Use of organic acids to reduce Salmonella Typhimurium excretion in swine / Uso de ácidos orgânicos para reduzir a excreção de Salmonella Typhimurium em suínos

The use of antimicrobials as growth promoters and disease prevention is being constantly reduced in several animal production systems, including in the swine industry. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of using acidifiers to control Salmonella Typhimurium in 65-day-old pigs by detecting the pathogen in organs at euthanasia. For this, 24 piglets were divided into two experimental groups consisting of 12 piglets each. An untreated control group (G1) and a treatment group (G2) received a liquid organic acidifier in the drinking water for 10 days (D-5 to D5). Five days after the start of treatment (D0), all piglets were challenged with 106 CFU of Salmonella Typhimurium and assessed for 12 days (D12). Every three days (D3, D6, D9, and D12), three animals from each experimental group were euthanized and then submitted for necropsy. Samples from the intestines (ileum, cecum, mesenteric lymph nodes, and ileocolic lymph nodes), liver, spleen, and lungs were collected to isolate Salmonella. The results show that, numerically, Salmonellaisolation in the organs of G2 was lower than in G1 and that the number of positive cecum samples in G1 (66.7%; 8/12) was statistically different from the number of positive models in G2 (16.7%; 2/12), with a reduction of 28.6% of the total cecum positive samples in the treated group compared to the control. Therefore, it was observed that the liquid organic acidifier product could reduce the colonization of organs by Salmonella Typhimurium.(AU)

O uso de antimicrobianos como promotores de crescimento e prevenção de doenças vem sendo constantemente reduzido em diversos sistemas de produção animal, inclusive na suinocultura. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a eficácia do uso de acidificantes no controle de Salmonella Typhimurium em suínos de 65 dias de idade, detectando o patógeno em órgãos após a eutanásia. Para isso, 24 leitões foram divididos em dois grupos experimentais constituídos por 12 leitões cada. Um grupo controle não tratado (G1) e um grupo de tratamento (G2) que recebeu um acidificante orgânico líquido na água de beber por 10 dias (D-5 a D5). Cinco dias após o início do tratamento (D0), todos os animais foram inoculados oralmente com 106 UFC de Salmonella Typhimurium e avaliados por 12 dias (D12). A cada três dias (D3, D6, D9 e D12), três leitões de cada grupo experimental foram eutanasiados e posteriormente submetidos à necropsia. Amostras de intestino (íleo, ceco, linfonodos mesentéricos e linfonodos ileocólicos), fígado, baço e pulmões foram coletadas para o isolamento de Salmonella. Os resultados mostram que, numericamente, o isolamento de Salmonella nos órgãos do G2 foi inferior ao G1, e que o número de amostras positivas de ceco no G1 (66,7%; 8/12) foi estatisticamente diferente do número de amostras positivas no G2 (16,7%; 2/12), com redução de 28,6% do total de amostras positivas de ceco no grupo tratado em relação ao controle. Portanto, observou-se que o ácido orgânico líquido foi capaz de reduzir a colonização de órgãos por Salmonella Typhimurium.(AU)

Use of organic acids to reduce Salmonella Typhimurium excretion in swine / Uso de ácidos orgânicos para reduzir a excreção de Salmonella Typhimurium em suínos

The use of antimicrobials as growth promoters and disease prevention is being constantly reduced in several animal production systems, including in the swine industry. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of using acidifiers to control Salmonella Typhimurium in 65-day-old pigs by detecting the pathogen in organs at euthanasia. For this, 24 piglets were divided into two experimental groups consisting of 12 piglets each. An untreated control group (G1) and a treatment group (G2) received a liquid organic acidifier in the drinking water for 10 days (D-5 to D5). Five days after the start of treatment (D0), all piglets were challenged with 106 CFU of Salmonella Typhimurium and assessed for 12 days (D12). Every three days (D3, D6, D9, and D12), three animals from each experimental group were euthanized and then submitted for necropsy. Samples from the intestines (ileum, cecum, mesenteric lymph nodes, and ileocolic lymph nodes), liver, spleen, and lungs were collected to isolate Salmonella. The results show that, numerically, Salmonella isolation in the organs of G2 was lower than in G1 and that the number of positive cecum samples in G1 (66.7%; 8/12) was statistically different from the number of positive models in G2 (16.7%; 2/12), with a reduction of 28.6% of the total cecum positive samples in the treated group compared to the control. Therefore, it was observed that the liquid organic acidifier product could reduce the colonization of organs by Salmonella Typhimurium. (AU)

Mutagenic Evaluation of Fluoxetine and Fluoxetine-Galactomannan Complex Through the Analysis of Chromosomal Aberrations in Human Peripheral Leukocytes and Salmonella typhimurium/Microssome Assay / Avaliação Mutagênica de Fluoxetina e Complexo Fluoxetina-Galactomanana Através da Análise de Aberrações Cromossômicas em Leucócitos Periféricos Humanos e em Salmonella typhimurium / Ensaio Microssômico

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mutagenic potential of fluoxetine and fluoxetine-galactomannan. Methods: Chromosomal aberration test and Salmonella typhimurium/microsome mutagenicity assay. Results: The results showed that fluoxetine (250 µg/mL) can cause chromosomal breaks of treated leukocytes and increase the frequency of reversion of the tester strains of S. typhimurium / microsome assay only at the highest concentration (5 mg/mL), while fluoxetine encapsulated in galactomannan did not cause these changes (leukocytes and S. typhimuriums strains). Conclusion: In summary, fluoxetine showed a mutagenic effect detectable only at high concentrations in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic models. Furthermore, the fluoxetine/galactomannan complex, in this first moment, prevented the mutagenicity attributed to fluoxetine, emphasizing that the present encapsulation process can be an alternative in preventing these effects in vitro.

Objetivos: avaliar o potencial mutagênico da fluoxetina e da fluoxetina-galactomanana. Métodos: Teste de aberração cromossômica e ensaio de mutagenicidade de Salmonella typhimurium /microssoma. Resultados: a fluoxetina (250 µg/mL) pode causar quebras cromossômicas de leucócitos tratados e aumentar a frequência de reversão das cepas testadoras de S. typhimurium /microssoma apenas na concentração mais alta (5 mg/mL), enquanto a fluoxetina encapsulada em galactomanano não causou essas alterações (leucócitos e cepas de S. typhimurium). Conclusão: a fluoxetina mostrou um efeito mutagênico detectável apenas em altas concentrações em modelos eucarióticos e procarióticos. Além disso, o complexo fluoxetina/galactomanan, neste primeiro momento, evitou a mutagenicidade atribuída à fluoxetina, ressaltando que o presente processo de encapsulamento pode ser uma alternativa na prevenção desses efeitos in vitro.

Capability of acidic electrolyzed water in the elimination of Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli in the chicken breast

Aims@#This study aimed to investigate the effect of acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) as pre-refrigeration and pre-freezing processing steps for chicken meat in regard to the behavior of S. Typhimurium and E. coli during storage.@*Methodology and results@#AEW (free available chlorine 30 ppm and pH 2.7) was tested against S. Typhimurium and E. coli in growth media (brain heart infusion broth) and by exposing inoculated chicken fillets. The in vitro study appointed 10 minutes as the straightening exposure time of fresh prepared AEW for S. Typhimurium and E. coli. The reduction effect of AEW was significant (p<0.05) for both S. Typhimurium and E. coli along the 8 days of refrigerated storage with a maximum reduction after 24 h of post-treatment reaching 23.3% (1.4 log CFU/g) and 32.43% (2.15 log CFU/g) for S. Typhimurium and E. coli, respectively. AEW resulted in a significant reduction (p<0.05) as a pre-freezing application for both microorganisms, where the maximum reductions of 20% (1.2 log CFU/g) and 31.84% (2.14 log CFU/g) for S. Typhimurium and E. coli, respectively, were reported at zero time (just after dipping). In exposed samples to AEW, S. Typhimurium could not be detected by the 6th week of frozen storage while E. coli continued detectable until till 10th week but with a reduced population of 30% compared to control.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The findings of the present study suggest the application of AEW as a pre-refrigeration and pre-freezing treatment for chicken products. AEW application significantly improved the safety of chicken products.

Evaluation of the efficiency of ciprofloxacin against S. Typhi by altering the production of cytokines in acute typhoid fever in patients at Al-Diwaniyah Hospitals, Iraq

Aims@#Typhoid fever is a life-threatening disease in the developing world that claims >600,000 deaths per year. Its causative agent Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhi) can be treated with ciprofloxacin, an effective broad-spectrum antibiotic that enhances the natural host defenses. However, the emergence of resistant bacterial strains may be a warning alarm against the clinical use of this antibiotic. This study was aimed to investigate the efficiency of ciprofloxacin treatment (250 mg/mL) against S. Typhi by altering the production of serum cytokines IL-10, 1L-6 and TNF-α in acute typhoid fever patients in Diwanyah Hospitals.@*Methodology and results@#ELISA and Western Blot methods were used to investigate cytokine levels in patients and healthy controls sera. Our results showed that all cytokines’ levels before treatment with ciprofloxacin were significantly higher than the control (healthy group). However, treated patients with ciprofloxacin revealed a significantly reduced concentration of IL-10 and TNF-α compared to untreated control samples. However, the level of IL-6 was higher even with ciprofloxacin treatment.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The study concluded that ciprofloxacin (250 mg/mL) might significantly alter serum cytokines IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α levels in acute typhoid fever patients. Therefore, further molecular studies are essential to understand the effect of ciprofloxacin on the production of cytokines.

Genetic regulation of the ompX porin of Salmonella Typhimurium in response to hydrogen peroxide stress

BACKGROUND: Salmonella Typhimurium is a Gram negative pathogen that causes a systemic disease in mice resembling typhoid fever. During its infective cycle, S. Typhimurium is phagocytized by macrophages and proliferates inside a Salmonella containing vacuole where Salmonella is exposed and survives oxidative stress induced by H2O2 through modulation of gene expression. After exposure of Salmonella to H2O2, the expression of the porin encoding gene ompX increases, as previously shown by microarray analysis. Expression of ompX mRNA is regulated at a post transcriptional level by MicA and CyaR sRNAs in aerobiosis. In addition, sequence analysis predicts a site for OxyS sRNA in ompX mRNA. RESULTS: In this work we sought to evaluate the transcriptional and post transcriptional regulation of ompX under H2O2 stress. We demonstrate that ompX expression is induced at the transcriptional level in S . Typhimurium under such conditions. Unexpectedly, an increase in ompX gene transcript and promoter activity after challenges with H2O2 does not translate into increased protein levels in the wild type strain, suggesting that ompX mRNA is also regulated at a post transcriptional level, at least under oxidative stress. In silico gene sequence analysis predicted that sRNAs CyaR, MicA, and OxyS could regulate ompX mRNA levels. Using rifampicin to inhibit mRNA expression, we show that the sRNAs (MicA, CyaR and OxyS) and the sRNA:mRNA chaperone Hfq positively modulate ompX mRNA levels under H2O2 induced stress in Salmonella during the exponential growth phase in Lennox broth. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that ompX mRNA is regulated in response to H2O2 by the sRNAs CyaR, MicA and OxyS is Salmonella Typhimurium.

Evaluation of the active concentration of two disinfectants based on glutaraldehyde and benzalkonium chloride and antimicrobial activity in vitro against Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium

Biosecurity, cleaning and disinfection of swine and poultry facilities are fundamental for the reduction of pathogenic microorganisms of importance for public and animal health. The objective of this work was to compare the levels of active ingredient described on the label and the real levels detected in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of two disinfectants., then evaluate the antimicrobial activity since, following the Germicidal Sanitizing Action and Disinfectant Detergent (Official Method AOAC 960.09) in four different dilutions with the presence of 3% organic matter during 15 min of contact, against Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium (ST). The product "A" presents active levels of agreement according to the label. The content of quantified assets for product "B" was lower than that recorded on the label. The disinfectant "A" was effective in microbiological evaluation while the disinfectant "B" had microbiocidal activity compromised by the deficit of assets.

Caracterización molecular y fenotípica de aislamientos clínicos de Salmonella Typhimurium variante monofásica (1, 4, [5],12: i: -) recuperados en Colombia / Molecular and phenotypic characterization of Salmonella Typhimurium monophasic variant (1, 4, [5],12: i: -) from Colombian clinical isolates

Resumen: Introducción. La variante monofásica (1,4,[5],12:i:-) de Salmonella Typhimurium ocupa los primeros lugares en los programas de vigilancia de Salmonella a nivel mundial. En Colombia, Salmonella enterica variante monofásica alcanza el cuarto lugar en cuanto a los aislamientos clínicos recuperados por medio de la vigilancia por laboratorio del Grupo de Microbiología del Instituto Nacional de Salud, pero se desconoce si dichos aislamientos están relacionados con la variante monofásica de Typhimurium que circula a nivel global, y con sus características genéticas y fenotípicas. Objetivo. Caracterizar los aislamientos de Salmonella monofásica recuperados en Colombia entre el 2015 y el 2018 por el Grupo de Microbiología del Instituto Nacional de Salud. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron 286 aislamientos clínicos de Salmonella enterica variante monofásica mediante PCR o secuenciación del genoma completo (Whole Genome Sequencing, WGS) para confirmar si correspondían a Salmonella Typhimurium variante monofásica, en tanto que, en 54 aislamientos, se determinó la estructura genética del operón que codifica la segunda fase flagelar y, en 23, se evaluó la motilidad, el crecimiento y la expresión de las proteínas de membrana externa. Resultados. El 61 % (n=174) de los aislamientos de Salmonella monofásica correspondió a Salmonella Typhimurium serovar monofásico. El 64,8 % (n=35/54) se relacionó con el clon europeo-español y, el 13 % (n=7/54), con el estadounidense. En dos aislamientos de orina se encontró una diferencia significativa en la motilidad y el crecimiento, así como ausencia de la porina OmpD en medio mínimo M9. Conclusiones. En el periodo de estudio, circuló en Colombia la variante monofásica de Salmonella Typhimurium relacionada con el clon europeo-español, y se registró ausencia total del operón fljAB. Los resultados evidenciaron cambios fenotípicos en los aislamientos provenientes de muestras de orina que sugieren adaptación en procesos invasivos.

Abstract: Introduction. The Salmonella Typhimurium monophasic variant (1,4,[5],12:i:-) is currently the most commonly detected variant in Salmonella surveillance programs worldwide. In Colombia, the Salmonella enterica monophasic variant is the fourth most common clinical isolate recovered through the laboratory surveillance of the Grupo de Microbiología from the Instituto Nacional de Salud; however, it is unknown whether these isolates are closely related to the monophasic Typhimurium variant, which circulates globally, and their genetic and phenotypic characteristics have not been reported. Objective. To characterize monophasic Salmonella enterica isolates identified in Colombia from 2015 to 2018 by the Instituto Nacional de Salud. Materials and methods. Two hundred eighty-six clinical isolates of the monophasic Salmonella enterica variant were analyzed by PCR or whole-genome sequencing to confirm whether they corresponded to the Salmonella Typhimurium monophasic variant while the genetic structure of the operon encoding the second flagellar phase was determined in 54 isolates. Motility, growth, and expression of the outer membrane proteins were evaluated in 23 isolates. Results. During the study period in Colombia, 61% (n=174) of Salmonella monophasic isolates belonged to Salmonella Typhimurium serovar monophasic (1,4,[5],12:i-). Of these, 64.8% (n=35/54) were related to the European/Spanish clone and 13% (n=7/54) to the U.S. clone. Two isolates recovered from urine samples showed differences in motility, growth, and the absence of the OmpD porin in M9 minimal medium. Conclusions. Most of the monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium variants that have circulated in Colombia since 2015 lacked the second phase of operon fljAB, which is related to the European/Spanish clone. The results evidenced phenotypic changes in urine samples suggesting bacterial adaptation in the case of these invasive samples.

Chemical characterization, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of sugar-apple (Annona squamosa L. ) pulp extract / Caracterización química, actividad antimicrobiana y antioxidante del extracto de pulpa de manzana de azúcar (Annona squamosa L. )

Synthetic preservatives are widely present in processed foods, but most of them have carcinogenic potential, requiring the development of new natural alternatives such as fruit extracts, for microbial control. The objective of the study was to evaluate the chemical characterization, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity of the sugar apple pulp (Annona squamosa L.). Physicochemical characteristics were evaluated, an extract was prepared, and its antioxidant activity by DPPH method and antimicrobial by disk diffusion. Minimal inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration against strains of Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated. The physicochemical analysis revealed that sugar apple pulp had 75.0% moisture, 3.0% ash, 4.0% protein, 0.2% lipids, 3.3% fibers, and 14.5% carbohydrates. The antioxidant activity of the extract by the DPPH method was 20.6%. The pulp extract from the sugar apple had inhibition zone for Staphylococcus aureus, satisfactory inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella Typhimurium, but did not present a bactericidal effect. Sugar apple pulp presents adequate levels of nutrients and potential for food application due to its microbiological activity and antioxidant properties.

Los conservantes sintéticos están ampliamente presentes en los alimentos procesados, pero la mayoría tienen potencial carcinogénico, lo que requiere el desarrollo de nuevas alternativas naturales para el control microbiano, como los extractos de frutas. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la caracterización química, la actividad antioxidante y antimicrobiana de la pulpa de manzana de azúcar (Annona squamosa L.). Se evaluaron las características fisicoquímicas, y se evaluó su actividad antioxidante mediante el método DPPH y antimicrobiano por difusión en disco, concentración inhibitoria mínima y concentración bactericida mínima contra cepas de Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes y Staphylococcus aureus. El análisis fisicoquímico reveló que la pulpa de manzana de azúcar tiene 75.0% de humedad, 3.0% de cenizas, 4.0% de proteínas, 0.2% de lípidos, 3.3% de fibras y 14.5% de carbohidratos. La actividad antioxidante del extracto por el método DPPH fue del 20.6%. El extracto de pulpa de la manzana de azúcar tenía zona de inhibición para Staphylococcus aureus, efecto inhibidor satisfactorio contra Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes y Salmonella Typhimurium, pero no presenta efecto bactericida. La pulpa de manzana de azúcar presenta niveles adecuados de nutrientes y potencial para la aplicación de alimentos debido a su actividad microbiológica y propiedades antioxidantes.

Expressão e atividade de sistemas de dois componentes (TCS) de Salmonella enterica sorovar Typhimurium no contexto do metaboloma intestinal humano / Expression and activity of two-component systems of Salmonella enterica sorovar Typhimurium in the context of the human intestinal metabolome

A interação entre membros do microbioma intestinal humano, células hospedeiras e patógenos invasores pode ocorrer de diversas formas, sendo uma delas através de pequenas moléculas chamadas metabólitos. A percepção e resposta efetiva de um microrganismo às diferentes condições encontradas em seu ambiente, incluindo metabólitos produzidos por outros microrganismos, são fatores importantes para sua adaptação, sobrevivência e disseminação. Os sistemas de dois componentes (TCS) permitem a percepção e resposta a mudanças ambientais, regulando a expressão de genes específicos. Nosso grupo mostrou anteriormente que um extrato orgânico de fezes humanas (EF), bem como o ácido 3,4-dimetilbenzoico (3,4-DMB), encontrado no EF, inibe a capacidade de Salmonella enterica sorovar Typhimurium de invadir células hospedeiras. O presente trabalho propôs investigar o impacto do microbioma intestinal humano, bem como de pequenas moléculas produzidas por Clostridium citroniae (membro deste microbioma) na expressão e atividade dos genes de TCS de Salmonella. Os metabólitos de EF e de culturas puras de C. citroniae foram extraídos com acetato de etila e adicionados a meio de cultura. O pH do meio foi ajustado (~ 7,4) e a solução foi esterilizada por filtragem. Salmonella foi cultivada na presença ou ausência do EF e do extrato de C. citroniae, bem como do ácido 3,4-DMB, em condições aeróbias e anaeróbias, até alcançar o meio da fase logarítmica de crescimento. O RNA foi extraído para a realização de PCR em Tempo Real utilizando iniciadores direcionados a quase todos os TCS de Salmonella. Nossos resultados mostraram que vários genes de TCS envolvidos na virulência de Salmonella (SsrAB, EnvZ-OmpR, QseCB, PhoQP, TorSR, TtrRS) foram regulados diferencialmente por esses metabólitos, tanto em condições aeróbias quanto anaeróbias. EnvZ-OmpR, PhoPQ e SsrAB estão diretamente envolvidos na regulação das Ilhas de Patogenicidade 1 e 2 de Salmonella. QseCB é crucial para a detecção de quorum em Salmonella, de hormônios hospedeiros e para a regulação da motilidade (swimming). Vários outros TCS também foram regulados, incluindo TorSR e TtrRS, envolvidos na regulação da respiração anaeróbica de N-óxido de trimetilamina (TMAO) e tetrationato, respectivamente. Esses compostos são importantes para a sobrevivência de Salmonella no ambiente anaeróbico do intestino humano. Nossos resultados de avaliação de expressão gênica global de Salmonella cultivada na presença de ácido 3,4-DMB (aerobiose e anaerobiose) bem como na presença do EF em anaerobiose, mostraram que genes condificados em SPI-1 e SPI-2, SPI-4 e alguns genes do TCS foram reprimidos, enquanto genes marR, marB e marA foram ativadas nessas condições. Adicionalmente, comparamos nossos resultados de RNAseq, de Salmonella cultivada na presença do ácido 3,4-DMB em aerobiose, com resultados disponíveis da base de dados Salmonella Compendium. Ainda, a capacidade de Salmonella de adentrar e sobreviver dentro de células fagocíticas (macrófagos RAW 264.7) parece ser afetada pelas três condições testadas neste trabalho. Nossos resultados mostram que importantes vias de sinalização da virulência de Salmonella podem ser moduladas pelos metabólitos presentes no microbioma intestinal humano e abrem caminhos para novas pesquisas sobre a sinalização intercelular microbioma-patógeno no ambiente intestinal.

The interaction between members of the human gut microbiome, host cells and invading pathogens often occurs through small molecules, also called metabolites. The perception and effective response of a microorganism to the different conditions found in its environment, including metabolites produced by other microbes, is important for its adaptation, survival and dissemination. Two-component systems (TCS) allow the perception and response to environmental changes by regulating the expression of specific genes. Our group previously showed that organic extracts of human feces (EF) as well as the specific metabolite 3,4-dimethylbenzoic acid (3,4-DMB) found within the EF, inhibit the ability of Salmonella enterica sorovar Typhimurium to invade host cells. In the present work, we investigated the impact of the human gut microbiome as well as small molecules produced by Clostridium citroniae (a member of this microbiome) on the expression and activity of Salmonella TCS genes. Metabolites (from feces or C. citroniae cultures) were extracted using ethyl acetate and added to culture medium. The pH of the medium was adjusted (~7.4), and the solution was filter sterilized. Salmonella was grown in the presence or absence of the organic extracts as well as 3,4-DMB acid under aerobic and anaerobic conditions until it reached mid-log growth. RNA was then extracted for Real-time PCR using primers targeting almost all Salmonella TCS. Our results showed that several TCS involved in Salmonella virulence (SsrAB, EnvZ-OmpR, QseCB, PhoQP, TorSR, TtrRS) were differentially regulated by these metabolites both in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. EnvZ-OmpR, PhoPQ, and SsrAB are directly involved in the regulation of Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands 1 and 2. QseCB is crucial for Salmonella =quorum sensing, sensing of host hormones and regulation of swimming motility. Several other TCS were also regulated, including TorSR and TtrRS, which are involved in the anaerobic respiration of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and tetrathionate, respectively. These compounds are important for Salmonella survival in the anaerobic environment of the human gut. Our results of the evaluation of global Salmonella gene expression grown in the presence of 3,4-DMB acid (aerobiosis and anaerobiosis) as well as in the presence of EF in anaerobiosis, showed that genes encoded in SPI-1 and SPI-2, SPI-4 and some TCS genes have been repressed, while multiple drug resistance genes, as well marR, marB and marA genes have been activated under these conditions. Besides, we compared our results of RNAseq, Salmonella was grown in the presence of 3,4-DMB acid in aerobiosis, with results available from the Salmonella Compendium database. Also, Salmonella's ability to enter and survive within phagocytic cells (macrophages RAW 264.7) appears to be affected by the three conditions tested in this work. Our results show that important Salmonella virulence signalling pathways can be modulated by the metabolites present in the human intestinal microbiome and open the way for further research on the microbiome-pathogen intercellular signalling in the intestinal environment.