High Plasma Sphingosine 1-phosphate Levels Predict Osteoporotic Fractures in Postmenopausal Women: The Center of Excellence for Osteoporosis Research Study

BACKGROUND: Higher sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) plasma levels are associated with decreased bone mineral density (BMD), and increased risk of prevalent vertebral fracture. So, we hypothesized that postmenopausal women with increased baseline plasma S1P levels have a greater risk for future incident fracture (osteoporosis-related fractures [ORFs]). METHODS: This study was conducted in a prospective longitudinal cohort of 707 women recruited in 2004 and followed up annually for a mean period of 5.2±1.3 years. They were postmenopausal (aged ≥50 years). The primary outcome measure was the time to the first confirmed ORF event using radiographs and/or a surgical report. RESULTS: The plasma S1P levels (µmol/L) were significantly higher in the women with incident fracture (7.23±0.79) than in those without ORFs (5.02±0.51; P < 0.001). High S1P levels were strongly associated with increased fracture risk. After adjustment for age and other confounders, the hazard ratio (HR) was 6.12 (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.92−7.66) for each 1-standard deviation increase in plasma S1P levels. The women in the highest quartile of S1P levels had a significant increase in fracture risk (HR, 9.89; 95% CI, 2.83−34.44). Results were similar when we compared plasma S1P levels at the 1-year visit. CONCLUSIONS: The associations between plasma S1P levels and fracture risk were independent of BMD and other confounders. These findings demonstrate that high plasma S1P level at baseline and at years 1 to 5 is a strong and independent risk factor for future [ORFs] among postmenopausal women and could be a useful biomarker for fracture risk assessment in this population.

Risk factors of hepatitis B virus infection in urban and rural areas of Qena governorate, Upper Egypt

Background: HBV infection is a significant health problem in Egypt which is categorized as an HB virus intermediate endemic area, with HB carrier rate ranging from 2%-7%. HBV infection is the 10[th] leading cause of death and HBV related hepatocellular carcinoma is the 5[th] most frequent cancer worldwide

Aims of the study: The present study aims to investigate the most important risk factors for transmission of HBV and HCV in urban and rural areas in Qena Governorate, Egypt

Patients and Methods: A matched case control study was conducted. The study included 600 patients, 100 HBV cases and 500 controls, aged above 20 years and below 70 years. Direct interview was done with each participant separately for filling the questionnaire during the period from January 2013 to January 2014. The collected data were reviewed, entered and statistically analyzed using SPSS version 19

Results: The mean age of cases and controls were 38.83 [ +/- 12.62] and 44.26 [ +/- 11.68] years respectively. Multivariate analysis shows that odds ratio of HBV infection is significantly higher among cases with some risk factors: injection by reused needle, sharing razors with others, dental procedures or oral surgery, blood transfusion and intravenous infusion and/or injection

Conclusion and Recommendations: The common risk factors exposures of hepatitis B infection included blood transfusion, dealing with patient blood, hospital admission, surgery, accidental stick with a blood contaminated needle, intravenous catheterization and dental procedures. There are statistically significant differences between HBV cases and their controls in the majority of these risk factors. The presence of these risk factors emphasizes the need for increasing the uptake of HB vaccine. Health care providers, health educators, and other community-based organizations must play an active role in counseling high-risk people

Cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in mice liver cells: an ultrastructure study

Nanoparticles of silver have many important applications and are among the most commonly used nanomaterials. They are increasingly used in a variety of both medical and consumer products which includes: spectrally selective coating for solar energy absorption and intercalation material for electrical batteries, as optical receptors, polarizing filters, catalysts in chemical reaction and bio-labeling. Nanosilver [Ag-NP] has both antibacterial and antiviral activity. Yet, the knowledge about the systemic toxicity of nanosilver is relatively limited. The aim of work: To evaluate the potential toxicity of small size 10nm silver nanoparticles using two different doses [0.1 ml and 0.4 ml] focusing on the ultrastructural changes occurring in mice hepatocytes. This study was performed using three groups of mice. The animals of the first group were given a daily intravenous injection of 0.1 ml of silver nanoparticles for 28 consecutive days. The second group was treated with 0.4 ml of silver nanoparticles for 28 consecutive days. The third group served as a control group in which the animals did not receive any vehicle. The study was focused on the ultrastructure of the liver. Ultrastructure observations of liver cells of mice Treated with any of the two doses [0.1 and 0.4 ml] of 10 nm Ag-NP indicated severe accumulation of dark deposits of Ag-NP in the cytoplasm and the cell organelles. Our study revealed that nanosilver used in doses of 0.1 and 0.4 ml led to deposits in the cells and induced damage of cell components especially the nucleus, mitochondria and chromatin

Environmental and hormonal control of induced spawning in thin-lipped grey mullet, Liza ramada [Risso]

The reproductive cycle can be controlled by either placing the fish in an appropriate environment or by changing the internal regulating factors of the fish with injected hormones or other substances. The present work was designed to determine the suitable environmental and hormonal requirements for induced spawning of thin-lipped grey mullet, reared in freshwater fish farms. The application of a high-potency synthetic analogue of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists [LHRH-a] and human chorionic gonadotropin [HCG] for inducing the final stages of maturation, ovulation, and spawning in mullets was investigated in ripe spawners, reared in freshwater fish farms, with average egg diameters of 0.600 mm or more, in suitable water temperature and salinity. Two hormonal injection strategies were used. The first involved the use of HCG as a priming injection, followed, 24 h later, by a resolving injection of HCG. The second strategy followed the same time frame but the priming injection was HCG and the resolving injection was luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists alone or in combination with HCG. The use of pregnyl [HCG] as a priming injection at a dose of 20 000 IU/kg body weight, followed by a second injection of 40 000 IU HCG/kg body weight 24 h later proved to be effective in inducing final oocyte maturation, ovulation, and spawning in Liza ramada at 44-50 h after hormonal injection. The optimum water temperature and salinity was 19° and 35%, respectively. Translucent ovulated eggs had coalesced lipid and yolk masses. The fertilized eggs had one or more oil globules gathered in the upper space of the egg. The blastodisc was situated on the bottom side of the floating egg. HCG is very useful for inducing and synchronizing spawning in L. ramada ripe spawners, reared in freshwater fish farms, in combination with suitable environmental factors

effect of mature broodstock origin on the spawning efficiency of grey mullet, Mugil cephalus

Understanding the biochemical composition of good batches of mullet eggs is a beginning of an investigative process that may one day make it easier to distinguish good eggs from undesirable ones. The present study was conducted to investigate the variations, if any, in the reproductive biology and biochemical composition of wild-caught and pond-reared broodstock of Mugil cephalus. Important biochemical constituents [protein, lipids, amino acids and fatty acids] in gonads and freshly spawned eggs of both wild and cultured female broodstock of M. cephalus were analysed. The results showed that the ovarian activity of cultured prespawning females was lower than that of wild females. The activation and fertilization rates of spawned eggs varied between wild and cultivated mullet females. In addition, there was malformation during the embryonic development of fertilized eggs obtained from cultivated females. There was a significant difference in biochemical contents - namely, amino acids and fatty acids - in gonads and spawned eggs between the two stocks, which seems to be due to differences in habitat conditions, mainly salinity and ion concentrations. With such information, we may be able to enhance the survival of mullet eggs through proper control of husbandry practices including environmental parameters, nutrition and methods for spawning

Occult HCV in Egyptian volunteer blood donors

The study aims to investigate the risk of post-transfusion transmission of hepatitis c virus [HCV] in the circumstances of occult HCV when anti-HCV is undetectable by ELISA and HCV-RNA is detected by RT-PCR in the plasma and or in peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMCs] of donor blood and the recipients are immunocompromised. The study covered 18 chronic renal failure patients [CRF] [12 males [66.7%] their age ranged from 28 to 65 years and 6 females [33.3%] their age ranged from 15 to 55 years] undergoing hemodialysis in Nile Hospital as part of their therapy have to receive blood transfusions [275 blood units] for the first time. Commercial ELISA kits for anti-HCV and nested-RT-PCR [N-RT-PCR] kits were used. Anti-HCV was positive in one serum from the eighteen [5.5%] poly transfused CRF patients at the end of the study while the seventeen sera were negative. This serum was also positive for HCV RNA by N-RT-PCR. Out of the 20 transfused blood units, one blood unit [three components] were tested by blood banking anti-HCV negative by ELISA, were positive for HCV RNA by N-RT-PCR. The collective markers of this blood unit represent an occult HCV. The risk of acquiring post-transfusion HCV infection from an occult HCV blood unit is 5%. Real time PCR showed variation in the viral load of the serum of the infected CRF patient, the plasma of blood unit, the PBMCs of this blood unit whether activated by PHA-M or not

Response of mucous-secreting cells of the gills and intestine to stress during induced spawning of gray mullet, Mugil cephalus

Introduction: An excess of mucus has been observed in the water during induction of mullet spawning. Few data are available on the physiology of mullets during the induced spawning, especially data on the response of mucous-secreting cells in the gills and intestine

Aim of the work: The aims of the present studies were to evaluate the effects of stress on the mucous-secreting cells in the gills and intestine during induced spawning of Mugil cephalus [Teleostei]

Materials and methods: Quantification of possible cell hyperplasia [or depletion] and the chemical composition of the mucous cells during induction of M. cephalus spawning was carried out using histochemical techniques

Results: The majority of mucous cells were concentrated at the edge of the gill filaments. The mucous cell density in the gills was significantly increased during spawning, but it was significantly decreased during preoviposition mortality. However, the mucous cell density in the mucosal layer of the intestine was significantly decreased during spawning and at preoviposition mortality. The size of mucous cells in both the gills and the intestine was significantly decreased during spawning and at preoviposition mortality, whereas its size was significantly increased in the gills after spawning. Two types of glycoproteins [GPs] [acid and neutral] were identified in the mucous cells of the gill and intestine epithelium of M. cephalus. During induction of spawning, the amount of GPs in the mucous cells altered. The amount of each variety of the carbohydrate [intensity of reaction] differed at the different stages during spawning. In general, the secretion of acidic mucous was increased during spawning

Conclusion: The decrease in the GP contents in mucous cells of M. cephalus, as a result of their hypersecretion in response to stress early during handling and acclimation, decreased the production of mucus and reduced its protective role against desiccation of gill and intestine tissue when the ion concentration changed in water during acclimation and induced spawning. This may be considered one of the possible reasons for mortality. Therefore, caution must be exercised not only in acclimation of fish but also in minimization of exposure of fish to stress during induction of spawning

[Complications of non vascularised fibular bone grafts]

Non Vascularized fibular Bone Grafts are considered one of the most method used in limp sparing surgery. This study aims to knowledgement the early and later complications of the Non Vascularized fibular grafts in bone reconstruction following bone tumor resection. The retrospective study was performed at 40 patients with malignant and benign tumors, the study lasted from January 2007 to January 2011. During this period 40 surgical operation were performed. This study depends on the arshef of bone Tumors unit- Albairouni hsspital. from early complication one superfacial infection [2.5%], two cases of peroneal nerve paralysis [5%] two cases of alternation of the gait [5%], one case of valgus deformity [2.5%]. The later complication include 8 cases of stress fracture [20%], 6 cases of late union [15%] 6 cases of bone absorbtion [15%] and 4 cases non union of bone graft [15%]. The number of malignant bone tumors were 24 [60%] and the benign bone tumors were 16 [40]. The non vascularized fibula graft is a good choice and available after ablation bone tumor in the defects below 6 cm and acceptable in the clefects which measure from 7-10cm but this choice not good in the defects that increase than 10cm

Associations between spontaneous preterm birth and maternal-newborn ABO blood phenotype pairs

To study whether spontaneous preterm birth [SPB] is associated with maternal-newborn ABO blood phenotype pairs. We conducted a retrospective case-control study in the Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Hospital, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A total of 631 live singleton SPBs [<37 weeks] between August 2005 and May 2011 formed the case group. A total of 2,204 live singleton term births [>/= 37 weeks] between May 2008 and April 2009 formed the control group. We extracted data on the mothers and their newborns from our neonatal electronic database and delivery room log book. We extracted ABO blood phenotypes using Cerner's Lab Information Software. We used a Chi square test to study the association between SPB and maternal-newborn ABO pairs. We used a combination of maternal-newborn A-A, B-B, AB-AB, and O-O pairs as the reference group. We used a binary logistic regression analysis to adjust for 6 established risk factors for SPB. Spontaneous preterm birth was associated with only maternal-newborn pairs B-A [odds ratio: 2.67, 95% confidence interval: 1.35-5.24, p=0.003] and AB-B [odds ratio: 1.97, 95% confidence interval: 1.04-3.74, p=0.04]. Both associations remained significant in the regression analysis. Spontaneous preterm birth is associated with maternal-newborn B-A and AB-B pairs. This finding requires further confirmatory and exploratory study as it could reduce SPBs.

Long term visual outcomes in laser treated threshold retinopathy of prematurity in Central Saudi Arabia

To assess the long term visual outcomes and refractive status of patients who underwent diode laser for threshold retinopathy of prematurity [ROP] and to investigate the risk factors leading to poor visual outcomes. Fifty-seven patients [114 eyes] with threshold ROP who underwent laser therapy were contacted for reassessment. A chart review was performed for all patients to collect data on visual acuity, retinal status and strabismus. A favorable visual outcome was defined as <20/160 [Snellen acuity] for young adults [cooperative patients], and CSM for children [uncooperative patients] while unfavorable visual outcome was defined as <20/160 or

Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women with previous adverse pregnancy outcome

Adverse pregnancy outcome include two or more consecutive spontaneous abortions, intrauterine foetal death, intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight, stillbirths, early neonatal death and/or congenital anomalies. Maternal infections and infestations play a critical role in adverse pregnancy outcome. In Libya, scare data exist on the roles of Toxoplasma gondii [T.Gondii] in the etiology of adverse pregnancy outcome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of T. gondii in relation to previous adverse pregnancy outcome in pregnant women. We also aimed to find out the possible risk factors of acquiring this infection in Libyan women at Benghazi region. We included 143 pregnant women with adverse pregnancy outcome who attended Gynecology and Obstetric Department in Jamhoriya Teaching Hospital over a period of six months to estimate seroprevalences of IgM and IgG antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. Serum samples were collected and assayed using quantitative ELISA technique. Out of 143 serum sample, 64 [44.8%] were positive for Toxoplasma. IgM seropositivities to Toxoplasma were 8.4%. All of those with high IgG and IgM positive cases gave a positive history of habitual abortion. Further remarks were obtained and will be presented and stressed

Modulatory role of immunization with secretory-excretory products of schistosoma haematobium eggs on morbidity in infected hamsters

A variety of secretory-excretory products [SEPs] from different stages of Schistosoma have been identified to induce a level of host-protective immune responses with amelioration of morbidity. Identification of SEPs complex components can be expected to facilitate discovery of new therapeutic drug targets and new diagnostic markers for schistosomiasis control. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the possible anti-morbidity effects of SEPs of S. haematobium eggs twelve weeks after exposure to infection. The liver and intestinal tissues of infected hamsters were selected for evaluation as in the murine models the urinary bladder exhibits minimal morbidity in response to S. haematobium infection. The experimental design included three groups of 10 hamsters each; SEPs immunized group, infected immunized group and infected control group. Multiple small doses of purified S. haematobium eggs SEPs were injected intra-peritoneally, followed 2 weeks later with 2 booster doses at weekly intervals. Animals were infected with S. haematobium cercariae 1 week following last booster immunization dose. All animals were sacrificed 12 weeks PI. Assessment of the modulatory role of SEPs immunization including worm burden, tissues egg loads, oogram pattern and histopathological examination of liver and intestinal tissues were carried out. Total and subclasses of anti SEPs of S. haematobium eggs IgG, IgM, IgG2 and polyvalent immunoglobulins [Igs] were measured using indirect ELISA at weeks 3, 6 and 9 post-infection [PI]. Immunization with SEPs of S. haematobium eggs produced significant reduction in worm load [61.37%], reduction in tissue egg loads [54.85% and 41.57% for hepatic and intestinal ova, respectively]; decreased percent of immature stages and increase in the percent of dead ova in oogram pattern. Pathological examination also revealed significant reduction in number of hepatic granuloma [46.06%]. At 3, 6 and 9 weeks PI, the level of Igs especially IgG was significantly higher in the infected immunized group, compared to both control groups, reached a peak value at 6 weeks PI [1.6] and remained elevated till the end of the experiment with slightly decreasing tendency at 9 weeks PI [1.3]. This study could represent an immunization model as a trial to decrease severe morbidity of schistosomiasis haematobium which may be aggravated by serious sequels

Effect of stress during handling, seawater acclimation, confinement, and induced spawning on plasma ion levels and somatolactin immunoreactivity in mature female thin -lipped gray mullet, Liza ramada

Understanding the physiological picture of fish during the reproductive cycle, seawater acclimation, and induced spawning is of essential value to know the possible reasons of preoviposition mortality and to develop successful hatchery technology. Determination of the effect of different stress factors on hydro-mineral balance as well as changes in somatolactin [SL] immunoreactive cells in mature Liza ramada females. Water chemistry and the different plasma ion levels were measured. Immunocytochemical staining for the sections of the pituitary gland was performed to describe the activity of SL immunoreactive cells. The plasma levels of PO[3-4], Na[+], K[+], Ca[2+], and Mg[2+] showed a slight increase during transportation without anesthesia. The concentrations of these minerals returned to the initial levels by using clove oil [5 mg/I] as anesthetic. However, their levels decreased during seawater acclimation and gradually increased with confinement to reach the initial values. Furthermore, the levels of PO[3-4], Na[+], K[+], Ca[2+], and Mg[2+] were significantly [P

Hyperbilirubinemia in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient male newborns in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia

To study the clinical and laboratory characteristics of hyperbilirubinemia in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G6PD]-deficient male newborns from Al-Ahsa area [Ahsais]. The medical records of inborn male infants at King Abdulaziz Hospital [KAH] in Al-Ahsa area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from May 2008 through April 2009 were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were healthy non-polycythemic G6PD-deficient Ahsa males born at >/= 37 weeks gestation, weighing >/= 2.5 kg, with no other cause of hyperbilirubinemia, and were sampled for a total serum bilirubin [TSB] within the first 48 hours of life. Hyperbilirubinemics were compared with non-hyperbilirubinemic newborns. Among the 93 G6PD-deficient newborns that met the inclusion criteria, 67 were hyperbilirubinemic and required phototherapy, and 13 of them required rephototherapy. Phototherapy was started at 11 +/- 4 [mean +/- SD] hours of life, and for a total duration of 42 +/- 28 hours. Hyperbilirubinemics had statistically significant higher levels of both hematocrit [53 +/- 6 versus 49 +/- 8%, p=0.02] and hemoglobin [176 +/- 18 versus 166 +/- 21 g/ L, p=0.04], and lower reticulocyte percentage [4.3 +/- 0.7 versus 5.2 +/- 1.0%, p=0.02], when compared to non-hyperbilirubinemic newborns. Hyperbilirubinemia in G6PD-deficient Ahsai male newborns was characterized by higher levels of both hematocrit and hemoglobin levels, and lower reticulocyte percentage compared to their non-hyperbilirubinemic counterpart. This hyperbilirubinemia required early phototherapy and re-phototherapy. Appropriate follow up should be made available to those high-risk newborns. Further research is needed to understand the exact mechanism of hyperbilirubinemia in G6PD-deficient newborns

Hyperglycaemia, hypertension and their risk factors among Palestine refugees served by UNRWA

UNRWA's noncommunicable disease screening activities were evaluated among 7762 refugees screened for hypertension and type 2 diabetes in Jordan, Syrian Arab Republic, Lebanon, Gaza Strip and West Bank in June 2007. People were referred for screening most commonly because of age [both sexes], followed by smoking [males] and family history [females]. A total of 9% of screened people were diagnosed with hypertension/diabetes. Being older than 40 years, obese or with a positive family history of diabetes or cardiovascular disease increased the risk of presenting with hypertension and/or hyperglycaemia 3.5, 1.6 and 1.2 times respectively. Differences in risk factor detection and screening outcome in relation to differences in lifestyle are discussed

Influence of bacterial endotoxins on bone marrow and blood components

Endotoxin [Lipopolysaccharide, LPS] a component of the bacterial wall of gram-negative bacteria, has been recognized as one of the most potent bacterial products in the induction of host inflammatory responses and tissue injury and was used in this study to mimic infections. LPS induces production and release of several cytokines. In response to these cytokines, different effects of endotoxins are seen. The effect of three types of endotoxins [Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhimurium] on bone marrow, differential counts and peripherial blood parameters were investigated in adult rats. Male spraguo Dawely albino rats weighing 220 - 250 g were used. They were injected i.p. [1 mg/kg body weight] with single dose of 3 types of endotoxins. Blood samples were collected from the experimental animals at 24 and 72 hours of the injection. At 72 hours the bone marrow aspirations were harvested from the femur of the rats for microscopic examination. Endotoxins induced different changes in the cells of bone marrow. Also, lipopolysaccharide caused significant decreases in red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets counts, hemoglobin content and hematocrit percent. Data of the present study point out to the dose of these toxins according to suitable pharmacopeia. Lemulus amebocyte lysate [LAL] test is specificly used for determination of the endotoxin limit. This recommendation should be observed to avoid the toxic effects of endotoxins

Subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis [RA] patients have increased mortality and morbidity as a result of cardiovascular [CV] and cerebrovascular diseases. Surprisingly the extent of atherosclerosis [AS] in RA is not known, nor have standard CVD risk factors have been fully evaluated. Study of these changes in early RA and early diagnosis of AS in this population might trigger more aggressive prophylaxis. To demonstrate subclinical atherosclerosis in early RA and possible underlying mechanism. 60 patients with early RA and 40 controls matched for age, sex and traditional risk factors for AS were selected. All patients and controls were subjected to a complete history and full clinical examination, laboratory assessment and carotid ultrasonography. Patients with early RA had average greater cIMT than controls and an increased prevalence of atherosclerotic plaques. Positive association between cIMT and age, joint count, disease activity score [DAS], smoking, serum cholesterol and c-reactive protein [CRP] were observed. Age and CRP were independently associated with atherosclerosis. Patients with early RA developed accelerated atherosclerosis compared with controls. Age and CRP are strong predictors for occurrence of CV disease before onset of symptoms

[Studying the effect of different levels of methionine and fat on some economical traits of broilers]

The effect of 3 levels of methionine [NRC recommended, 5 percent more than NRC recommended and 10 percent more than NRC recommended] and 2 levels of fat [0 and 5 percent] on some economical traits [performance and carcass] of broilers using a 2x3 factorial experiment with completely randomized design based on two rearing stages, starter [0-3 wk] and grower [4-6 wk] was studied, ANOVA of the effects of dietary treatments on traits and Duncan's multiple range test to compare means revealed that methionine levels had significant effect on live weight gain and improvement of feed conversion ratio in starter [p<0.05], grower and total period [p<0.01]. Fat had no significant effect on live weight gain and feed conversion ratio in starter [p>0.05]. Carcass traits were not significantly affected by different levels of fat [p>0.05] but methionine levels decreased abdominal fat yield and increased breast yield significantly [p<0.05]. The interactions between methionine and fat levels were not significant [p>0.05]. Therefore it can be concluded that using methionine up to 10 percent more than NRC recommended and fat up to 5 percent of diet, except in starter, is recommendable in broiler diets

Inguinal hernia repair: comparative study between local spinal and general anesthesia

To compare three different anesthetic techniques for inguinal hernia repair [regional, spinal and general] anesthesia. Prospective study included 75 adult male patients scheduled for elective unilateral reducible primary inguinal hernia repair. Patients were between 18-80 years, ASA physical status I and II. Patients were divided into 3 groups: group I: 25 patients received general anesthesia. Group II: 25 patients received local anesthesia. Group III: 25 patients, received spinal anesthesia. The period from the beginning to the end of the operation was recorded as the duration of the operation. Mean B.P and heart rate, were also recorded. Satisfaction would be recorded as satisfactory or unsatisfactory. Complication: postoperative nausea, vomiting, retention of urine, headache and sore throat were recorded for each patient. There was no statistical significant difference as regard to age, body mass index [BMI], HR and BP [P value > 0.05]. The duration of the procedure was significantly longer in local anesthesia group in comparison to general anesthesia and spinal anesthesia group [P value < 0.01]. Hospital stay was less in group II than the other two groups. Patients were more satisfied in local anesthesia group than the other groups. The cost of the operation was significantly lower in local anesthesia group in comparison to the other two groups. Postoperative pain as measured by Visual analogue scale [VAS] was lower in local anesthesia group than the other groups. Also complications were lower in local anesthesia group in comparison with other groups. We concluded that a proper inguinal field block for inguinal hernia repair provides satisfactory intraoperative analgesia and great benefits for patients as regard faster recovery, less pain, faster mobilization and higher satisfaction