Los estudios por imágenes en la evaluación del niño con estridor / Imaging studies in evaluating children with stridor

El estridor es un síntoma de obstrucción de la vía aérea superior y puede ser resultado de causas congénitas o adquiridas. El diagnóstico suele ser clínico. Si es necesaria una investigación adicional para el diagnóstico diferencial, la endoscopia es el método de elección en la mayoría de los casos. Los estudios por imágenes son complementarios a la endoscopia. Permiten evaluar la patología laríngea y traqueobronquial, las compresiones extrínsecas de la vía aérea por tumores o malformaciones vasculares y definir la localización, extensión y características de una lesión. Son útiles en casos de duda diagnóstica y cuando la endoscopia no está disponible. Es fundamental comprender la anatomía y fisiopatología del tracto respiratorio, y ser conscientes de las indicaciones y limitaciones de los exámenes complementarios para el diagnóstico adecuado. Se describen las diferentes modalidades de imágenes disponibles para evaluar el estridor en pediatría y se discuten sus ventajas.

Stridor is a symptom of upper airway obstruction and may result from congenital or acquired causes. The diagnosis is usually clinical. If further investigation is necessary for differential diagnosis, endoscopy is the method of choice in most cases. Imaging studies are complementary to endoscopy. They allow evaluation of laryngeal and tracheobronchial pathology and extrinsic airway compressions due to tumors or vascular malformations and define a lesion's location, extent, and characteristics. They are helpful in cases of diagnostic doubt and when endoscopy is unavailable. It is essential to understand the anatomy and pathophysiology of the respiratory tract and to be aware of the indications and limitations of complementary examinations for proper diagnosis. The different imaging modalities available to evaluate stridor in pediatrics are described, and their advantages are discussed.

Evaluación del niño con estridor / Evaluation of the child with stridor

El estridor en niños es un síntoma que puede indicar una obstrucción en la vía aérea, siendo esencial comprender sus características y evolución. Este artículo destaca la importancia de la anamnesis detallada, la evaluación clínica y los estudios instrumentales para diagnosticar y tratar eficazmente las causas subyacentes del estridor. Se discuten las características del estridor, los signos de gravedad y los pasos para una evaluación adecuada, incluyendo la nasofaringolaringoscopía flexible y la laringotraqueobroncoscopía. Se concluye que una evaluación integral es fundamental para abordar el estridor en niños de manera óptima.

Stridor in children is a symptom that may indicate an obstruction in the airway, and it is essential to understand its characteristics and evolution. This article highlights the importance of a detailed history, clinical evaluation, and instrumental studies in effectively diagnosing and treating the underlying causes of stridor. The characteristics of stridor, signs of severity, and steps for proper evaluation, including flexible nasopharyngolaryngoscopy and laryngotracheobronchoscopy, are discussed. It concludes that a comprehensive evaluation is essential to address stridor in children optimally.

Neurofibromatosis laríngea pediátrica: reporte de localización atípica / Pediatric neurofibromatosis of the larynx: report of atypical location

Los neurofibromas laríngeos (NFL) son tumores benignos poco frecuentes de localización principalmente supraglótica. Se manifiestan con síntomas obstructivos de la vía aérea. El tratamiento es la resección completa del tumor mediante abordaje endoscópico; se reserva la cirugía abierta para tumores de gran extensión. Se presenta el caso de un paciente pediátrico con localización atípica de NFL asociado a neurofibromatosis tipo 1 (NF1). Se realizó resección endoscópica del tumor y la anatomía patológica informó neurofibroma plexiforme. Es importante sospechar de esta patología en todo niño con estridor inspiratorio atípico progresivo. Se sugiere seguimiento a largo plazo por la alta probabilidad de recidiva.

Laryngeal neurofibromas (LNFs) are rare benign tumors mainly located in the supraglottis. LNFs occur with airway obstruction symptoms. The treatment is complete resection via an endoscopic technique; the open approach is reserved for large tumors. Here we describe the case of a pediatric patient with LNF of atypical location associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1). The tumor was resected with an endoscopic technique, and the pathological study reported a plexiform neurofibroma. It is important to suspect this condition in any child with atypical, progressive inspiratory stridor. Long-term follow-up is recommended due to the high rate of recurrence

Analysis of cases of laryngeal airway diseases in infants / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective:To analyze the clinical data of laryngeal airway diseases in infants and provide reference for the standardized diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Methods:From June 2022 to August 2023, analyze the clinical data of 4 cases of children with laryngeal airway diseases recently admitted to Department of Otolaryngology, Fuzhou Children's Hospital of Fujian Province, and summarize the experience and lessons of diagnosis and treatment by consulting relevant literature. Results:Three cases had symptoms such as laryngeal wheezing, dyspnea, backward growth and development, etc. After electronic laryngoscopy, the first case was diagnosed with laryngeal softening （severe, type Ⅱ）, and the angular incision was performed. While cases 2, 3 diagnosed with case 2 and 3 were diagnosed with laryngeal cyst and underwent laryngeal cyst resection. All three cases underwent low-temperature plasma surgery under visual laryngoscope, and the symptoms were relieved after operation. Case 4 was laryngeal wheezing and dyspnea after extubation under general anesthesia. The electronic laryngoscopy showeded early stage of globetic stenosis, and endoscopic pseudomembrane clamping was performed, and the postoperative symptoms were relieved. Conclusion:Infants and young children with laryngeal airway diseases should pay attention to the early symptoms and be diagnosed by electronic laryngoscopy as soon as possible. With good curative effect and few complications, low-temperature plasma surgery under visual laryngoscope is recommended. The formation of pseudomembrane under the gluteal caused by tracheal intubation causes rapid onset and rapid development. The pseudomembrane extraction by clamping is convenient and fast, with good curative effect.

New progress in diagnosis and treatment of congenital laryngomalacia in infants / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Congenital laryngomalacia is the most common disease causing laryngeal stridor in infants. The pathogenesis has not yet been clearly concluded. It may be related to abnormal development of laryngeal cartilage anatomical structure, neuromuscular dysfunction, gastroesophageal and laryngeal reflux disease, etc. The typical manifestations of the disease are inspiratory laryngeal stridor and feeding difficulties, which can be divided into mild, moderate and severe according to the severity of symptoms. The diagnosis is mainly based on clinical symptoms, signs and endoscopy, among which endoscopy is an important diagnostic basis. The treatment of laryngomalacia depends on the severity of symptoms. Mild and some moderate congenital laryngomalacia children can be relieved by conservative treatment, and severe and some moderate congenital laryngomalacia children should be treated by surgery. Supraglottic plasty is the main surgical method, which can effectively improve the symptoms of laryngeal stridor, dyspnea, feeding difficulties and growth retardation in most children, and the surgical effect is good.

Actualización del consenso chileno SOCHINEP-SER para el manejo de las sibilancias recurrentes del preescolar / Update of the chilean consensus SOCHINEP-SER for the management of recurrent wheezing in preschool children

Las sibilancias recurrentes del preescolar son un problema prevalente. 50% de todos los niños tiene al menos un episodio de sibilancias en los primeros 6 años. Sin embargo, solo 4 % de los menores de 4 años tiene diagnóstico de asma. Por este motivo es fundamental realizar una adecuada anamnesis y examen físico tendientes a descartar causas secundarias, lo que debe ser complementado con exámenes de laboratorio de acuerdo con la orientación clínica. En la actualidad se recomienda indicar tratamiento de mantención con corticoides inhalados en aquellos niños que tengan episodios repetidos de obstrucción bronquial y que tengan una alta probabilidad de respuesta favorable a esta terapia. Se ha demostrado que aquellos pacientes que tienen un recuento de eosinófilos en sangre > 300 células por mm3 o aquellos que presentan una prueba cutánea positiva o IgE específicas positivas para alérgenos inhalados, responderán adecuadamente al tratamiento con esteroides inhalados.

Recurrent wheezing in preschoolers has a high prevalence. 50% of all children have at least one wheezing episode in the first six years of life. However, only 4% of children under four years of age are diagnosed with asthma. Therefore, it is essential to carry out an adequate medical history and physical examination to rule out secondary causes, which must be complemented with laboratory tests in accordance with clinical guidance. It is recommended to indicate maintenance treatment with inhaled corticosteroids to those children who have repeated episodes of wheezing and who have a high probability of a good response to this therapy. It has been demonstrated that those patients who have blood eosinophil count > 300 cells per mm3 or those who have a positive skin test or positive specific IgE for inhaled allergens will have a good response to inhaled corticosteroids.

Associated factors with recurrent wheezing in infants: is there difference between the sexes?

Abstract Objective: Identify associated factors for recurrent wheezing (RW) in male and female infants. Methods: Cross-sectional multicentric study using the standardized questionnaire from the Estudio Internacional sobre Sibilancias en Lactantes (EISL). The questionnaire was applied to parents of 9345 infants aged 12-15 months at the time of immunization/routine visits. Results: One thousand two hundred and sixty-one (13.5%) males and nine hundred sixty-three (10.3%) females have had RW (≥3 episodes), respectively (p10 colds episodes (OR = 3.46; IC 95% 2.35-5.07), air pollution (OR = 1.33; IC 95% 1.12-1.59), molds at home (OR = 1.23; IC 95% 1.03-1.47), Afro-descendants (OR = 1.42; IC 95% 1.20-1.69), bronchopneumonia (OR = 1.41; IC; 1.11-1.78), severe episodes of wheezing in the first year (OR = 1.56; IC 95% 1.29-1.89), treatment with bronchodilators (OR = 1.60; IC 95% 1.22-2,1) and treatment with oral corticosteroids (OR = 1,23; IC 95% 0.99-1,52). Associated factors for RW for females were passive smoking (OR = 1.24; IC 95% 1.01-1,51), parents diagnosed with asthma (OR = 1.32; IC 95% 1,08-1,62), parents with allergic rhinitis (OR = 1.26; IC 95% 1.04-1.53), daycare attendance (OR = 1.48; IC 95% 1.17-1,88), colds in the first 6 months of life (OR = 2.19; IC 95% 1.69-2.82), personal diagnosis of asthma (OR = 1.84; IC 95% 1.39-2.44), emergency room visits (OR = 1.78; IC 95% 1.44-2.21), nighttime symptoms (OR = 2.89; IC 95% 2.34-3.53) and updated immunization (OR = 0.62; IC 95% 0.41-0.96). Conclusion: There are differences in associated factors for RW between genders. Identification of these differences could be useful to the approach and management of RW between boys and girls.

Puntuación de Mallampati modificada, como predictor de la presencia y la gravedad de la apnea obstructiva del sueño en pacientes que roncan / Modified Mallampati Score as a Predictor for the Presence and the Severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Snoring Patients

Objetivo del estudio: evaluar si la puntuación de Mallampati modificada (MMS) puede predecir la presencia y la gravedad del síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS) en un grupo de pacientes que roncaban y presentaban apnea en los hospitales universitarios de Al-Azhar, El Cairo, Egipto y el Hospital Almoosa, Alhasa, Arabia Saudita. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de pacientes que roncaban y presentaron apnea remitidos a un laboratorio del sueño para el diagnóstico de AOS mediante polisomnograma completo durante la noche desde enero de 2017 a noviembre de 2020. Se utilizó el índice de apnea-hipopnea (IAH) para categorizar la gravedad apnea del sueño. Se registraron edad, sexo, SMM, índice de masa corporal (IMC), comorbilidades, sueño y parámetros de laboratorio. Además, se registraron exámenes completos de Otorrinolaringología, Neurología y Medicina Interna. Resultados: El estudio se realizó en 350 pacientes que cumplían los criterios de inclusión con una edad media de 51,3 ± 14,3 años con un rango de 14 a 81 años. Más de la mitad de ellos (58,6%) eran hombres, el IMC medio fue de 35,1 ± 8,8 kg / m2 y el MMS medio fue de 4,7 ± 1,6 con aproximadamente el 65% de los pacientes agrupados en clases III y IV. Se diagnosticó AOS (IAH> 5) en 278 (79,4%) pacientes. Significativamente, la AOS se detectó más entre los hombres, aquellos con mayor edad, IMC, MMS y aquellos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Una evaluación adicional mostró una correlación positiva significativa entre el IMC y el MMS con la gravedad de la AOS (ρ = 0,23, P <0,001 y ρ = 0,36, P <0,001) respectivamente. Conclusión: MMS es una herramienta útil para predecir la presencia y la gravedad de la AOS en pacientes que roncan. El IMC y el sexo masculino son predictores independientes

Aim of the study: To assess if the modified Mallampati score (MMS) can predict the presence and the severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) in a group of patients who had snoring and witnessed apnea from Al -Azhar university hospitals, Cairo, Egypt, and Almoosa Hospital, Alhasa, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A retrospective study was done for patients who had snoring and witnessed apnea referred to a sleep lab for the diagnosis of OSA by overnight full polysomnogram from January 2017 to November 2020. Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was used to categorize the severity of sleep apnea. Age, sex, MMS, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, sleep and laboratory parameters were recorded. Also, full Otorhinolaryngological, Neurological and Internal medicine examinations were recorded. Results: The study was carried out on 350 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria with a mean age 51.3 ± 14.3 years ranging from 14 to 81 years. More than half of them (58.6%) were males, the mean BMI was 35.1 ± 8.8 kg/m2 and the mean MMS was 4.7 ± 1.6 with about 65% of patients grouped in classes III and IV. OSA (AHI>5) was diagnosed in 278 (79.4%) patients. Significantly, OSA was more detected among males, those with increased age, BMI, MMS, and those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Further evaluation showed a significant positive correlation between both BMI and MMS with the severity of OSA (ρ =0.23, P<0.001 and ρ =0.36, P<0.001) respectively. Conclusion: MMS is a useful tool to predict the presence as well as the severity of OSA in snoring patients. BMI and male gender are independent predictors

Adverse events related to mechanical ventilation in a pediatric intensive care unit / Eventos adversos relacionados à ventilação mecânica em uma unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the prevalence and factors associated with adverse events (AE) related to invasive mechanical ventilation in patients admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of a tertiary public hospital. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study from July 2016 to June 2018, with data collected throughout patients' routine care in the unit by the care team. Demographic, clinical and ventilatory characteristics and adverse events were analysed. The logistic regression model was used for multivariate analysis regarding the factors associated with AE. Results: Three hundred and six patients were included, with a total ventilation time of 2,155 days. Adverse events occurred in 66 patients (21.6%), and in 11 of those (16.7%) two AE occurred, totalling 77 events (36 AE per 1000 days of ventilation). The most common AE was post-extubation stridor (25.9%), followed by unplanned extubation (16.9%). Episodes occurred predominantly in the afternoon shift (49.3%) and associated with mild damage (54.6%). Multivariate analysis showed a higher occurrence of AE associated with length of stay of 7 days or more (Odds Ratio [OR]=2.6; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.49-4.66; p=0.001). Conclusions: The results of the present study show a significant number of preventable adverse events, especially stridor after extubation and accidental extubation. The higher frequency of these events is associated with longer hospitalization.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados a eventos adversos (EA) relacionados à ventilação mecânica (VM) invasiva em pacientes internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica (UTIP) de hospital público terciário. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal realizado entre julho de 2016 e junho de 2018, com dados coletados ao longo da rotina de atendimento dos pacientes na unidade pela equipe assistencial. Neste estudo, foram analisados características demográficas, clínicas, ventilatórias e os EA ocorridos. O modelo de regressão logística foi utilizado para análise multivariada quanto aos fatores associados aos EA. Resultados: Neste estudo, foram incluídos 306 pacientes, com tempo de ventilação total de 2.155 dias. Ocorreram EA em 66 pacientes (21,6%), dos quais 11 (16,7%) sofreram dois EA, totalizando 77 eventos (36 EA por mil dias de ventilação). O EA mais comum foi o estridor pós-extubação (25,9%), seguido da extubação não planejada (16,9%). Os episódios ocorreram predominantemente no turno da tarde (49,3%) e associados a grau de dano leve (54,6%). Na análise multivariada, observou-se maior ocorrência de EA associado a tempo de internação igual ou superior a sete dias (Odds Ratio [OR]=2,6, intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%)]1,49-4,66, p=0,001). Conclusões: Evidenciou-se número significativo de EA que podem ser prevenidos, destacando-se o estridor pós-extubação e a extubação acidental, com ocorrência mais frequentemente associada ao maior tempo de internação.

El niño con estridor persistente / The child with persistent stridor

El estridor es un ruido respiratorio anormal generado por obstrucción o colapso de la vía aérea laringotraqueal, de manera aguda o de evolución crónica. Existen distintas causas tanto congénitas como adquiridas capaces de producir dificultad respiratoria, que puede llegar a ser grave y con potencial riesgo vital. El diagnóstico clínico del paciente con estridor persistente debe ser complementado con un estudio endoscópico de la vía aérea y en ocasiones con imágenes, para intentar determinar el o los sitios comprometidos y posibles malformaciones asociadas. La indicación de tratamiento debe ser individualizada, considerando el estado general del paciente, las etiologías responsables, el im pacto sobre la respiración y la deglución, el pronóstico y la capacidad técnica del equipo tratante, entre otras. Las alternativas pueden incluir observación, medidas no farmacológicas, medicamentos locales o sistémicos, procedimientos endoscópicos, cirugías abiertas, o bien la instalación de una traqueostomía de manera temporal o como manejo definitivo. El objetivo de esta revisión es entregar un adecuado conocimiento de la fisiopatología y la etiopatogenia del estridor pediátrico persistente, fundamental para el correcto manejo de estos pacientes complejos, que debiera realizarse idealmente en un contexto multidisciplinario.

Stridor is an abnormal respiratory sound caused by obstruction or collapse of the laryngotracheal airway, either acutely or chronically. There are different causes, both congenital and acquired, that can produce shortness of breath which may be severe and potentially life-threatening. The clini cal diagnosis must be complemented with an endoscopic airway assessment and sometimes with imaging, to try to determine the areas involved and possible associated malformations. Treatment should be individualized, considering the patient's overall condition, stridor etiology, its impact on breathing and swallowing, prognosis, and technical capacity of the managing team, among others. Alternatives may include observation, non-pharmacological measures, local or systemic medications, endoscopic and open surgeries, or a temporary or long-term tracheostomy. A thorough understan ding of the pathophysiology and etiopathogenesis of persistent pediatric stridor is essential for the correct management of these complex patients, ideally in a multidisciplinary manner.

Falha de extubação em unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica: estudo de coorte retrospectivo / Fracaso de la extubación en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátrica: un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo / Extubation failure in pediatric intensive care unit: a retrospective cohort study

RESUMO Na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) pediátrica, a falha de extubação pode aumentar o risco de mortalidade. Este estudo objetivou: (1) verificar a taxa de falha de extubação na UTI pediátrica de um hospital público do município de Bauru (São Paulo, Brasil); (2) identificar a principal causa atribuída à falha de extubação; (3) avaliar se características como a idade e o tempo de ventilação mecânica invasiva (VMI) estão associadas à falha de extubação; (4) avaliar se o tempo de permanência na UTI e hospital é maior entre os pacientes que apresentaram falha de extubação. Foi realizado estudo de coorte retrospectivo com 89 pacientes internados de maio de 2017 até julho de 2018. Os resultados mostraram taxa de falha de extubação correspondente a 16%. A principal causa atribuída à falha de extubação foi o estridor laríngeo, totalizando 57% dos casos. A comparação intergrupos (sucesso vs. falha de extubação) não mostrou diferenças em relação à idade (p=0,294) e ao tempo de VMI (p=0,228). No entanto, observamos que o grupo falha de extubação apresentou maior tempo de UTI (p=0,000) e hospital (p=0,010). Desta forma, concluímos que a taxa de extubação está de acordo com a observada em outros estudos. O estridor laríngeo foi responsável por mais da metade dos casos de falha de extubação. Embora a idade e o tempo de VMI não tenham sido características associadas à falha de extubação, esta contribuiu para o maior período de permanência na UTI e no hospital.

RESUMEN En la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) pediátrica, el fracaso de la extubación puede aumentar el riesgo de mortalidad. Este estudio tuvo el objetivo de: (1) verificar el índice de fracaso de la extubación en la UCI pediátrica de un hospital público en el municipio de Bauru (São Paulo, Brasil); (2) identificar la causa principal atribuida al fracaso de la extubación; (3) evaluar si las características edad y tiempo de ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI) están asociadas al fracaso de la extubación; (4) evaluar si la duración en la UCI y el hospital es mayor entre los pacientes que experimentaron este fracaso. Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo con 89 pacientes hospitalizados desde mayo de 2017 hasta julio de 2018. Los índices del fracaso de la extubación fueron del 16%. El estridor laríngeo fue la causa principal atribuida al fracaso de la extubación, lo que totaliza el 57% de los casos. La comparación intergrupal (éxito versus fracaso de la extubación) no presentó diferencias en relación con la edad (p=0,294) y el tiempo VMI (p=0,228). Se observó que el grupo fracaso de la extubación estuvo más tiempo en la UCI (p=0,000) y el hospital (p=0,010). Se concluye que el índice de extubación está en consonancia con lo observado en otros estudios. El estridor laríngeo fue el responsable de más de la mitad de los casos de fracaso de la extubación. Las características edad y el tiempo de VMI no estuvieron asociadas al fracaso de la extubación, pero esta contribuyó a un período más prolongado en la UCI y en el hospital.

ABSTRACT In the pediatric intensive care unit (ICU), extubation failure may increase mortality risk. This study aimed: (1) to verify the rate of extubation failure in the pediatric ICU of a public hospital located in the city of Bauru (São Paulo, Brazil); (2) to identify the main cause attributed to extubation failure; (3) to evaluate whether age and time of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) are characteristics associated to extubation failure; (4) to evaluate whether the length of stay in the ICU/hospital is longer among patients who presented extubation failure. A retrospective study was performed with 89 hospitalized patients from May 2017 to July 2018. Results showed an extubation failure rate corresponding to 16%. The main cause attributed to extubation failure was laryngeal stridor, totaling 57% of the cases. Intergroup comparison (success vs. failure of extubation) showed no differences in relation to age (p=0.294) and IMV time (p=0.228). However, we observed that the extubation failure group had longer ICU (p=0.000) and hospital time (p=0.010). In this way, we conclude that the rate of extubation failure is in agreement with other studies. Laryngeal stridor was responsible for more than half of cases of extubation failure. Although IMV time and age were not associated with the extubation failure, they contributed to a longer stay in the ICU and in the hospital.

Temporal evolution of and factors associated with asthma and wheezing in schoolchildren in Brazil / Evolução temporal e fatores associados a asma e sibilância em escolares no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the evolution of the prevalence of asthma and wheezing among schoolchildren in Brazil from 2012 to 2015, as well as to identify factors associated with both conditions. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using data from the Brazilian National School-Based Adolescent Health Survey for 2012 and 2015. To characterize the evolution of the prevalence of asthma and wheezing, we used linear regression with weighted-least-squares estimation and presented the annual percent change (APC). Results: During the study period, there was a reduction in the prevalence of wheezing, from 23.2% in 2012 to 22.4% in 2015 (APC, −0.27). The prevalence of asthma increased from 12.4% in 2012 to 16.0% in 2015 (APC, 1.20). The increase in the prevalence of asthma was greatest in the southern region of the country (APC, 2.17). Having any history of smoking and having consumed alcohol in the last 30 days were factors that influenced the prevalence of wheezing and the prevalence of a self-reported diagnosis of asthma during the two years evaluated. Conclusions: There has been an increase in the prevalence of asthma in recent years in Brazil. Our data underscore the importance of improving health strategies and policies aimed at the control of asthma.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar a evolução da prevalência de asma e sibilância em escolares brasileiros nos anos de 2012 e 2015, bem como verificar fatores associados a ambas. Métodos: Estudo transversal utilizando dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar nos anos de 2012 e 2015. Para verificar a evolução das prevalências de asma e sibilância foi utilizada a regressão linear ponderada pelos quadrados mínimos da variância e apresentada a variação percentual anual (VPA). Resultados: Foi encontrada uma redução da prevalência de sibilância (de 23,2% em 2012 para 22,4% em 2015; VPA: −0,27). A prevalência de asma aumentou de 12,4% em 2012 para 16,0% em 2015 (VPA: 1,20). O maior aumento na prevalência de asma ocorreu na região Sul do país (VPA: 2,17). Ter fumado alguma vez na vida e ter ingerido álcool nos últimos 30 dias foram fatores que influenciaram tanto na prevalência de sibilância quanto na prevalência de diagnóstico referido de asma nos dois anos da pesquisa. Conclusões: Este estudo evidenciou o aumento na prevalência de asma nos últimos anos. Esses dados ressaltam a importância de melhoria das estratégias e políticas de saúde voltadas para o controle da asma.

Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its relationship with factors associated with recurrent wheezing / Prevalência de deficiência de vitamina D e sua relação com fatores associados à sibilância recorrente

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency in children 0-18 years of age with recurrent wheezing and/or asthma residing in the microregion of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and treated at a referral center, and to determine its association with major risk factors for wheezing. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed using a semi-structured questionnaire, which was administered by trained interviewers to the legal guardians of the study participants. Data were obtained regarding general characteristics of recurrent wheezing; general sociodemographic, environmental, and biologic factors; and atopy-related factors. The magnitude of the statistical association was assessed by calculating ORs and their corresponding 95% CIs by using multiple logistic regression. Results: We included 124 children in the study. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency in the sample was 57.3%. Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency was found to be associated with wheezing in the first year of life, personal history of atopic dermatitis, environmental pollution, and vitamin D supplementation until 2 years of age. Conclusions: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency was high in our sample. Vitamin D concentrations were directly associated with vitamin D supplementation until 2 years of age and were inversely associated with wheezing events in the first year of life, personal history of atopic dermatitis, and environmental pollution.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência da deficiência/insuficiência de vitamina D em indivíduos com sibilância recorrente e/ou asma com idade de 0-18 anos e residentes na microrregião de Viçosa (MG) atendidos em um centro de referência e determinar sua associação com os principais fatores de risco para sibilância. Métodos: Estudo transversal utilizando um questionário semiestruturado por entrevistadores treinados, aplicado aos responsáveis pelos participantes do estudo. Foram obtidas informações sobre características gerais da sibilância recorrente, fatores sociodemográficos, ambientais e biológicos gerais e aqueles relacionados à atopia. A magnitude da associação estatística foi avaliada por meio do cálculo da OR e IC95% obtidos por regressão logística múltipla. Resultados: Foram incluídos 124 indivíduos no estudo. A prevalência da deficiência/insuficiência de vitamina D na amostra foi de 57,3%. Observaram-se associações da deficiência/insuficiência de vitamina D com sibilância no primeiro ano de vida, antecedentes pessoais de dermatite atópica, poluição ambiental e suplementação de vitamina D até os 2 anos de idade. Conclusões: A prevalência de deficiência/insuficiência de vitamina D foi alta em nossa amostra. As concentrações de vitamina D foram associadas diretamente com a suplementação de vitamina D até os 2 anos de idade e inversamente com eventos de sibilância no primeiro ano de vida, antecedentes pessoais de dermatite atópica e poluição ambiental.

Snoring in individuals with and without maxillary constriction

Objective: compare snoring in individuals with and without maxillary constriction. methods: 124 individuals (mean age, 40.53; SD, 15.59), 81 women and 43 men were evaluated. two groups were formed, 62 individuals with and 62 without maxillary constriction. to assess the snoring, a visual analog scale of snoring severity was used. comparison of snoring scores between groups was performed by the U Mann-Whitney test. simple and multiple linear regressions were also performed. results: the mean snoring scores of the group with maxillary constriction was 3.00+/-2.96, while in the group without maxillary constriction it was 3.87+/-2.90. no statistically significant differences between snoring scores in individuals with and without maxillary constriction was found (p=0.105). the variability of snoring scores was not explained by the presence of maxillary constriction (p=0.100, R2=2.20 percent). conclusion: there was no different between the snoring scores in individuals with and without maxillary constriction. maxillary constriction alone does not influence snoring.

Factors associated with asthma expression in adolescents / Fatores associados à expressão da asma em adolescentes

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate risk factors associated with asthma symptoms in adolescents in the 13- to 14-year age bracket. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving adolescents enrolled in randomly selected public schools in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, and conducted with the use of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire and its supplementary module for risk factor assessment. The ISAAC questionnaire was completed by the students themselves, whereas the supplementary questionnaire was completed by their parents or legal guardians. Variables showing p ≤ 0.25 in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis. Stepwise regression with backward elimination was used for variable selection. Results: We evaluated 375 adolescents, 124 (33.1%) of whom had asthma symptoms. The final multivariate analysis model revealed that asthma symptoms were associated with birth weight < 2,500 g (p < 0.001), day care center or nursery attendance (p < 0.002), maternal history of asthma (p < 0.001), contact with animals during the first year of life (p < 0.027), current contact with animals outside the home (dogs, cats, or farm animals; p < 0.005), and more than 20 cigarettes per day smoked by parents or other household members (p < 0.02). Conclusions: Exposure to animals in and outside the home is associated with asthma symptoms, as is environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Families, health professionals, and administrators of health care facilities should take that into account in order to prevent asthma and reduce asthma morbidity.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os fatores de risco associados aos sintomas relacionados à asma em adolescentes de 13 e 14 anos. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com alunos matriculados em escolas públicas de Belo Horizonte (MG), selecionadas aleatoriamente, com a utilização dos questionários International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood e de seu módulo complementar para a avaliação dos potenciais fatores de risco. O primeiro questionário foi respondido pelos alunos, e o segundo foi respondido pelos pais e/ou responsáveis. Após a análise univariada, todas as variáveis cujo valor de p foi igual ou inferior a 0,25 foram submetidas à análise multivariada. A seleção das variáveis foi realizada pelo método passo a passo com eliminação retrógrada de variáveis. Resultados: Foram avaliados 375 adolescentes, dos quais 124 (33,1%) apresentavam sintomas de asma. O modelo final da análise multivariada revelou que sintomas de asma estiveram associados a peso ao nascimento < 2.500 g (p < 0,001), frequência a creches ou berçários (p < 0,002), história materna de asma (p < 0,001), contato com animais durante o primeiro ano de vida (p < 0,027), contato atual com animais fora da residência (cão, gato ou outros animais em fazenda; p < 0,005) e consumo de mais que 20 cigarros por dia por residentes no mesmo domicílio que o adolescente (p < 0,02). Conclusões: As exposições intra e extradomiciliar a animais domésticos e ao tabaco estiveram associadas à presença de sintomas de asma. Esses resultados devem ser considerados tanto pelos familiares como pelos profissionais e gestores dos serviços de saúde na prevenção da asma e na redução do seu impacto na morbidade.

Estridor persistente / Persistent stridor

Stridor is a musical, often high-pitched sound produced by a rapid, turbulent flow of air through a narrowed segment of the large airways. The cause of stridor can be located anywhere in the extrathoracic airway (nose, pharynx, larynx, and trachea) or the intrathoracic airway (tracheobronchial tree). Stridor may be acute (caused by inflammation/infection or foreign body inhalation) or chronic. It may be congenital or acquired. Various congenital and acquired disorders prevail in neonates, infants, children, and adolescents, and need to be distinguished. Medical history and age of the child, together with physical examination, often allow a presumptive diagnosis. Further tests may be necessary to establish a definite diagnosis, and flexible airway endoscopy is the diagnostic procedure of choice in most circumstances

Estridor es un sonido musical, de alta frecuencia, generado por el paso de un flujo de aire turbulento en zonas con calibre disminuido de la vía aérea de mayor tamaño.La causa del estridor puede estar localizado en cualquier lugar de la vía aérea extratorácica (nariz, faringe, laringe y tráquea) o la vía aérea intratorácica (árbol traqueobronquial). El estridor puede ser agudo (causado por inflamación/infección o aspiración de cuerpos extraños) o crónica. Puede ser congénita o adquirida. Varios trastornos congénitos y adquiridos prevalecen en neonatos, lactantes, niños y adolescentes, y tienen que ser distinguidos. La historia clínica, edad del niño y examen físico a menudo permiten un diagnóstico presuntivo. Puede requerirse mayor estudio para establecer un diagnóstico definitivo, y la endoscopia flexible de la vía aérea es el procedimiento diagnóstico de elección en la mayoría de las circunstancias

Comportamiento de la sibilancia en niños menores de cinco años de la provincia Sancti Spíritus / Behavior of respiratory sounds in children less than five years of Sancti Spíritus

Introducción: la sibilancia en niños preescolares se encuentra entre las principales causas de morbilidad atendida en las consultas de alergología y representa un importante número de ingresos hospitalarios. Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento de la sibilancia en niños menores de cinco años ingresados en el servicio de respiratorio del Hospital Pediátrico Docente Provincial "José Martí Pérez" de Sancti Spíritus, en el período noviembre de 2015 a noviembre de 2016. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, el universo quedó constituido por 242 pacientes menores de cinco años ingresados por sibilancia en dicho servicio. Entre las variables que se estudiaron se encuentran: grupos de edad, sexo, antecedentes atópicos familiares, diagnóstico nosológico, fenotipo. Resultados: predominaron los lactantes, el sexo masculino, la residencia urbana, la bronquiolitis como diagnóstico al ingreso, el antecedente de atopia familiar fue más frecuente entre sus madres con diagnóstico de asma, los antecedentes atópico personal; la sibilancia persistente atópica tuvo mayor frecuencia; la inmunoglobulina E total estuvo elevada en un número frecuente de los casos. Conclusiones: el mayor número de casos en los pacientes incluidos tuvo riesgo de asma bronquial, con predominio de varones, historia familiar presente y personal de atopia, así como inmunoglobulina E sérica total elevada(AU)

Introduction: respiratory sounds in preschool children are the main causes of morbidity treated in allergy clinics and represent a significant number of hospital admissions. Objective: to characterize the behavior of wheezing in children less than five years admitted to the respiratory service of the Pediatric Teaching Provincial Hospital "José Martí" of Sancti Spíritus, from November 2015 to November 2016. Method: a study was descriptive, transversal; the universe was constituted by 242 patients less than five years admitted for wheezing in this service. Among the studied variables: age groups, sex, family atopic background, nosological diagnosis, and phenotype. Results: predominated infants, male sex, urban residence, bronchiolitis as diagnosis at admission, the history of family atopic was more frequent among mothers with a diagnosis of asthma, the personal atopic background; persistent atopic wheezing was more frequent; Total immunoglobulin E was elevated in a frequent number of cases. Conclusions: the highest number of cases in the included patients had a risk of bronchial asthma, with predominance of males, present family history and atopic family history as well as elevated total serum immunoglobulin E(AU)

Estridor y dificultad respiratoria: aproximación neurológica: caso clínico / Stridor and dyspnea caused by a conversion disorder: a case report

Paradoxical vocal cord motion or vocal cord dysfunction is a descriptive term for an inappropriate adduction of the vocal cords during respiration, which can cause respiratory obstruction and stridor. It is associated with psychiatric conditions in the great majority of cases. We report a 23 year-old high performance female athlete, referred for a recurrent bilateral paralysis of the vocal cords, with a history of four intensive care unit admissions for severe dyspnea and stridor, which were treated several times with intubation and with tracheostomy on two occasions. Myasthenia gravis was suspected and she was treated with pyridostigmine and prednisone. She was discharged but despite the treatment, she presented new episodes of stridor and was readmitted six months later. This time the pharmacological treatment was suspended. The neurological study disclosed a normal brain magnetic resonance, normal cerebrospinal fluid analysis and a normal electromyography. A conversion disorder was suspected and the patient was successfully treated with psychotherapy.

Cuerpo extraño en el esófago como causa de síntomas respiratorios en el niño: Casos clínicos / Foreign body in the esophagus as a cause of respiratory symptoms in children: Clinical cases

Los cuerpos extraños en el esófago son accidentes evitables que se observan, con mayor frecuencia, en niños menores de 3 años. Los síntomas de presentación más comunes son la disfagia, la sialorrea y los vómitos. Ocasionalmente, un cuerpo extraño en el esófago puede manifestarse con síntomas respiratorios, tales como tos, estridor y dificultad respiratoria. Esto es más frecuente en los niños pequeños y cuando el objeto permanece alojado en el esófago durante un período prolongado. La sospecha clínica es fundamental para el diagnóstico precoz, lo cual permite evitar potenciales complicaciones. Describimos a 3 niños con un cuerpo extraño impactado en el esófago que presentaron, principalmente, síntomas respiratorios. Alertamos a los pediatras sobre la variación sintomática en la presentación de un cuerpo extraño ingerido y subrayamos la importancia de realizar un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportunos.

Foreign bodies in esophagus are avoidable accidents that occur most often in children younger than 3 years. The most common presenting symptoms are dysphagia, drooling and vomiting. Occasionally a foreign body in the esophagus may present with respiratory symptoms such as cough, stridor and respiratory distress. This is more common in young children and when the object remains lodged in the esophagus for a prolonged period. Clinical suspicion is essential for early diagnosis, which allows to avoid potential complications. We describe 3 children with a foreign body impacted in the esophagus who presented mainly respiratory symptoms. We alert pediatricians on symptomatic variation in the presentation of a foreign body ingestion and we underline the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.

Tubos endotraqueales con cuff en anestesia pediátrica: ¿aumentan el riesgo de estridor post-extubación? Estudio observacional, cohorte prospectiva / Do cuffed endotracheal tubes raise post-extubation stridor risk in pediatric anesthesia? A prospective cohort study

The traditional pediatric airway model precludes the use of cuffed endotra-cheal tubes because of concerns regarding subglottic mucosal injury. Cuffed tubes have advantages which together with a change in the pediatric airway paradigm have made the practitioners to consider its use in children. Nevertheless some uneasiness remains about cuff employ in the neonatal population, specially preterms. A study was designed to determine if cuffed tracheal tubes increased the post-extubation stridor risk in children. Methods: Information concerning 535 children under 11 years old undergoing general anesthesia with tracheal intubation was prospectively recollected during a year. The choice of the type of tube was left to the anesthesiologist in charge. The post-extubation stridor risk was compared with logistic regression between those intubated with and those without cuffed tubes. Results: The post-extubation stridor incidence was 19·1,000 patients-year; Conf. Interval 95 percent [9-34·1,000]. The cuffed tracheal tubes effect on stridor risk, (adjusting for confounders), was non-significant: OR = 2,2; Conf. Interval 95 percent [0,2-20]; p = 0,5. Conclusions: The use of cuffed endotracheal tubes did not increase the risk of post-extubation stridor in children.

El concepto tradicional de vía aérea pediátrica es incompatible con el uso de tubo traqueales con cuff puesto que el área de menor circunferencia se ubica en la zona subglótica. Sin embargo, los tubos con cuff tienen ventajas, lo que unido a cambios en el paradigma de la vía aérea infantil han impulsado su uso entre los anestesiólogos. Pero aún persisten dudas respecto a su utilización, especialmente en recién nacidos prematuros. El principal objetivo de esta investigación es determinar si el uso de tubos con cuff aumenta la incidencia de estridor post-extubación en la población pediátrica. Materiales y Métodos: Se diseñó un estudio prospectivo observacional que incluyó pacientes menores de 11 años de edad, sometidos a anestesia general que requiriera intubación traqueal y el riesgo de estridor post-extubación fue comparado en pacientes en los que se usaron tubos con y sin cuff. Resultados: Se registró información de 535 pacientes durante 1 año. La incidencia de estridor post-extubación fue de 19 x 1.000 pacientes-año; (Int. Confianza 95 por ciento. [9-34 x 1.000]). El análisis controlando por las variables de confusión demostró que el uso de tubo con cuff no influyó en el riesgo de estridor post-extubación (Odds Ratio: 2,2; Intervalo Confianza 95 por ciento [0,2 -20]; p = 0,5). Conclusiones: El uso de tubos endotraqueales con cuff no aumentó el riesgo de estridor post-extubación en la población pediátrica estudiada.