Water depths and nitrogen rates on sugarcane growth and dry biomass accumulation

Irrigation and soil fertilization management are essential agricultural practices that improve the growth and development of sugarcane plants and, consequently, increase their production capacity, which is important for sugar and alcohol productions. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of water depths and nitrogen rates on the growth and dry biomass accumulation of sugarcane plants. The treatments consisted in four water depths (1,498; 1,614; 1,739; and 1,854 mm), five nitrogen rates (0; 20; 40; 80; and 120 kg ha-1) and five evaluation times. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with a split-split-plot arrangement and four replications, including the factors water depths, nitrogen rates, and days after planting. The dry biomasses of the plant pointer, leaves and culms, culm diameter, plant height, and number of plants were analyzed. The application of nitrogen increased the sugarcane biomass, mainly the pointer (with leaves) and dry culm biomass, and the number of plants. The highest dry culm biomass accumulation and dry leaf biomass were found at the end of the crop cycle for the treatment with the application of nitrogen rates of 80 and 120 kg ha-1. The increases in water depths applied increased the number of plants per linear meter, but the culm and dry leaf biomass did not happen.

Shoot and root interference of morning glory on the initial growth of sugarcane

ABSTRACT Among weeds, morning glories comprise a very important group of climbing plants that infest sugarcane crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the shoot and root interference of Merremia cissoides on the initial growth of sugarcane cultivar RB 966928. The experiment consisted of five treatment groups: (i) sugarcane monocropping, (ii) morning glory monocropping, (iii) sugarcane intertwined with morning glory but inseparate boxes, (iv) sugarcane intertwined with morning glory in attached boxes and (v) sugarcane with morning glory in attached boxes with morning glory prevented from intertwining with the sugarcane. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with four replicates. Merremia cissoides adversely affected the initial growth of the RB 966928 sugarcane starting at 90 days after transplanting (DAT). This effect increased with the time of intercropping, reaching at 180 DAT with a reduction of 57.3% in height,15.5% in stalk diameter, 90.4% in leaf areas, 86.6 and 75.2% in stalk and leaf dry mass, respectively. These reductions primarily due to the weed intertwining with the sugarcane plants because the weed had a physical choking and shading effect. This negative effect of morning glory on the sugarcane plants increased when they shared the substrate (i.e., when they competed for space and water), which also adversely affected weed growth, reducing 50.2% leaf areas and 42.1% shoot dry mass. The leaf area and the stalk and leaf dry mass of sugarcane are the characteristics more sensitive to the weed interference. Thus, both the shoot and root of M. cissoides interferes negatively in the growth of sugarcane, with the effect proportional to the period of coexistence, highlighting the detrimental effect on the stem (greater economic interest), and may also compromise the mechanical harvesting of the crop.

Interação entre nematicidas e herbicidas pré-emergentes no desenvolvimento inicial da cultura da cana-de-açúcar / Interaction between nematicides and pre-emergent herbicide in the initial development of sugar cane / Interacción entre nematicidas y herbicidas pre emergentes en el desarrollo inicial de la cultura de caña de azúcar

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a interação do herbicida tebuthiuron (Combine® 500 SC), com nematicidas carbofuram (Furadan® 350 SC) e benfuracarbe (Pottente®), aplicados no plantio da cultura da cana-de-açúcar (RB 867515). O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação da Universidade Paranaense, em Umuarama ­ PR, no período de abril a agosto de 2014. Foi instalado em vasos com capacidade para 4,5 L, contendo uma planta por vaso, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos testemunha (T1), sem aplicação de produtos; aplicação isolada de carbofuran (T2); aplicação isolada de benfuracarbe (T3); aplicação isolada de tebuthiuron (T4); aplicação combinada de carbofuran e tebuthiuron (T5) e aplicação combinada de benfuracarbe e tebuthiuron (T6). O experimento foi submetido a duas avaliações, 45 e 90 dias após o plantio (DAP) sendo que na primeira, as variáveis avaliadas foram altura da parte aérea, número de folhas e número de plantas daninhas por vaso, e, na segunda, altura da parte aérea; número de folhas; número de plantas daninhas; massa fresca e seca da parte aérea; massa fresca do sistema radicular; população final total de nematoides por vaso, calculada pelo somatório de nematoides nas raízes e solo. Quanto ao número de folhas, o tratamento T4 demonstrou fitotoxicidade aos 45 DAP. Os tratamentos T3, T5 e T6 apresentaram as maiores massa fresca e seca da parte área da cana, demonstraram ausência de interação antagônica entre as combinações do herbicida com os nematicidas aos 90 DAP. Os tratamentos T3 e T5 foram eficientes no controle populacional de P. zeae.(AU)

The aim of the study was to evaluate the interaction of the herbicide tebuthiuron (Combine® SC 500), with the following nematicides: carbofuran (350 Furadan® SC) and benfuracarb (Pottente®) applied during the planting of cane sugar (RB 867515). The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Universidade Paranaense in Umuarama - PR, from April to August 2014. The crop was started in 4.5-L vases containing one plant per vase, in a completely randomized design with six treatments and four replications, namely control treatments (T1), with no application of products; isolated application of carbofuran (T2); isolated application of benfuracarb (T3); isolated application of tebuthiuron (T4); combined application of carbofuran and tebuthiuron (T5) and combined application of benfuracarb and tebuthiuron (T6). The experiment was submitted to two assessments, at 45 and 90 days after planting (DAP). On the first assessment, the variables analyzed were shoot height, number of leaves and number of weeds per vase. The second assessment analyzed shoot height; number of leaves; number of weeds; fresh and dry weight of shoot; fresh weight of the root system; total final population of nematodes per vase, calculated by the sum of nematodes in the roots and soil. Regarding the number of leaves, the T4 treatment showed phytotoxicity at 45 DAP. The T3, T5 and T6 treatments had the highest fresh and dry weight of the aerial part of the sugar cane; with absence of antagonistic interaction between the combinations of herbicide and nematicides at 90 DAP. The T3 and T5 treatments were effective in controlling the population of P. zeae.(AU)

El objetivo del estudio ha sido evaluar la interacción del herbicida tebuthiuron (Combine® 500 SC), con nematicidas carbofuram (Furadan® 350 SC) y benfuracarbe (Pottente®), aplicados en plantío de caña de azúcar (RB 867515). El experimento ha sido dirigido en el área de vegetación de la Universidad Paranaense, en Umuarama - PR, en el período de abril a agosto de 2014. Se ha instalado en floreros con capacidad para 4,5 L, conteniendo una planta por florero, en delineamiento enteramente casualizado, con seis tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones, siendo los tratamientos testigo (T1), sin aplicación de productos; aplicación aislada de carbofuran (T2); aplicación aislada de benfuracarbe (T3); aplicación aislada de tebuthiuron (T4); aplicación combinada de carbofuran y tebuthiuron (T5) y aplicación combinada de benfuracarbe y tebuthiuron (T6). El experimento ha sido sometido a dos evaluaciones, 45 y 90 días después del plantío (DAP) siendo que en la primera, las variables evaluadas fue la altura de la parte aérea, número de hojas y el número de plantas dañinas por florero, y, en la segunda, altura de la parte aérea, número de hojas, número de plantas dañinas; masa fresca y seca de la parte aérea; masa fresca del sistema radicular; población final total de nematodos por florero, calculado por la suma de nematodos en las raíces y suelo. Cuanto al número de hojas, el tratamiento T4 demostró citotoxicidad a los 45 DAP. Los tratamientos T3, T5 y T6 presentaron mayor masa fresca y seca en la parte aérea de la caña, demostraron ausencia de interacción antagónica entre las combinaciones de los herbicidas con los nematicidas a los 90 DAP. Los tratamientos T3 y T5 fueron eficientes en el control poblacional de P. zeae.(AU)

Where is sugarcane cropping expanding in the brazilian cerrado, and why? A case study

ABSTRACT Sugarcane growing area in Brazil sharply expanded between 2000 and 2010 due to the increasing world demand for sugar and ethanol. Since this expansion of sugarcane is said to occur in areas covered by degraded pastures, it is likely not threatening the environment or food production. In order to verify this assumption, we investigate at farm and field levels which types of land use sugarcane cropping replaced between 2005 and 2010 and the reasons for farmers shifting or not shifting to sugarcane, as a case study in two counties in the state of Goiás. Within the studied period, sugarcane cropping expansion was related to large farms, lower risk perceived by farmers, and higher profitability compared with soybean and beef cattle-raising. For smallholders, particularly dairy farmers, the need to comply with the set-aside rules under Brazilian Forest Code (Código Florestal Brasileiro) made a shift to sugarcane less attractive, as it would have forced them to reduce farm cultivable area, with loss of incomes. From 30,408 ha under sugarcane surveyed, 45.7% had used to be pastures, 31% had previously been pastures rotated with soybean and maize, and 23.3% had been cropped exclusively with soybean or maize.

Sugarcane trash levels in soil affects the fungi but not bacteria in a short-term field experiment

Abstract The sugarcane in Brazil is passing through a management transition that is leading to the abolition of pre-harvest burning. Without burning, large amounts of sugarcane trash is generated, and there is a discussion regarding the utilization of this biomass in the industry versus keeping it in the field to improve soil quality. To study the effects of the trash removal on soil quality, we established an experimental sugarcane plantation with different levels of trash over the soil (0%, 50% and 100% of the original trash deposition) and analyzed the structure of the bacterial and fungal community as the bioindicators of impacts. The soil DNA was extracted, and the microbial community was screened by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis in two different seasons. Our results suggest that there are no effects from the different levels of trash on the soil chemistry and soil bacterial community. However, the fungal community was significantly impacted, and after twelve months, the community presented different structures among the treatments.

The effect of spectral light quality on in vitro culture of sugarcane / Efeito da qualidade espectral da luz no cultivo in vitro de cana-de-açúcar

The effects of different light quality treatments on in vitro growth and multiplication of sugarcane (RB867515) were investigated. The plantlets were cultivated on MS medium containing 1.3 µM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and exposed to five light treatments: three combinations of blue/red LED (70:30, 50:50, 30:70), white-LED and fluorescent lamps, during 24 days. Among the LED light treatments, blue/red combination in 50:50 proportions proved to have the best results for stem length, fresh mass, leaf number and shoot multiplication. Higher content of photosynthetic pigments was also obtained with LEDs. Results suggested that the light quality emitted by LEDs was suitable for plant growth and development and it may be used as alternative and economic light source for micropropagation of sugarcane variety under analysis.

Foram investigados os efeitos de diferentes tratamentos de qualidade da luz sobre o crescimento e multiplicação in vitro de cana-de-açúcar (RB867515). As plantas foram cultivadas em meio MS contendo 1,3 µ M de 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP) e expostas a cinco tratamentos de luz: três combinações de LED azul/vermelho (70:30, 50:50, 30:70), LED branco e lâmpadas fluorescentes, durante 24 dias. Entre os tratamentos de luz de LED, a combinação azul/vermelho na proporção 50:50 apresentou os melhores resultados para altura, massa fresca, número de folhas e multiplicação de brotos. Maior teor de pigmentos fotossintéticos também foi obtido com a utilização de LEDs. Os resultados sugerem que a qualidade da luz emitida pelos LEDs foi adequada para o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas e pode ser utilizada como fonte de luz alternativa e econômica para a micropropagação da variedade de cana-de-açúcar estudada.

La disminución de la población de Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus en caña de azúcar, después de la fertilización nitrogenada, está relacionada con la fisiología de las plantas en experimentos de raíz dividida / The decrease in the population of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus in sugarcane after nitrogen fertilization is related to plant physiology in split root experiments

It has been established that a decrease in the population of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus associated with sugarcane occurs after nitrogen fertilization. This fact could be due to a direct influence of NH4NO3 on bacterial cells or to changes in plant physiology after fertilizer addition, affecting bacterial establishment. In this work, we observed that survival of G. diazotrophicus was directly influenced when 44.8 mM of NH4NO3 (640 mg N/plant) was used for in vitro experiments. Furthermore, micropropagated sugarcane plantlets were inoculated with G. diazotrophicus and used for split root experiments, in which both ends of the system were fertilized with a basal level of NH4NO3 (0.35 mM; 10 mg N/plant). Twenty days post inoculation (dpi) one half of the plants were fertilized with a high dose of NH4NO3 (6.3 mM; 180 mg N/plant) on one end of the system. This nitrogen level was lower than that directly affecting G. diazotrophicus cells; however, it caused a decrease in the bacterial population in comparison with control plants fertilized with basal nitrogen levels. The decrease in the population of G. diazotrophicus was higher in pots fertilized with a basal nitrogen level when compared with the corresponding end supplied with high levels of NH4NO3 (100 dpi; 80 days post fertilization) of the same plant system. These observations suggest that the high nitrogen level added to the plants induce systemic physiological changes that affect the establishment of G. diazotrophicus.

La población de Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus asociada a la caña de azúcar disminuye después de la fertilización nitrogenada, lo cual podría ocurrir por la influencia directa del NH4NO3 sobre la supervivencia bacteriana, o por cambios en la fisiología de las plantas, que impiden el establecimiento bacteriano. En el presente trabajo se observó que en experimentos in vitro la supervivencia de G. diazotrophicus fue influenciada por 44,8 mM de NH4NO3 (640 mg N/plant). Además, G. diazotrophicus fue inoculado en plántulas micropropagadas de caña de azúcar, que fueron usadas para realizar experimentos de raíz dividida, en las que ambos extremos de los sistemas se fertilizaron con un nivel basal de NH4NO3 (0,35 mM; 10 mg N/planta). A los 20 días posteriores a la inoculación (dpi), la mitad de plantas fueron fertilizadas en uno de sus extremos con una dosis elevada de NH4NO3 (6,3 mM; 180 mg of N/plant). Este nivel fue menor al que afectó directamente a las células de G. diazotrophicus; sin embargo, provocó una disminución de la población bacteriana en comparación con plantas testigo fertilizadas con niveles basales de nitrógeno. La disminución de la población fue mayor para raíces fertilizadas con un nivel basal de nitrógeno en comparación con las raíces fertilizadas con altos niveles del mismo sistema de plantas (100 dpi; 80 días posfertilización). Estas observaciones indican que el alto nivel de nitrógeno añadido a las plantas inducen cambios fisiológicos sistémicos que afectan el establecimiento de G. diazotrophicus.

Caracterización morfológica y molecular de aislados de Macrophomina phaseolina asociados a caña de azúcar en México / Morphological and molecular characterization of isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina associated with sugarcane in Mexico

La pudrición carbonosa, causada por Macrophomina phaseolina, es una enfermedad importante de la caña de azúcar en México. Este estudio se realizó con el objetivo de caracterizar aislados de M. phaseolina obtenidos de caña de azúcar mediante análisis morfológicos y moleculares. La caracterización morfológica de 10 aislados se llevó a cabo con el uso de microscopia electrónica de barrido y microscopia de luz. Para confirmar la identificación, se extrajo el ADNr de 2 aislados representativos, y la región del espaciador interno transcrito (ITS) se amplificó mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa y se secuenció usando los iniciadores específicos MpKF1 y MpKR1. Los aislados se identificaron como M. phaseolina con base en la morfología. El análisis de secuencias ITS mostró 100% de similitud con las secuencias de M. phaseolina depositadas en el GenBank. Para nuestro conocimiento, este es el primer estudio del mundo enfocado a caracterizar aislados de M. phaseolina obtenidos de caña de azúcar

Charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina is an important disease of sugarcane in Mexico. This study was carried out to characterize isolates of M. phaseolina obtained from sugarcane by the combination of morphological and molecular analyses. The morphological characterization of 10 isolates was performed using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. To confirm the morphological identification, rDNA from two representative isolates was extracted, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced using specific primers MpKF1 and MpKR1. Based on their morphological characteristics, all isolates were identified as M. phaseolina. Moreover, the analysis of two ITS sequences showed 100% similarity with the M. phaseolina sequences deposited in the GenBank. To our knowledge, this is the first study in the world aimed at characterizing isolates of M. phaseolina obtained from sugarcane

Efeitos de herbicidas na atividade da microbiota rizosférica e no crescimento da cana-de-açùcar / Herbicide effects on the atividadade rhizospheric microbial and growth of sugar cane

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar os efeitos de herbicidas na atividade da microbiota rizosférica e no crescimento da cana-de-açúcar. Para isso, sete herbicidas (tembotrione, MSMA, diuron+hexazinone, sulfentrazone, trifloxysulfuron-sodiun, tebuthiuron e clomazone) foram aplicados em pós-emergência da cana-de-açúcar cultivada em vaso contendo 12 dm3 de substrato (solo + fertilizantes). Foram avaliados os efeitos desses produtos na evolução do CO2 do solo (C-CO2), no carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM), no quociente metabólico (qCO2), na atividade da enzima fosfomonoesterase ácida do solo rizosférico em amostras de solo coletadas aos 44 dias após aplicação dos herbicidas (DAT) e os efeitos no crescimento aos 77 DAT. Inicialmente os herbicidas MSMA, clomazone, sulfentrazone e trifloxysulfuron-sodium causaram intoxicação à cultura. Todavia, apenas nas plantas tratadas com o trifloxysulfuron-sodium esses sintomas permaneceram visíveis no momento da colheita do experimento. Quanto aos efeitos dos herbicidas sobre a atividade da microbiota rizoférica da cana-de-açúcar, o sulfentrazone e tebuthiuron reduziram a C-CO2 e o MSMA, tebuthiuron e clomazone reduziram o CBM do solo. O clomazone foi o herbicida que causou o maior impacto na atividade da microbiota, pois aumentou o valor do qCO2. Por outro lado, o sulfentrazone reduziu os valores dessa variável, contribuindo para o equilíbrio da microbiota no solo. Não houve influência dos herbicidas na atividade da fosfomonoesterase ácida do solo rizosférica da cana-de-açúcar.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of herbicides used in their recommended doses, on the activity of the microbiota and sugar cane growth. For this, seven herbicides (tembotrione, MSMA, hexazinone + diuron, sulfentrazone, trifloxysulfuron-sodiun, and tebuthiuron cloamzone) were applied in pots containing 12 dm3 substrate (soil + fertilizer) at 50 days after sugarcane planting. The effects of these products on the evolution of soil CO2 (CO2-C), in the microbial biomass carbon (MBC), metabolic quotient (qCO2), enzyme activity in the rhizosphere acid phosphomonoesterase in rhizosphere soil samples collected at 44 days after herbicide application (DAT) and the growth effects at 77 DAT. Initially herbicides MSMA, clomazone, sulfentrazone and trifloxysulfuron-sodium caused poisoning in culture. However, only plants treated with trifloxysulfuron-sodium, these symptoms remained visible at harvest of the experiment. The effects of herbicides on microbial activity rizoferica of sugar cane, sulfentrazone and tebuthiuron reduced CO2-C and MSMA herbicide clomazone and reduced the CBM soil. The herbicide clomazone was that caused the greatest impact on microbial activity because of the increased value qCO2. Moreover, the sulfentrazone reduced values of that variable, contributing to the balance of microflora in the soil. No influence of herbicides on the activity of acid phosphomonoesterase rhizospheric on the sugarcane soil.

Desenvolvimento e crescimento foliar e produtividade de cana-de-açúcar em cultivo de cana-planta e de cana-soca / Leaf development and growth, and yield of sugarcane clones from plant crop and ratoom crop

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar o filocrono, as relações alométricas entre crescimento e desenvolvimento foliar e a produtividade de três clones de cana-de-açúcar em cultivo de cana-planta e cana-soca de um ano em ambiente subtropical. Um experimento de campo foi conduzido durante dois anos (2008 a 2010), em Santa Maria, RS. Os clones de cana-de-açúcar utilizados foram: IAC 822045 (ciclo precoce), SP 711406 (ciclo médio) e CB 4176 (ciclo tardio). O delineamento experimental foi Blocos ao Acaso com quatro repetições. Calculou-se o filocrono (°C dia folha-1) com número de folhas (NF) menor que 15 (FILO≤15), maior que 15 folhas (FILO>15) e com todas as folhas (FILOtotal). Ajustaram-se modelos não lineares do tipo potência para a área foliar acumulada (AF) versus o NF no colmo. O filocrono variou durante o ciclo de desenvolvimento da cana-de-açúcar aumentando na sequência FILO≤15 > FILOtotal > FILO>15. O filocrono da cana-planta é menor que o filocrono da cana-soca de um ano para as primeiras 15 folhas. O modelo potência é apropriado para caracterizar a relação alométrica entre a evolução da área foliar verde acumulada a partir do número de folhas acumulado no colmo principal. O clone de ciclo médio tem maior produtividade em cultivo de cana-soca.

The objectives of this study were to determinate the phyllochron, allometric relationships between leaf growth and development, and crop yield of three sugarcane clones in plant and first year ratooning crop in subtropical environment. A two-year field experiment was conducted at the experimental area of Santa Maria, RS, during 2008-2010. Three sugarcane clones were used: IAC 822045 (early), SP 711406 (medium) and CB 4176 (late). Experimental design was a complete randomized block with four replications. Phyllochron (°C day leaf-1) was calculated considering leaf number (LN) lower than 15 (PHYLearly), greater than 15 leaves (PHYLlate) and for the entire LN (PHYLentire). A power-type nonlinear model was fit for cumulative leaf area (LA) versus LN. Phyllochron varied during the development cycle of sugarcane increasing in the sequence PHYLearly>PHYLentire>PHYLlate. The phyllochron of plant crop is lower than phyllochron of ratoon crop for the first 15 leaves. The power model is appropriate to characterize the allometric relationship between the evolution of accumulated green area as a function of accumulated main stem leaf number. The medium clone has a higher productivity in the ratoon crop.

Variáveis agronômicas e químicas e degradabilidade ruminal da cana-de-açúcar / Agronomic and chemical variables and sugarcane ruminal degradability

Objetivou-se avaliar a variabilidade do valor nutritivo entre cultivares de cana-de-açúcar, estimar a correlação entre digestibilidade e produtividade da planta e definir características químicas e agronômicas mais correlacionadas ao valor nutritivo. Vinte cultivares de cana-de-açúcar foram cultivados em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em Campos, RJ, Brasil. As plantas foram colhidas com Brix superior a 18 por cento, a partir de 370 dias do corte da segunda soca. Características agronômicas e químicas e as degradabilidades ruminais in situ da FDN e da MS foram avaliadas. A produtividade foi 21,2±5,7t de MS/ha, e a degradabilidade ruminal da MS (DEG MS) foi 57,1±2,6 por cento do incubado (média±DP). A degradabilidade ruminal da FDN foi 19,8±2,42 por cento do incubado. Nenhuma variável avaliada foi correlacionada à degradabilidade da FDN (P>0,10). Obter cultivares que conciliam alta produtividade com alta DEG MS é viável, pois a correlação tanto fenotípica quanto genética entre esses caracteres foi pequena. A h2 para a DEG MS foi superior a 85 por cento. Variáveis indiretamente correlacionadas à DEG MS tiveram menor h2 que o desta variável. Canas com baixo conteúdo de fibra, com colmos curtos e com alta relação entre colmos e folhas, foram mais digestíveis...

The objective was to evaluate the variability of nutritive value among sugarcane cultivars, to estimate the correlation between plant digestibility and productivity, and to define agronomical and chemical traits most correlated with nutritive value. Twenty sugarcane cultivars were cultivated in a completely randomized block design with four replicates in Campos, RJ, Brazil. Plants were harvested when the Brix was superior to 18 percent, starting at 370 days after the second ratoon cut. Agronomical and chemical traits and the ruminal NDF and DM in situ degradability were evaluated. Productivity was 21.2±5.7t of DM/ha and ruminal DM degradability (DM DEG) was 57.1±2.6 percent of incubated (mean±SD). Ruminal NDF degradability was 19.8±2.42 percent of incubated, and none of the variables evaluated were correlated to the NDF degradability (P>0.10). Obtaining cultivars that conciliate high productivity to high digestibility is feasible, since the phenotypic and the genetic correlation between these traits were low. The estimated h2 for the DM DEG was superior to 85 percent. Variables indirectly correlated to the digestibility had smaller h2 than the one for this variable. Sugarcane with low fiber content, short stalk length and high stalk to leaves ratio were more digestible...

Ovinos alimentados com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar tratado com amônia anidra / Sheep fed with sugarcane bagasse treated with anhydrous ammonia / Ovinos alimentados con bagazo de caña de azúcar tratado con amoníaco anhidro

Entre os co-produtos existentes, o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar merece destaque, visto que são produzidas, anualmente no país, cerca de 75 milhões de toneladas por ano. Este bagaço proveniente de usinas de açúcar, álcool ou aguardente constitui um problema, por ser pouco utilizado, sendo muitas vezes queimado ao ar livre, enquanto poderia ser usado na alimentação de ruminantes. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da adição da amônia anidra (NH3 ) sobre o valor nutritivo do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) em quatro carneiros adultos machos, castrados, sem raça definida, com peso inicial de 40,75 kg mantidos em gaiolas individuais de metabolismo, com sal mineralizado e água ad libitum. Quatro dietas isoproteicas, foram testadas e fornecidas aos animais em um delineamento em quadrado latino 4x4, sendo: Dieta 1 – Bagaço de cana-de-açúcar “in natura”, Dieta 2 - Bagaço de cana-de-açúcar + 2% de NH3 , com base na matéria seca (MS), Dieta 3 - Bagaço de cana-de-açúcar + 3% de NH3 , com base na MS, Dieta 4 - Bagaço de cana-de-açúcar + 4% de NH3 , com base na MS. As dietas eram fornecidas duas vezes ao dia no período da manhã e tarde sempre nos horários de oito e 16 horas, respectivamente. Para a determinação da digestibilidade aparente utilizaram-se bolsas coletoras de fezes e as amostras do alimento e sobras eram mensuradas diariamente. A coleta da urina foi realizada utilizando-se baldes localizados sob as gaiolas de metabolismo, cujos baldes continham 100 mL de ácido clorídrico (HCL 2N) para prevenir fermentação e perda de nitrogênio. As amostras coletadas dos alimentos, sobras, fezes e urina foram acondicionadas em recipientes plásticos e conservadas em refrigeração, separando-se as amostras por tratamento e período experimental...

Among the existing co-products, crushed sugarcane bagasse is noteworthy, since the country has an annual production of approximately 75 million tons. The sugarcane bagasse from sugar, alcohol or cachaça mills is an issue, since it is underused and is often burned in open air, while it could be used as ruminant feed. This study assesses the effects of the addition of anhydrous ammonia (NH3 ) on the nutritional value of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) bagasse in four adult, male, mixed breed, castrated sheep, with 40.75kg initial weight, kept in individual metabolism cages, with mineral supplement and water ad libitum. Four isoproteic diets have been tested and fed to the animals in a 4x4 Latin square design. These treatments were: Diet 1 – Sugarcane bagasse in natura; Diet 2 - Sugarcane bagasse + 2% NH3 , based on dry matter (DM); Diet 3 - Sugarcane bagasse + 3% NH3 , based on DM; Diet 4 - Sugarcane bagasse NH3 + 4% based on DM. The diets were fed twice a day, in the morning and afternoon, always at 08:00 am and 04:00 pm, respectively. For the determination of apparent digestibility, fecal collection bags were used and samples of food and leftovers were daily measured. Urine collection was performed using buckets placed under the metabolism cages. These buckets contained 100-ml hydrochloric acid (2N HCl) to avoid fermentation and nitrogen loss. Feed, leftover, feces and urine samples were stored in plastic bags under refrigeration, separated by treatment and trial period. After thawing the feces, diet and leftover samples were pre-dried at 55 °C for 72 hours and then ground in a mill with 1.00-mm mesh sieve. Urine samples were previously dried in an oven at 55 °C stored in plastic bags and then placed in a calorimeter for determining the energy content...

Entre los coproductos existentes, el bagazo de caña de azúcar merece destaque, visto que es producido todo el año en el país, cerca de 75 millones de toneladas por año. Este bagazo proveniente de usinas de azúcar, alcohol o aguardiente constituye un problema, por ser poco utilizado, con frecuencia se queman al aire libre, mientras podría ser utilizado en la alimentación de rumiantes. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la adición de amoníaco anhidro (NH3 ) en el valor nutritivo del bagazo de caña azúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) para cuatro carneros machos adultos, castrados, sin raza definida, con peso inicial de 40,75 kg en jaulas individuales para el metabolismo, con sales minerales y agua ad libitum. Cuatro dietas isoproteicas han sido testadas y suministradas a los animales en un delineamiento en cuadrado latino 4x4, siendo: Dieta 1 - Bagazo de caña de azúcar “in natura”, Dieta 2 - Bagazo de caña de azúcar + 2% NH3 , con base en la materia seca (MS), Dieta 3 - Bagazo de caña de azúcar + 3% NH3 , basado en MS, Dieta 4 - Bagazo de caña de azúcar + 4% de NH3 , basado en la MS. Las dietas eran suministradas dos veces al día en el período de la mañana y tarde siempre en los horarios de ocho y 16 horas, respectivamente. Para la determinación de la digestibilidad aparente se utilizaron bolsas de plástico para recogido de heces, muestras de los alimentos y las sobras eran mensuradas diariamente...

Levedura de cana-de-açúcar spray dry na alimentação de suínos na fase de crescimento e terminação / Sugar cane spray dry yeast on growing and finishing pigs feeding

Foi estudado o valor nutricional (digestibilidade total e ileal) de duas leveduras spray dry (cana-de-açúcar - LEV35 e cerveja+cana-de-açúcar - LEV40) e o efeito da sua inclusão em rações para suínos na fase de crescimento e terminação. Os valores de ED (kcal/kg) da LEV35 e da LEV40 foram 3.496 e 3.901 e EM (kcal/kg) foram 3.475 e 3.862, respectivamente. Os valores de lisina, metionina+cistina e treonina digestível para a levedura de cana-de-açúcar e da levedura de cerveja+cana-de-açúcar são 2,66 e 2,64, 1,11 e 1,03, 1,95 e 1,92, respectivamente. No desempenho foram utilizados 40 suínos com peso inicial de 34,39± 7,57kg (crescimento) e de 62,45± 5,68kg (terminação), distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco níveis de inclusão (0, 5, 10, 15 e20%) da LEV35. Na fase de crescimento, houve piora do GDP e da CA com o aumento da inclusão. Na fase de terminação, porém, houve efeito quadrático para o CDR, sendo o melhor nível 3.32%. Da mesma forma, ocorreu piora linear para o GDP, CA, peso de carcaça quente, rendimento de carcaça fria e peso de pernil. Os resultados sugerem que a adição de níveis crescentes da LEV35 pode prejudicar o desempenho dos suínos.

The nutritional value of two spray dry yeast (sugar cane - SCYSD and brewer+sugar cane - BYSD) and their inclusion effects on growing and finishing pigs feeding was studied. The DE (kcal/kg) values for SCYSD and BYSD were 3.496 and 3.901 and for ME (kcal/kg) they were 3.475 and 3.862. The values of digestible lysine, methionine+cistine and threonine for SCYSD and BYSD were: 2.66 and 2.64%; 1.11 and 1.03%: 1.95 and 1.92%. 40 pigs with initial weight of 34.39±7.57kg (growing) and 62.45±5.68kg (finishing), allotted in a completely randomized design with five levels of SCYSD inclusion were used in the performance assay. In the growing phase, there was an impairing on DWG and F:G, however, in the finishing phase, DFI presented a quadratic effect, being 3.32% the best level and linear reduction of DWG, F:G, slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, cold carcass yield and ham weight. The results suggest that increasing levels of SCYSD may impair the performance of growing and finishing pigs.

La inoculación de plantas con Pantoea sp., bacteria solubilizadora de fosfatos, incrementa la concentracion de P en los tejidos foliares / Plant inoculation with Pantoea sp., phosphate solubilising-bacteria increases P concentration in leaf tissues

El fósforo (P) es un macronutriente mineral esencial para las plantas. Aunque puede encontrarse en los suelos en diferentes formas minerales, la baja solubilidad de estos disminuye su disponibilidad para las plantas, y el nutriente debe aplicarse como fertilizante a los cultivos. Las reservas mundiales de P son limitadas y tendrán una reducción considerable en los próximos años. Usar microorganismos solubilizadores de fosfatos como inoculante para los cultivos es una alternativa biotecnologica para incrementar la disponibilidad del nutriente. Pantoea sp. (cepa 9C) es una bacteria endofitica fijadora de nitrogeno, aislada del interior de tallos de la caña de azucar (Loiret et al., 2004); este microorganismo produjo halos de solubilizacion con tamaños de hasta 6 mm en medio sólido NBRI-P en 7 dias a 30 grados centigrados, y en ese tiempo y condiciones solubilizo Ca3(PO4)2 en el medio líquido hasta acumular 1128 μg P mL-1. La bacteria sobrevivio durante 35 días en un sustrato preparado con mezcla de Vermiculita y suelo ferralítico rojo (Cambisol Ferrálico, ródico), alcanzando poblaciones de 3,2 x 1015 células g-1. Plantas de rábano (Raphanus sativus, L. var. Scarlet Globe), de alta demanda de P y crecimiento rápido, usadas como modelo y cultivadas en suelos inoculados con el microorganismo, absorbieron mas P que las plantas no inoculadas, alcanzando en los tejidos foliares concentraciones ≥ 3500 ppm P base seca.

Dependência espacial da resistência do solo à penetracão e do teor de água do solo sob cultivo contínuo de cana-de-acúcar / Spatial variability of soil penetration resistance and soil moisture at different periods of sampling under sugarcane crop

O cultivo intensivo dos solos e a utilizacão de máquinas e equipamentos pesados promovem a compactacão do solo. A resistência do solo à penetracão é uma medida que detecta esta compactacão, contudo ela é fortemente influenciada pelo teor de água no solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do teor de água no solo na variabilidade espacial da resistência do solo à penetracão em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. Uma área de 1ha cultivada há 40 anos com cana-de-acúcar foi amostrada nos pontos de cruzamento de uma malha, com intervalos regulares de 10m, perfazendo um total de 100 pontos. As amostras de solo foram coletadas nas profundidades de 0,00-0,15m, 0,15-0,30m e 0,30-0,45m, 24 e 72 horas após uma chuva de 38mm. Resultados de resistência do solo à penetracão indicaram um estado alto de compactacão nas duas épocas de amostragem. O teor de água no solo afetou consideravelmente a variabilidade espacial da resistência do solo à penetracão e quanto maior o teor de água menor foi a dependência espacial. A malha de amostragem deve ser mais adensada em relacão à utilizada neste estudo quando o teor de água no solo for superior ao observado 72 horas após a chuva, a fim de se avaliar a variabilidade espacial para a resistência do solo à penetracão.

Study on ground water characteristics and the effects of discharged effluents from textile units at Karur District.

A study was made on the physico-chemical characteristics of water samples mixed with effluent discharged from textile industries at Chellandipalayam (Site--I), Senaparatti (Site--II) and Pasupathipalayam (Sites--III and IV) revealed the elevated levels of Ca, Mg, Na, Cr, K, Ni, Cu, Zn, CO3, SO4, NO3 and Cl- . The concentrations of these ions exceeded the limit prescribed by ISI. The increase in the concentrations of ions was revealed by higher values of electrical conductivity (EC). Water at these sites was found to be hard, brackish and unsuitable for drinking purpose. In all these sites, the seed germination of rice alone was significantly affected among the other crops tested. Irrigation of crops with ground water notably lowered the quantity of reserve food in rice, wheat (starch), and sugarcane (sugar), indicating the interference of their metabolic pathway by polluted ground water.

Biodiversity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) rhizosphere pseudomonads.

Fluorescent pseudomonads were isolated from the rhizosphere of rice and sugarcane and examined for their biodiversity. All fifty strains of the fluorescent pseudomonads produced indole acetic acid. Among these pseudomonads, halves of sugarcane rhizosphere isolates and one isolate from the rice rhizosphere exhibited phosphate solubilization activity. On the contrary, majority of the rice rhizosphere pseudomonads, and one isolate from sugarcane rhizosphere exhibited antifungal activity. These fluorescent pseudomonads were further classified based on their growth and biochemical characteristics. Those isolates that had same biochemical characteristics were distinguished by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). These biochemical and molecular biological methods clearly differentiated fluorescent Pseudomonads of rice and sugarcane rhizosphere.

Valor nutritivo da cana-de-açúcar tratada com doses de hidróxido de sódio e rolão de milho / Nutritive value of sugarcane silage treated with levels of sodium hydroxide and ground corn ears

Foram desenvolvidos no Instituto de Zootecnia, em Nova Odessa, SP, três experimentos para avaliar o valor nutritivo da silagem de cana-de-açúcar tratada com 0,50% de uréia, e não adicionada de NaOH, e com 0,25% NaOH e com 0,50% NaOH. Em cada um desses experimentos foram adicionados 0, 40, 80 e 120 kg de rolão de milho/t de cana-de-açúcar, na ensilagem. Cada um dos experimentos foi desenvolvido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. A análise dos três experimentos em conjunto, mostrou efeito do tratamento da cana-de-açúcar com NaOH e da adição de rolão na redução da produção de álcool etílico. Houve aumento da digestibilidade e do consumo de matéria seca e de nutrientes digestíveis totais com o tratamento da cana-de-açúcar com NaOH e com a adição de rolão de milho, na ensilagem.

Supplementation of sugarcane bagasse with rice bran and sugarcane molasses for shiitake (Lentinula edodes) spawn production

The purpose of this study was to assess the myceliation rate, mycelial vigor and "estimated biomass" of Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler, grown on a sugarcane bagasse substrate enriched with rice bran and sugarcane molasses for spawn production. The proportions of rice bran used were 0, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 40 percent (dry weight/dry weight of bagasse) and the sugarcane molasses concentrations tested were 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 g/kg (dry weight/dry weight of bagasse plus rice bran). The myceliation rate was decreased by the addition of the higher quantities of rice bran. The 25 and 30 percent rice bran proportions induced the highest stimulation of mycelial vigor. The addition of sugarcane molasses did not change myceliation rate or mycelial vigor. The "estimated biomass" values were similar when intermediate rice bran proportions were used and for all sugarcane molasses concentrations. Based on response surface obtained for the "estimated biomass" data, higher values were obtained with substrates containing 20 to 25 percent rice bran combined with 10 to 30 g sugarcane molasses, although the latter supplement was not considered to stimulate L. edodes growth.

Shiitake (lentinula edodes) production on a sterilized bagasse substrate enriched with rice bran and sugarcane molasses

This investigation was performed to evaluate the biological efficiency (BE), mean mushroom weight (MMW), mean number of mushroom (MNM) and mushroom quality of Shiitake [ Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler] when grown on a sterilized substrate composed by sugarcane bagasse enriched with rice bran and sugarcane molasses. The proportions of rice bran were 0, 15, 20, 25 and 30 percent (dry weight/dry weight of bagasse); and the concentrations of sugarcane molasses were 0, 30 and 60 g/kg (dry weight/dry weight of bagasse plus rice bran). Four flushes were obtained during the production cycle, providing 3 accumulated productions which were used for production analysis. The substrate supplemented with 25 and 30 percent rice bran yielded the highest BE (98.42 and 99.84 percent, respectively, about 230 days after spawning) and MNM and initially produced a lower MMW than the substrates supplemented with 15 and 20 percent rice bran. Any amount of rice bran added to the sugarcane bagasse improved mushroom quality, with the best production of marketable mushrooms obtained by the addition of 15 percent rice bran. The largest amount of sugarcane molasses (60 g/kg) increased BE (90.3 and 23.6 percent, on first and second accumulated productions, respectively) and MNM and no quantity affected mushroom quality.