una mutación, donde se obtiene un resultado positivo para una copia que se asocia a fibrosis quística. Se revisará el caso, así como el diagnóstico, clínica y tratamiento del síndrome metabólico relacionado con el regulador de conductancia transmembrana de fibrosis quística (CRMS).

We present the case of a 3-year-old boy with a diagnosis of asthma, allergic rhinitis, dysmorphic craniofacial characteristics and recurrent upper and lower respiratory infections, managed as asthma from the beginning. As part of the study of comorbidi-ties, it was decided to carry out a sweat test that came out in the intermediate range and later one mutation was found, where a positive result was obtained for a copy that is associated with cystic fibrosis. The case will be reviewed, as well as the diagnosis, symptoms and treatment of the metabolic syndrome related to the cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator (CRMS).

Rinitis alérgica en pediatría: recomendaciones para su diagnóstico y tratamiento / Allergic rhinitis in pediatrics: recommendations for diagnosis and treatment

La rinitis alérgica (RA) es una de las enfermedades crónicas más frecuentes de la infancia. Sin embargo, permanece subdiagnosticada y subtratada. Su prevalencia ha aumentado en los últimos años y varía del 2 % al 25 %. Los síntomas de la RA incluyen estornudos, prurito, rinorrea y congestión nasal. Un correcto diagnóstico y tratamiento de la RA y sus comorbilidades, tales como rinosinusitis con o sin poliposis nasal, conjuntivitis, otitis media, asma bronquial e infecciones del tracto respiratorio, son importantes para reducir el impacto negativo en la afectación de la calidad de vida del paciente y sus familiares, y los gastos sanitarios que ocasiona. La inmunoterapia alérgeno específica, en pacientes correctamente seleccionados, previene nuevas sensibilizaciones y reduce la hiperreactividad bronquial asociada a la RA. Considerando todos estos factores, el Comité Nacional de Alergia de la Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría propone recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia actual.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the most common chronic diseases in children. However, it remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. Its prevalence has increased in recent years and varies from 2 to 25 %. Symptoms include sneezing, itching, runny nose, and nasal congestion. A correct diagnosis and treatment of AR and its comorbidities such as rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyposis, conjunctivitis, otitis media, bronchial asthma and respiratory tract infections, are important to reduce the negative impact on the quality of life of the patient and their relatives, and in medical costs. Specific allergen immunotherapy, in correctly selected patients, prevents new sensitizations and reduces bronchial hyperreactivity associated with AR. Taking into account all these reasons, the National Allergy Committee of the Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría proposes current evidence based recommendations

The effect of early radiofrequency turbinate reduction, intranasal steroid, and antihistamine H-1 on persistent allergic rhinitis: a randomized clinical trial

Abstract Objective: We aimed to evaluate the effect of radiofrequency turbinate reduction as an initial treatment on clinical improvement, inflammatory mediators, and remodeling process. Methods: Between July 2018- February 2020, 32 patients with moderate-severe persistent AR were randomly divided into 2 groups. Intervention group received radiofrequency turbinate reduction followed by intranasal steroid and Antihistamine H-1 (AH-1), control group received intranasal steroid and AH-1. Both groups were evaluated for clinical improvement (using visual analogue scale based on total nasal symptoms score, peak nasal inspiratory flow, and turbinate size using imageJ) after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. Inflammatory mediators (ELISA from nasal secretions was performed to measure ECP, IL-5, and HSP-70) and remodeling markers (nasal biopsy followed by immunohistochemistry examination was performed to evaluate MMP-9, TIMP-1, and PAI-1) were evaluated in week 4. Results: Three patients dropped out of the study, resulting in 16 patients in intervention group and 13 patients in control group. At week 4, clinical response improved significantly in the intervention group compared to control group (Chi-Square test, p<0.05). Compared to control, intervention group experienced a reduction of IL-5 and no significant change in ECP level (Mann Whitney test, p>0.05). Reduction in the ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1 were significantly higher in intervention group (unpaired t-test, p< 0,05). Meanwhile, increase in HSP-70 in the intervention group was slightly lower than in control group, but the difference with control group was not significant (Mann Whitney test, p>0.05). Conclusion: Early radiofrequency turbinate reduction followed by pharmacotherapy given to persistent moderate-severe AR patients give more improvement only in early clinical symptoms and reduce MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio, thus it might be suggested as one of the adjuvant therapies for the management of moderate-severe persistent AR. However, further investigation with a larger sample size and longer follow-up period is needed. Level of evidence: 1B.

Eficacia y seguridad de la combinación de dosis fija montelukast-desloratadina 10 mg/5 mg cápsula en adultos mexicanos con rinitis alérgica persistente: Estudio controlado, aleatorizado, doble ciego y multicéntrico / Efficacy and safety of fixed-dose combination of montelukast-desloratadine 10 mg/5 mg capsule in Mexican adults with persistent allergic rhinitis: A double blind, randomized, controlled and multicenter study

Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de la combinación de dosis fija montelukast/desloratadina 10mg/5mg cápsula versus la combinación de montelukast/loratadina 10 mg/10 mg tableta en adultos con diagnóstico de rinitis alérgica persistente. Material y métodos: El presente fue un estudio clínico aleatorizado, controlado, doble ciego, prospectivo, longitudinal, multicéntrico, con brazos paralelos. Sujetos con diag nóstico de rinitis alérgica persistente que cumplieran criterios de elegibilidad y firmaran consentimiento informado fueron enrolados para recibir uno de los dos tratamientos cada 24 horas vía oral durante 6 semanas. La eficacia se estableció mediante la evaluación clínica a través de escalas clínicas validadas en idioma español, siendo la variable primaria de eficacia la diferencia de puntuación del cuestionario SNOT-20 al final del tratamiento, mientras que la frecuencia y características de los eventos adversos fue considerada la variable de seguridad. Resultados: Se aleatorizaron 86 pacientes, 74 de ellos fueron analizados por protocolo. Los cuestionarios sobre síntomas de la enfermedad e indicadores de calidad de vida con ambos tratamientos mostraron que más del 90% de los pacientes no presentaron síntomas o solo fueron leves al final del estudio, por lo que ambos tratamientos me joraron significativamente (p < 0.05) la sintomatología de la enfermedad. Los eventos adversos presentados fueron leves a moderados. Conclusiones: El presente estudio demostró que la eficacia de montelukast/deslora tadina 10mg/5mg no es inferior al medicamento comparador. Por tanto, el tratamiento de prueba representa una alternativa eficaz y segura para el tratamiento de segunda línea de la rinitis alérgica persistente en pacientes que las monoterapias o primeras líneas de tratamiento no ofrecen mejoría clínicamente relevante.

Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the fixed dose combination of montelukast/desloratadine 10 mg/5 mg capsule versus the combination of montelukast/loratadine 10 mg/10 mg tablet in adults diagnosed with persistent allergic rhinitis. Materials and methods: The present study was a multicenter, controlled, prospective, longitudinal, randomized, double-blind clinical trial with parallel arms. Patients diagnosed with persistent allergic rhinitis who met eligibility criteria and signed informed consent were enrolled in the study to receive one of the two treatments every 24 hours orally for 6 weeks. Efficacy was established by clinical evaluation through clinical scales vali dated in Spanish, being the primary efficacy variable the difference in the score of the SNOT-20 (Sino-Nasal Outcome Test) questionnaire at the end of treatment; and the frequency and characteristics of adverse events were considered the safety variable. Results: 86 patients were randomized, 74 of which were analyzed per protocol. Ques tionnaires about the symptoms of the disease and quality of life indicators with both treatments showed that more than 90% of patients had mild symptoms or no symptoms at all at the end of the study. So, both treatments significantly improved (p < 0.05) the symptoms of the disease. Adverse events were mild to moderate. Conclusions: The present study showed that the efficacy of montelukast/desloratadine 10 mg/5 mg is not inferior to the comparator. Therefore, the study treatment represents an effective and safe alternative for the second-line treatment of persistent allergic rhinitis in patients in whom monotherapies or first-line treatments don't offer clinically relevant improvement.

Natural history and risk factors of IgE-mediated cow's milk protein allergy in infants / 中华儿科杂志

Objective: To investigate the natural history and risk factors for continued allergy in infants with IgE-mediated cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA). Methods: This was a prospective cohort study that included 72 infants under 24 months of age diagnosed with IgE-mediated CMPA in the allergy clinic of the Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics from October 2019 to November 2020. General information, clinical manifestations, serum total IgE, cow's milk specific IgE, and cow's milk protein component specific IgE were collected. Follow-ups were conducted at 24 and 36 months of age, and the patients were divided into the persistent allergy group and the tolerance group based on whether they developed cow's milk tolerance at 36 months of age. Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, and binary Logistic regression were used for intergroup comparison and multivariate analysis. Results: Among the 72 CMPA children, there were 42 boys and 30 girls, with an age of 10 (7, 15) months at enrollment. Cow's milk protein tolerance was observed in 32 cases (44%) and 46 cases (64%) at 24 and 36 months of age, respectively. There were 26 cases in the persistent allergy group and 46 cases in the tolerance group. The proportion of respiratory symptoms, history of wheezing, positive specific IgE for α-lactalbumin and the total IgE level in the persistent allergy group were higher than that in the tolerance group (7 cases (27%) vs. 0, 6 cases (23%) vs. 2 cases (4%), 67% (14/21) vs. 26% (10/39), 225 (151, 616) vs. 48 (21, 185) kU/L, χ2=10.82, 4.16, 9.57, Z=4.07, all P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that anaphylaxis (OR=21.14, 95%CI 2.55-175.14, P=0.005), a history of allergic rhinitis (OR=5.94, 95%CI 1.54-22.86, P=0.005), elevated milk specific IgE (OR=1.04, 95%CI 1.01-1.08, P=0.024), and positive casein specific IgE (OR=6.64, 95%CI 1.39-31.69, P=0.018) were risk factors for continuous CMPA. Conclusions: Most infants with IgE-mediated CMPA can achieve tolerance within 3 years. Anaphylaxis, a history of allergic rhinitis, elevated milk specific IgE levels, and casein sensitization are risk factors for continuous allergy.

Modified acupuncture at sphenopalatine ganglion for allergic rhinitis: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of modified acupuncture at sphenopalatine ganglion for allergic rhinitis (AR).@*METHODS@#A total of 80 patients with AR were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 40 cases in each group. In the observation group, modified acupuncture at sphenopalatine ganglion was given, 30 min each time, 2 times a week and with an interval of 3-4 days. In the control group, budesonide nasal spray was given. Both groups were treated for 4 weeks. The total nasal symptom score (TNSS) and total non-nasal symptom score (TNNSS) were observed before treatment, after first treatment, after last treatment and 4 weeks after treatment; the scores of visual analogue scale (VAS) and rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire (RQLQ) were observed before treatment, after last treatment and 4 weeks after treatment; the recurrence condition was evaluated 4 weeks after treatment; the clinical efficacy was evaluated after last treatment in the two groups.@*RESULTS@#Compared with before treatment, the total scores and each score of TNSS, TNNSS scores after first treatment, after last treatment and 4 weeks after treatment were decreased in both groups (P<0.01, P<0.05). After first treatment, the total score, stuffy nose score, itchy nose score of TNSS and TNNSS score in the observation group were lower than the control group (P<0.01, P<0.05). After last treatment, the total score, stuffy nose score, itchy nose score of TNSS in the observation group were lower than the control group (P<0.01). Four weeks after treatment, the total score and each score of TNSS, TNNSS score in the observation group were lower than the control group (P<0.01, P<0.05). Compared with before treatment, the scores of VAS and RQLQ after last treatment and 4 weeks after treatment were decreased in both groups (P<0.01), and those in the observation group were lower than the control group (P<0.01). The recurrence rate was 13.5% (5/37) in the observation group, which was lower than 44.8% (13/29) in the control group (P<0.01). The total effective rate was 92.5% (37/40) in the observation group, which was higher than 72.5% (29/40) in the control group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Modified acupuncture at sphenopalatine ganglion could effectively improve symptoms and quality of life in patients with AR, and the recurrence rate is lower.

Influence of the severity and treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma on SARS-CoV-2 infection / 中华预防医学杂志

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected 660 million people and resulted in 6.7 million deaths. At present, a variety of risk factors related to the severity of COVID-19 have been identified, but whether allergic rhinitis and asthma will affect SARS-CoV-2 infection remains controversial. In general, there is no sufficient evidence to support that allergic rhinitis or asthma is a risk factor for increasing the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection or aggravating the disease. Some studies even show that atopy may be a protective factor to alleviate SARS-CoV-2 infection, which is related to the decreased expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the receptor required for SARS-CoV-2 to enter cells, in atopic individuals. This paper reviews the influence of the severity and treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma on SARS-CoV-2 infection, in order to provide some references for establishing strategies for prevention, risk stratification and treatment of COVID-19.

Role of allergen immunotherapy in the prevention of allergic asthma / 中华预防医学杂志

The prevalence of allergic asthma is still increasing, which affects the quality of life of patients, threatens their lives, and brings enormous social and economic burden. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only treatment that can alter the progression of the "Atopic March". It has been widely used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis, and its role and effect in the treatment of allergic asthma have been gradually recognized. A few studies have shown that AIT may have a preventive effect on the development and progression of allergic asthma. In this article, the definition of tertiary prevention of allergic asthma is described, and the respective role of AIT in primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of allergic asthma is summarized and analyzed. The aim of this article is to provide evidence for the prevention and control of allergic asthma.

Analysis of big data characteristics of allergic rhinitis patients in Beijing City from 2016 to 2021 / 中华预防医学杂志

To explore the characteristics of big data of patients with allergic rhinitis, including the time, population and spatial distribution of allergic rhinitis in Beijing from 2016 to 2021, so as to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of this disease. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the distribution (including gender, age and location)and trend of allergic rhinitis patients in 30 pilot hospitals from January 2016 to December 2021, T test and Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test were used to test the statistical differences. The results showed that the number of patients with allergic rhinitis in 30 hospitals increased year by year from 2016 to 2019, with an increase of 97.9%. In 2020, the number of patients decreased. In 2021, the number of visits returned to the pre-epidemic level (461 332); The number of patients with allergic rhinitis was the highest in September, with a seasonal index of 177.6%, while the lowest number was in February, accounting for only 47.2%; a significant difference was observed in the number of patients in different age groups(H=45 319.48, P<0.05), and patients under 15 years old accounted for the highest proportion(819 284 visits); There were significant differences between patients of different genders in the 45-59 year old group (t=-4.26, P<0.05).There were relatively more patients with allergic rhinitis in Dongcheng District(31.1%) than in Huairou District and Miyun District (0.4%). In conclusion, since 2016, the number of patients increased significantly, with a varied trend in different seasons. Most patients were children. There were more patients in the central urban area than in the outer suburbs.

Research progress on the intrinsic relationship and mechanism between respiratory allergies and skin allergies / 中华预防医学杂志

Allergic disease is a systemic disease that affects multiple systems. Respiratory tract and skin are the most frequently involved organs of allergies, which include allergic rhinitis, asthma, acute and chronic urticaria, atopic dermatitis, etc.. They are closely correlated clinically. Respiratory allergies and skin allergies often occur in one patient in the form of synchronous occurrence, synchronous aggravation or mutual transfer of symptoms, and early atopic dermatitis in infants is an independent risk factor of respiratory allergy. Type Ⅰ hypersensitivity is the most common immunologic mechanism of respiratory and skin allergies, which are mediated by allergens induction, multiple immune cells and inflammatory cells involvement, and IgE medicated mast cell degranulation. This present article provides a brief review on the epidemiology, tissue origin, and pathogenesis of respiratory airway allergy and skin allergy, in order to provide new ideas and reference basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment and the development of allergic disease prevention strategies.

The similar characteristics of IgG4-related disease and allergic diseases / 中华预防医学杂志

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a chronic inflammation with fibrosis. About 30% to 40% of patients with IgG4-RD are complicated with atopic manifestations as allergic rhinitis and asthma, usually with elevated serum total immunoglobulin E and peripheral blood eosinophils, which are also of some value for predicting disease activity and relapse. Similar to allergic diseases, activation of type 2 inflammation is also observed in the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD, and eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL-33, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 all participate in the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD. Studies of susceptible genes showed that IgG4-RD and allergic disease shared the same susceptible genes. Monoclonal antibodies targeting type 2 inflammation pathway may become a novel choice for IgG4-RD treatment.

Study on the distribution pattern of allergen sIgE in patients with respiratory allergic diseases in a hospital in Shanxi Province / 中华预防医学杂志

To explore the allergen sensitization status of patients with respiratory allergic diseases in Shanxi Province, and to provide a basis for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of allergic diseases. It is a cross-sectional study, a total of 1 680 patients with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma diagnosed at the Department of Allergic Reaction of Shanxi Bethune Hospital from July 2021 to June 2023 who underwent allergen sIgE testing and/or skin prick test were retrospectively enrolled.There were 772 males and 908 females.The age range was 3 to 88 years. The median age was 35 years.There were 108 cases in the child group (≤12 years old), 102 cases in the adolescent group (13-17 years old), 819 cases in the youth group (18-40 years old), 498 cases in the middle-aged group (41-65 years old), and 153 cases in the elderly group (>65 years old). There were 333 cases in the allergic rhinitis group, 827 cases in the allergic asthma group, and 520 cases in the allergic rhinitis with asthma group. There were 1 254 urban patients and 426 rural patients.There were 253 cases in the northern Shanxi region, 1 195 cases in the central Shanxi region, and 232 cases in the southern Shanxi region. Statistical analyses were performed using the χ 2 test or Fisher's exact probability method to compare the differences in allergen sIgE positivity rates by sex, age, disease, living environment, and geography. The results showed that 1 027 patients (61.1%) were positive for at least one allergen sIgE, with Artemisia having the highest rate of positivity (603/1 680, 35.9%), followed by ragweed (302/1 680, 18.0%) and dust mite combinations (245/1 680, 14.6%). The number of individuals with single-allergen sIgE positivity was 357 (357/1 027, 34.8%), with the highest number of single-allergen sIgE positive results associated with Artemisia (114/357, 31.9%). The number of multiple-allergen sIgE positive results was 670 cases (670/1 027, 65.2%), with the highest number of patients having 2 allergen sIgE positive results (243/670, 36.3%). The overall positivity rate for allergen sIgE was significantly higher among males than among females (65.7% vs. 57.3%, χ2=12.405, P<0.001). Overall positivity for inhalant allergen sIgE was higher in the child and adolescent groups (88.0% vs. 88.2% vs. 59.8% vs. 40.2% vs. 19.0%, χ2=223.372, P<0.001), and food allergen sIgE positivity was highest in the child group (54.6% vs. 36.3% vs. 26.0% vs. 18.9% vs. 21.6%,χ2=66.383,P<0.001). The sIgE positivity rate of inhalant allergens was significantly higher in the allergic rhinitis group and the allergic rhinitis with asthma group than in the allergic asthma group, except for cockroaches and molds (P<0.05). The overall positive rate of allergen sIgE was significantly higher among urban patients than among rural patients (66.2% vs. 46.2%, χ2=53.230, P<0.001). The difference in the overall positive rate of allergen sIgE among patients from different regions was not statistically significant (56.1% vs. 62.0% vs. 62.1%, χ2=3.140, P=0.208). The sIgE positivity of dust mite combinations was significantly higher in the central Shanxi region and the southern Shanxi region than in the northern Shanxi region (15.5% vs. 18.1% vs. 7.1%,χ2=14.411, P=0.001). In conclusion, artemisia was the most important sensitizer for respiratory allergic diseases in Shanxi Province. The types of allergens and positivity rates were different for different sexes, ages, diseases, living environments, and regions. Therefore, patients with allergic diseases should be tested for allergens to help with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of allergic diseases.

Preliminary analysis of seasonal pollen allergens of allergic rhinitis in a hospital of Nanchang City / 中华预防医学杂志

The study was aimed to analyze the seasonal pollen allergen spectrum of patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) in Nanchang city, and to provide evidence for improving the clinical diagnosis, treatment, prevention and epidemiology of seasonal AR. A retrospective analysis was conducted on the results of skin prick test (SPT) among 1 752 patients with AR in outpatient at Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from September 2020 to August 2021 (a total of 1 069 males and 683 females, age ranged from 2 to 84 years old). SPSS 22.0 software was used to analyze the positive rates of main allergens and their differences in gender, age, and month of visit. Differences among groups were compared by student t test, Wilcox rank sum test, or χ2 test. The results showed that among 1 752 SPT-positive patients, the number of simple seasonal AR and the number of perennial combined seasonal AR were 102 (5.82%) and 281 (16.04%), respectively. There was no significant difference between male and female patients in positive seasonal pollen allergens (χ2=2.181, P>0.05), but the positive rate of indoor seasonal pollen allergens in males was higher than that in females (χ2=7.901, P<0.05). The seasonal pollen allergens ranking top 5 of the positive rates were willow (6.62%, 116/1 752), humulus scandens (5.71%, 100/1 752), rape (5.54%, 97/1 752), grey pigweed (4.62%, 81/1 752) and birch (3.60%, 63/1 752). The positive rates of indoor and seasonal pollen allergens increased first and then decreased in different age groups, and the highest positive rates of seasonal pollen allergens were in the age group of 31-40 years old, with statistical significance compared with other groups (χ2=61.269, P<0.05). The seasonal allergen positive rate showed two peaks in time: March to May and September to November. The positive rate of pollen in spring was 60.27% (132/219), which was significantly higher than that in autumn (39.73%,87/219) (χ2=9.247, P<0.05). The positive rate of pollen combination in spring and autumn was 68.29% (112/164), which was significantly higher than that in spring and autumn alone (18.9%,31/164) and (12.8%, 21/164) (χ2=14.731, P<0.05). In summary, pollen allergy in Nanchang City cannot be ignored, accounting for more than 20% of the total number of AR. The incidence of seasonal AR in Nanchang City showed two peaks (March to May and September to November). The common allergens for seasonal AR in Nanchang City were willow, humulus scandens, rape, grey chenopods and birch.

Efficacy observation and compliance analysis of pollen allergen drops in seasonal allergic rhinitis / 中华预防医学杂志

To study the efficacy and compliance analysis of pollen allergen drops in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. The method of single-center controlled was used to analyze the dates' results. From July 2021 to September 2021, 80 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis were referred to the clinic of otorhinolaryngology in First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University.40 patients received sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT group), and the other 40 patients received symptomatic drug treatment as the control group. The total rhinoconjunctivitis symptom score (TRSS), the visual analogue scale(VAS), total medication score (TMS) and combined scores of medication and rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms (CSMRS) of the patient before the start of the treatment and after the first year of the treatment were compared to assess the efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy of Artemisia pollen. Follow the shedding during the study, the safety of the drug and the causes for compliance analysis were analyzed and recorded. The results of comparison with TRSS, VAS, TMS and CSMRS in two groups in the period of pretherapy were as follows: TRSS(12.393±3.023, 12.450±3.029, t=-0.077, P=0.939), VAS(8.357±1.026, 8.400±0.982, t=-0.173, P=0.862), TMS(3.214±0.568, 3.175±0.501, t=0.301, P=0.764), CSMRS (5.286±0.680, 5.253±0.677, t=0.199, P=0.843), there was no significant difference (P>0.05); lower observed symptom scores were got in the post-treatment pollen peak SLIT group compared to the control group, TRSS(3.964±1.551, 7.750±2.169, t=-7.918, P<0.05), VAS(2.893±0.956, 5.175±1.481, t=-8.286, P<0.05), TMS (1.821±0.863, 3.175±0.501, t=-8.163, P<0.05), CSMRS (2.489±0.921, 4.468±0.601, t=-10.723, P<0.05), and the differences between the groups were statistically significant (P<0.05); the SLIT group significantly reduced all symptom scores at the first peak compared to the starting, TRSS(12.393±3.023, 3.964±1.551, t=20.576, P<0.05), VAS (8.357±1.026, 2.893±0.956, t=30.070, P<0.05), TMS (3.214±0.568, 1.821±0.863, t=7.151, P<0.05), CSMRS(5.286±0.680, 2.489±0.921, t=14.533, P<0.05) and there was statistical difference (P<0.05). No significant adverse reactions occured during medication in the SLIT group. A total of 12 cases were shed in the SLIT group, so the compliance rate was 70%. The four reasons were that patients considered the course was long (4 cases, 33%); the drugs were expensive (3 cases, 25%); patients were busy with their work and life (3 cases, 25%); patients were affected by the outbreak (2 cases, 17%). In summary, Artemisia pollen sublingual drops may improve the symptoms of the patients who got allergic rhinitis caused by Artemisia pollen after the treatment for one year. However, due to the lack of sufficient understanding of immunotherapy or the difficulty in adhering to standardized medication, the compliance with sublingual immunotherapy is still poor, the compliance with sublingual immunotherapy needs to be further improved through patient education.

Influence of the severity and treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma on SARS-CoV-2 infection / 中华预防医学杂志

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected 660 million people and resulted in 6.7 million deaths. At present, a variety of risk factors related to the severity of COVID-19 have been identified, but whether allergic rhinitis and asthma will affect SARS-CoV-2 infection remains controversial. In general, there is no sufficient evidence to support that allergic rhinitis or asthma is a risk factor for increasing the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection or aggravating the disease. Some studies even show that atopy may be a protective factor to alleviate SARS-CoV-2 infection, which is related to the decreased expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the receptor required for SARS-CoV-2 to enter cells, in atopic individuals. This paper reviews the influence of the severity and treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma on SARS-CoV-2 infection, in order to provide some references for establishing strategies for prevention, risk stratification and treatment of COVID-19.

Role of allergen immunotherapy in the prevention of allergic asthma / 中华预防医学杂志

The prevalence of allergic asthma is still increasing, which affects the quality of life of patients, threatens their lives, and brings enormous social and economic burden. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only treatment that can alter the progression of the "Atopic March". It has been widely used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis, and its role and effect in the treatment of allergic asthma have been gradually recognized. A few studies have shown that AIT may have a preventive effect on the development and progression of allergic asthma. In this article, the definition of tertiary prevention of allergic asthma is described, and the respective role of AIT in primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of allergic asthma is summarized and analyzed. The aim of this article is to provide evidence for the prevention and control of allergic asthma.

Analysis of big data characteristics of allergic rhinitis patients in Beijing City from 2016 to 2021 / 中华预防医学杂志

To explore the characteristics of big data of patients with allergic rhinitis, including the time, population and spatial distribution of allergic rhinitis in Beijing from 2016 to 2021, so as to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of this disease. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the distribution (including gender, age and location)and trend of allergic rhinitis patients in 30 pilot hospitals from January 2016 to December 2021, T test and Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test were used to test the statistical differences. The results showed that the number of patients with allergic rhinitis in 30 hospitals increased year by year from 2016 to 2019, with an increase of 97.9%. In 2020, the number of patients decreased. In 2021, the number of visits returned to the pre-epidemic level (461 332); The number of patients with allergic rhinitis was the highest in September, with a seasonal index of 177.6%, while the lowest number was in February, accounting for only 47.2%; a significant difference was observed in the number of patients in different age groups(H=45 319.48, P<0.05), and patients under 15 years old accounted for the highest proportion(819 284 visits); There were significant differences between patients of different genders in the 45-59 year old group (t=-4.26, P<0.05).There were relatively more patients with allergic rhinitis in Dongcheng District(31.1%) than in Huairou District and Miyun District (0.4%). In conclusion, since 2016, the number of patients increased significantly, with a varied trend in different seasons. Most patients were children. There were more patients in the central urban area than in the outer suburbs.

Research progress on the intrinsic relationship and mechanism between respiratory allergies and skin allergies / 中华预防医学杂志

Allergic disease is a systemic disease that affects multiple systems. Respiratory tract and skin are the most frequently involved organs of allergies, which include allergic rhinitis, asthma, acute and chronic urticaria, atopic dermatitis, etc.. They are closely correlated clinically. Respiratory allergies and skin allergies often occur in one patient in the form of synchronous occurrence, synchronous aggravation or mutual transfer of symptoms, and early atopic dermatitis in infants is an independent risk factor of respiratory allergy. Type Ⅰ hypersensitivity is the most common immunologic mechanism of respiratory and skin allergies, which are mediated by allergens induction, multiple immune cells and inflammatory cells involvement, and IgE medicated mast cell degranulation. This present article provides a brief review on the epidemiology, tissue origin, and pathogenesis of respiratory airway allergy and skin allergy, in order to provide new ideas and reference basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment and the development of allergic disease prevention strategies.

The similar characteristics of IgG4-related disease and allergic diseases / 中华预防医学杂志

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a chronic inflammation with fibrosis. About 30% to 40% of patients with IgG4-RD are complicated with atopic manifestations as allergic rhinitis and asthma, usually with elevated serum total immunoglobulin E and peripheral blood eosinophils, which are also of some value for predicting disease activity and relapse. Similar to allergic diseases, activation of type 2 inflammation is also observed in the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD, and eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL-33, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 all participate in the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD. Studies of susceptible genes showed that IgG4-RD and allergic disease shared the same susceptible genes. Monoclonal antibodies targeting type 2 inflammation pathway may become a novel choice for IgG4-RD treatment.