Evidence for the Presence of Long-Lived Plasma Cells in Nasal Polyps

PURPOSE: Plasma cells and immunoglobulins (Igs) play a pivotal role in the induction and maintenance of chronic inflammation in nasal polyps. During secondary immune responses, plasma cell survival and Ig production are regulated by the local environment. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the presence of long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) and specific survival niches for LLPCs in human nasal polyps.METHODS: Nasal mucosal samples were cultured with an air-liquid interface system and the Ig levels in culture supernatants were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The characteristics of LLPCs in nasal polyps were determined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. The expression of neurotrophins as well as their receptors was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting.RESULTS: The numbers of CD138⁺ total plasma cells and BCL2⁺ plasma cells were increased in both eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic nasal polyps compared with those in normal tissues. The production of IgG, IgA, and IgE was detected in culture supernatants even after a 32-day culture of nasal polyps. Although the total numbers of plasma cells were decreased in nasal polyps after culture, the numbers of BCL2⁺ plasma cells remained stable. The expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) as well as tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) A, a high-affinity receptor for NGF, was upregulated in both eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic nasal polyps. In addition, BCL2⁺ plasma cell numbers were positively correlated with NGF and TrkA mRNA expression in nasal mucosal tissues. Polyp plasma cells had the expression of TrkA.CONCLUSIONS: Human nasal polyps harbor a population of LLPCs and NGF may be involved in their prolonged survival. LLPCs may be a novel therapeutic target for suppressing the local Ig production in nasal polyps.

Epidemiology of allergic rhinitis in children / 中国实用儿科杂志

Allergic rhinitis is one of the most common chronic disease in children. According to the global epidemiological investigation,the incidence of allergic rhinitis in children is different among different ages and different regions,and the prevalence of allergic rhinitis shows slow increase trends all over the world. In addition,the distribution of allergens in different areas is different. In Europe,America and Xinjiang,plants species are the main allergens,while mites are the main allergens in other areas of China.

Analysis of the factors associated with non-adherence to therapy with home-based remote monitoring noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in children with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome and risk factors / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To discuss the factors associated with non-adherence to therapy with home-based remote monitoring noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) in children with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and risk factors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-one children with OSAHS and risk factors from March 2001 to December 2012 were enrolled in this study. They all received home-based remote monitoring NIPPV therapy. After admission, all children underwent NIPPV titration, then the parents were trained to operate the ventilator, after that, the children were discharged. Remote monitoring started to monitor NIPPV parameters and the adherence to NIPPV.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Under remote monitoring, ten children (50.0%) were adherence to NIPPV therapy. Seven children (31.8%) gave up NIPPV therapy within one week and four children (19.0%) gave up one month after NIPPV therapy started. The reason for non-adherence was as follows: 3 cases (27.3%) had some economic problems, 3 cases (27.3%) considered NIPPV therapy as a inconvenient therapy and lost patience; 2 cases(18.2%) resisted the therapy and 3 cases (27.3%) could not tolerate the therapy.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Under remote monitoring, non-adherence to home-based remote monitoring NIPPV therapy is still high in children during the early treatment, mainly due to economic problems, intolerance to the therapy and lack of the recognition of the importance of the therapy.</p>

Application of minimally invasive technique of coblation in 30 infants with epiglottic cyst / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To present the efficacy of minimally invasive technology of coblation in the treatment of infant epiglottic cyst.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinical data of 30 infants with epiglottic cyst treated between January 2008 and January 2011 were reviewed retrospectively. All infants with epiglottic cyst were treated with the ArthroCare ENT Coblator II Surgery System after being checked completely.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All 30 patients were successfully operated. The blood loss was less than 2 ml during the surgery. The infants recovered without any complications and were discharged from hospital in 10 days after surgery. The clinical symptoms improved significantly or disappeared. No patients showed recurrence during followed-up over 6 months.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The advantage of the minimally invasive technology of coblation in infant epiglottic cyst was less bleeding, little injury and postoperative organization reaction.</p>

Study of arousal index in children with sleep-disordered breathing / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore which index is more suitable to show the degree of sleep fragment in children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Between October 2009 and August 2011, Forty-five children (4 - 8 years) who were diagnosed as obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) were enrolled in OSAHS group[obstructive apnea index (OAI) > 1 times/h or apnea hypopnea index (AHI) > 5 times/h, lowest oxygen saturation (LSaO2) < 0.92] and 54 children were enrolled in SDB group (1 ≤ AHI ≤ 5 times/h and OAI ≤ 1 times/h), 18 children with chorditis nodules made up control group (AHI < 1 times/h and LSaO2 ≥ 0.92, without SDB-related history). The difference of respiratory arousal index (RAI), spontaneous arousal index (SAI), total arousal index (ARtotI) and sleep pressure score (SPS) were compared among three groups. The correlation between RAI, SAI, ARtotI, SPS and AHI were also analyzed. Furthermore, RAI, SAI, ARtotI and SPS were compared before and after operation in 14 OSAHS children with detailed pre- and after polysomnography data.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The difference of SAI and ARtotI between SDB group and OSAHS group and ARtotI between OSAHS group and control group were not significant (P > 0.017), except this, the difference of other index between any two groups or SAI and ARtotI between otherwise two groups were significant (P < 0.017). RAI and SPS was correlated with AHI (coefficient correlation: 0.751, 0.829, P was 0.000). RAI and SPS decreased after operation and the difference was significant (Z were -3.045 and -2.982, P were 0.002 and 0.003). The difference of sleep structure was not significant.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>RAI and SPS were more suitable to show the degree of sleep fragment than other arousal index.</p>

Correlation between serum uric acid levels and obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome in children / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the level of serum uric acid (UA) in children with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS).</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Between Sep. 2008 and Mar. 2010, 138 children with OSAHS were enrolled in study group. Sixty-five children with accessory auricle or ptosis of upper lid were enrolled into the control group. Furthermore, according to apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) or obstructive apnea index (OAI) the study group was further divided into three subgroups (mild, moderate and severe group). At last, the study group and control group were divided into two groups according to the body mass index (BMI), separately. The fasting serum UA level was compared among the different groups. Then the correlation between the serum UA level and AHI, BMI, oxygen desaturation index, least arterial oxygen saturation (LSaO(2)) and the percentage of total sleep time with arterial oxygen saturation < 0.92 was also analyzed in OSAHS children with or without overweight and obesity respectively.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The difference of serum UA level between the study group and control group (z = -0.443), and the difference among the three groups (χ(2) = 1.241) was not significant(P > 0.05). The serum UA level in overweight and obese children [study group, 273.0 (238.3 - 357.3); control group, 298.0 (253.0 - 336.0)] was significantly higher than that in children with normal BMI [study group, 246.5(215.8 - 300.0); control group, 266.0 (224.0 - 303.3)] (z = -2.084, -2.214, P < 0.05). That serum UA level did not correlate with the above index of OSAHS was observed in children with or without overweight and obesity in study group (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Findings of higher serum UA level were not observed in children with OSAHS. There was no correlation between serum UA level and the above indices of OSAHS. The serum UA level in overweight and obese children was significantly higher than that in children with normal BMI.</p>

Reasons of multiple operations in children with airway foreign body / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the reasons of multiple operations in children with airway foreign body through analyzing the clinical data of children who received two or more operations.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From 2003 to 2009, all children with airway foreign body who received two or more operations in hospital were enrolled. The clinical manifestations, image before and after operation and intraoperative conditions were retrospectively analyzed, in order to find the reasons of multiple operations.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All children fully recovered, no serious complications or death. The reasons of two or more operations were multiple: 21 cases (42.8%) were related to the factor of apparatus, 20 (40.8%) cases were related to the quality, surrounding conditions and location of the foreign body and experience and surgical skills of operator, 4 (8.2%) cases were due to incarceration of foreign body, another 4 (8.2%) cases were due to unstable intraoperative oxygen saturation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Both subjective and objective factors (quality, surrounding conditions or location of foreign body, et al) were related to multiple operations. To reduce the chance of multiple operations, careful preoperative assessment and preparation are necessary.</p>

Diagnostic role of pulse transit time in children with sleep disordered breathing / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the diagnostic value of pulse transit time (PTT) in children with sleep disordered breathing(SDB).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty eight randomly selected snorers (2 - 13 years) with SDB were examined by PSG and PTT in the same time. Data obtained were analyzed by different technicians respectively. Statistics and analysis of the data were performed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Apnea hypopnea index (AHI), obstructive apnea index (OAI), the lowest oxygen and micro-arousal index were obtained by PSG and PTT. The results was described as M [25 percentile; 75 percentile]: 4.9[1.3;10.1], 4.6[1.5;11.8]; 1.2[0.7;4.9], 1.3[0.6;5.0]; 0.93[0.85;0.95], 0.93[0.84;0.95]; 14.5[12.6;16.4], 26.0[17.4;30.6]. The difference of AHI, OAI, and the lowest oxygen were not significant (P > 0.05), while the PTT arousal index detection rate was higher than PSG (Z = -5.19, P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and determination of degree of patient's condition (P > 0.05). PTT could identify upper airway resistance syndrome in children without OASHS.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Both methods can be used to diagnose SDB. However, PTT is easy to use and suitable for the diagnosis of SDB in children, especially for UARS.</p>

A preliminary study of the secondary postoperative haemorrhage in pediatric coblation adenotonsillectomy / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare secondary postoperative haemorrhage rate of coblation with the conventional pediatric adenotonsillectomy. And to analyze possible reasons which cause the secondary bleeding after coblation adenotonsillectomy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A retrospective study was applied to compare the secondary postoperative haemorrhage rate and the bleeding moment between two groups in which 1-14 years old children from April 2005 to September 2009 in Guangzhou Children's Hospital were included. Group A was pediatric patients who had conventional adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy (dissection, without heat damage to the tissue) from April 2005 to July 2006 in Department of Otorhinolaryngology. Group B was pediatric patients who had coblation adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy from April 2008 to September 2009 in Department of Otorhinolaryngology.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Two of 484 cases in group A had secondary postoperative bleeding, the rate was 0.4%. One happened 2 days after operation, another after 3 days. Eleven of 502 cases in group B had secondary postoperative bleeding, the rate was 2.2%. Secondary bleeding happened 2 to 12 days after surgery, median 6.0 days. The secondary postoperative haemorrhage rate of operating by the freshman was 2.6%(10/385), and it was 0.9%(1/117) by the senior. The rate of secondary bleeding was higher in group B than group A (chi(2) = 5.987, P < 0.05). There was no significant difference of secondary bleeding time in both groups (Mann-Whitney U score was 2.500, P > 0.05). Six of 13 cases who had secondary bleeding suffered wound or upper respiratory tract infection. Three of 13 ate inappropriately after the operation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Pediatric coblation adenotonsillectomy is a new method. The most possible reasons of secondary bleeding are poor surgery skills and ill experience. And, infection, inappropriate eating after the operation may be the other reasons of secondary bleeding.</p>

Study on periodic limb movement during sleep in children with sleep-disordered breathing / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the correlation between periodic limb movement index (PLMI) and the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), apnea index (AI), hypopnea index (HI) and lowest oxygen saturation (LSaO₂) in sixty-four children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Between March 2008 and May 2009, sixty-four children suspected of OSAHS underwent overnight polysomnogram monitoring in our medicine sleep center. OSAHS was diagnosed according to the general criterion. Sixty-four children were divided into two groups. Thirty children were diagnosed as OSAHS and 34 children were diagnosed as primary snoring (PS, 32 children) or upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS, 2 children). The difference of PLMI and periodic limb movement index during sleep associated with arousals (PLMI-arousal) were compared between the two groups. Besides this, the correlation between PLMI, periodic limb movement index during sleep associated with arousals and AHI, AI, HI and LSaO₂ were also analyzed in all SDB children. Furthermore, all SDB children were divided into two groups according to PLMI (< 5 events/h vs ≥ 5 events/h). AHI, AI, HI, LSaO₂ and sleep structure were compared between the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The difference of PLMI and PLMI-arousal between the children with OSAHS and children with other SDB types (PS and UARS) were not significant (z value, -1.279, -1.490; P value, 0.201, 0.136, respectively). (2) The increased sleep stage I was significant as being compared between the two groups (< 5 events/h vs ≥ 5 events/h, t = -2.16, P < 0.05). However, other sleep stages and sleep efficiency were not significantly different (P value, all > 0.05). (3) The difference of HI, AI, AHI, arousals index (ArI) and LSaO₂ were not significant between the two groups (< 5 events/h vs ≥ 5 events/h, P value, all > 0.05). (4) PLMI and PLMI-arousal were not correlated with AHI, HI, AI, AHI and LSaO₂ (Spearman rank correlation analysis).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>PLMS may be independent of SDB and PLMS had a little influence on sleep structure.</p>

Clinical analysis of upper airway resistance syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome in children / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the similarities and differences of the clinical manifestations between the children with upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) and obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS), and to explore the clinical features and characteristics of sleep respiratory parameters.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using the double-blind method, all children were diagnosed as UARS or OSAHS through the polysomnography test and the results of all children were analyzed by a sleep technician and an otolaryngologist. Another ENT doctor recorded their clinical and physical examination in detail.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Polysomnography showed that the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and the lowest oxygen in 253 children with OSAHS were 3.60[2.00;7.55] times/h and 0.90[0.85;0.91], and were 0.90[0.50;1.10] times/h and 0.95[0.92;0.96] in 102 children with UARS, the difference of the two groups by rank test was statistically significant. The proportion of UARS and OSAHS was more common during preschool period than during school-age period. The chief complaint in two groups was sleep snoring, and the main symptoms were sleep restless, attention deficit/hyperactivity and breath with mouth open. The incidence rate of above symptoms were as follows, 94.1%, 72.5%, 62.7% and 37.3% in children with UARS, 92.9%, 78.7%, 57.7% and 45.5% in children with OSAHS. The difference was not significant by chi-square test (P>0.05). Tonsil and adenoid hypertrophy were also observed in the two groups, the difference was not significant (chi2 = 0.27, P= 0.87). However, the children with OSAHS were more apt to have the sleep apnea than with UARS, the difference was statistically significant (chi2 = 34.07, P<0.001).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The clinical manifestations of two groups are similar, the difference between UARS and OSAHS can not be determined by the patient's clinical performance. Sleep apnea can be more easily observed in children with OSAHS than that in UARS, the final diagnosis is based on polysomnography.</p>

Comparison of the sleep architecture and symptom of inattention-hyperactivity in children with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome before and after surgery / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity among obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) children, also to investigate the effects of surgery (tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy or adenoidectomy alone) on the changes of sleep architecture and inattention-hyperactivity score (IHS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Between June 2004 and may 2007, eighty children diagnosed as OSAHS with overnight polysomnography (PSG) were included in this study, only sixteen children had complete pre-op and post-op PSG data. Thirty children with vocal cord nodules were selected as control group. DSM-IV-derived IHS was evaluated by neurologist. All OSAHS children accepted surgery (tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy or adenoidectomy alone) and IHS evaluation. The pre-op and post-op sleep architecture and IHS were compared with that of control group.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The median IHS 80 OSAHS children was higher than that it in control group (0.89 vs 0.17) and the difference was significant (Z = -4. 276, P < 0.05). After surgery, it showed a significant reduction in IHS (0.44 vs 0.89, t = 6.219, P < 0.05). (2) Twenty-five OSAHS children had pre-op IHS greater than 1.25 and nine had post-op IHS greater than 1.25, while only three children in control group had IHS greater than 1.25. The difference was statistically significant (chi2 = 5.192, 9.56 respectively, P < 0.05). (3) For sixteen OSAHS children who had both pre-op and post-op PSG data, a decrease in the percentage of phase 1 sleep and an increase in the percentage of phase 2 sleep, slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep were observed in six months after surgery and the difference was significant (t = 12.2, -5.4, -6.3, - 8.1 respectively, P < 0.001). After surgery, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) decreased from 13.9 times/h to 1.5 times/h while lowest saturation of blood oxygen (LSaO2) increased from 0.855 to 0.940 (t = 5.3, - 3.7 respectively, P < 0.01). REM sleep percentage and LSaO2 was still lower than that of control group six months after surgery.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Children with OSAHS showed significantly impaired attention and hyperactivity as compared with control group. Improvement of behavior and sleep architecture were observed after adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy.</p>

Arousals in children with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the difference of arousal index between the children with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and children with primary snoring. Furthermore, to explore the correlation between the above mentioned arousals and the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and lowest oxygen saturation (LSaO(2)).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Between March 2007 and February 2008, 102 children suspected of OSAHS underwent overnight polysomnogram monitoring in our medicine sleep center. OSAHS was diagnosed according to the general criterion [Draft of guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (Urumqi) which was published in Chin J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg in February, 2007]. One-hundred and two children were divided into two groups according to the guidelines. Sixty six children [56 boys, 10 girls; aged 4 - 17 years, (7.01 +/- 2.24) years (x(-) +/- s)] who were diagnosed as OSAHS were enrolled in study group and 36 children [29 boys, 7 girls; aged 4 - 13 years, (7.44 +/- 2.68) years] who were diagnosed as primary snoring made up control group. The difference of spontaneous arousal index, total arousal index and arousal index related to respiratory stimuli and limb movement were compared between the two groups. Besides this, the correlation between spontaneous arousal index, total arousal index and arousal index related to respiratory stimuli and limb movement and AHI and LSaO(2) were also analyzed. Furthermore, the study group were divided into three subgroups according to AHI (< or = 10 times/h, 10 times/h < AHI < or = 20 times/h, > 20 times/h). Spontaneous arousal index, total arousal index and arousal index related to respiratory stimuli and limb movement were compared among the three groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The increased total arousal index and arousal index related to respiratory stimuli and the decreased spontaneous arousal index of study group were significant as compared to those of control group (Mann-Whitney U, z value, -3.148, -3.866, -2.791; P value, 0.002, 0.000, 0.005, respectively). The increased arousal index related to respiratory stimuli were significant as being compared among the three groups. Arousal index related to respiratory stimuli was correlated with AHI (coefficient correlation: 0.734, P = 0.000). Other kinds of arousals and arousal index related to respiratory stimuli were not correlated with LSaO(2) (Spearman rank correlation analysis). When compared to control group, stage I increased and stage REM decreased and the difference was significant (z were -2.423, -3.519; P were 0.015, 0.000).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The arousal index related to respiratory stimuli were increased and spontaneous arousal index were decreased in children with OSAHS. Arousal index related to respiratory stimuli is more suitable to show the degree of sleep fragment than other arousal index.</p>

Diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome in children with risk factors / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyse the clinical features of children with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS), accompanying with risk factors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinic data of 19 patients treated in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of Guangzhou Children's Hospital between January 2005 to January 2008 were investigated retrospectively. Among them, 5 were < 2 years old, 6 with craniofacial deformity: small mandible and (or) mandibular retrusion (5 cases), transverse facial cleft (1 case), Down's syndrome (2 cases), cerebral palsy (2 cases), chronic bronchitis (3 cases) and mucopolysaccharidoses (1 case). Nineteen patients with symptoms of snoring, mouth breathing, were diagnosed as OSAHS by polysomnography (PSG) and treated by tonsillectomy and (or) adenoidectomy in hospital. All patients were closely followed-up.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Fourteen patients underwent PSG 6 months to 1 year after operation, 11 patients recovered, the median [percentiles 25; percentiles 75] apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) decreased from the pre-operative 22.5 [16.5; 24.3] times/h to 2.0 [1.5; 4.3] times/h, and the lowest oxygen saturation (LSaO(2)) before operation was 0.63, and was higher than 0.92 after operation, 1 case accompanying with chronic bronchitis, the pulmonary hypertension was improved after operation. One case with Down's syndrome was not significantly improved, preoperative AHI and LSaO(2) was 22.4 times/h and 0.67, and after operation was 14.2 and 0.84; 2 cases accepted adenoidectomy only, snoring, mouth breathing reappeared 3 months after operation, pre-operative PSG results showed AHI 24.6 times/h and 26.6 times/h, LSaO(2) was 0.69 and 0.73, after operation the AHI was 10.6 times/h and 8.5 times/h, LSaO(2) was 0.90 and 0.88, the symptoms disappeared after adenotonsillectomy. Five cases did not have PSG because they lived far away in the other cities, their pre-operative PSG showed AHI 16.4 to 26.2 times/h, LSaO(2) was 0.65 to 0.76. One year after operation, these patients were followed-up by telephone, 4 children were significantly improved, 1 case with mandibular symptoms showed no improvement.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>For OSAHS children accompanying with risk factors, if they have adenoid and tonsil hypertrophy, adenotonsillectomy is the major treatment. Because of the existence of risk factors, perioperative risk increased, even the failure of operation. so these patients must be comprehensively assessed before operation. Satisfied results can be achieved by close observation after operation and management of complications as soon as possible.</p>

Analyses of polysomnogram in children suspected of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze polysomnogram characteristics of children with suspected obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and to explore the role of obstructive apnea index (OAI), apnea hypopnea index (AHI) and arousal index for pediatric OSAHS diagnosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixty one suspected pediatric OSAHS cases had overnight polysomnography for at least 8 h in a quiet, dark room. Sleep studies were interpreted according to diagnostic criteria of Guangzhou Children's Hospital (Obstructive apnea was defined as cessation of nose and mouth airflow, while the respiratory effort continues for any duration. Hypopnea was defined as reduction of oronasal flow > 50% accompanied by a desaturation of 0. 04 or greater) and Urumqi diagnostic criteria (Obstructive apnea was defined as cessation of airflow at the nose and the mouth, while the respiratory effort continues for at least two breaths. Hypopnea was defined as reduction of oronasal flow > 50% accompanied by a desaturation of more than 0.03, or/and by an arousal) respectively. The OAI, AHI and arousal index were recorded and analyzed according to the two different diagnostic criteria respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) Forty - one children (67.2%) had 206 obstructive apneas. Fifty - four children (88.5%) had 2249 obstructive hypopneas. Apnea - hypopnea events mainly occurred during rapid eye movement sleep. (2) OAI and AHI were analyzed by diagnostic criteria of Guangzhou Children's Hospital and Urumqi diagnostic criteria respectively. OAI < 1 was observed in 68. 9% and 75.4% children respectively and AHI < 5 occurred in 34.4% and 24.6% children respectively. (3) Statistically significant difference found between spontaneous arousal index and respiratory - related arousal index (z = -5.787, P = 0.000).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>As the criteria of pediatric OSAHS, arbitrary OAI number should be determined on the basis of large sample investigation, the significance of spontaneous arousal index still needs further investigation.</p>

Clinical features and surgery in children with plastic bronchitis / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To review the clinical features and therapeutic experience in children with plastic bronchitis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fourteen children with plastic bronchitis were reviewed retrospectively, 12 of which were under two years old. The clinical features are characterized by sudden onset, episodes of profound hypoxia and respiratory tract obstruction. SaO2 was between 0.70 and 0.80 even with mask oxygen inhalation. Eight cases were pyretic, 4 cases expectorated jel-like bronchial casts. The chest X-ray picture showed patchy consolidation or atelectasis unilaterally (10 cases) or bilaterally (2 cases). Pulmonary marking thickening and patchy shadow were observed in 2 cases. Twelve cases underwent rigid bronchoscopy and the bronchial casts were removed. Two cases underwent endotracheal intubation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Eight cases of 12 children received therapeutic bronchoscopy were cured. Other 4 cases had second therapeutic bronchoscopy and bronchial casts were removed again in 3 cases, one died from pulmonary hemorrhage. Two cases who underwent endotracheal intubation died from the multiple organ failure (MOF). Pathologic results showed:the bronchial casts were composed mainly of mucus and fibrin, inflammatory cell infiltrate were observed in 6 cases (Type 1, inflammatory), no cellular infiltrate occurred in 8 cases (Type 2, acellular).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Plastic bronchitis is a severe and dangerous disease. The branching plastic casts may obstruct part or the entire tracheobronchial, causing respiratory failure. Bronchoscopy and pathologic examination are essential for it's diagnosis and treatment.</p>

Diagnosis and treatment of laryngeal web in infants / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To summarize the clinical manifestation, operative method and therapeutic effect of various type of laryngeal web in infants.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinical data of 12 cases were analyzed, 5 cases of which were congenital laryngeal web (4 cases, glottic type; 1 case, subglottic type), 7 cases of which were secondary laryngeal web (1 case, tuberculous laryngeal web; 6 cases, traumatic laryngeal web). Diagnosis was mainly depended on history and clinical manifestation. Final diagnosis was depended on fibrolaryngoscope and pathological report. Microlaryngoscopic surgery was the main operative method. However, specific infection should be cured before operation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>During 3-18 months follow-up, 4 glottic laryngeal webs were cured. One subglottic laryngeal web case well recovered and secondary surgery is not needed at least recently. One tuberculous laryngeal web was followed up for 6 months, no vocal adhesion was observed. During 3-6 months follow-up, 1 traumatic laryngeal web was cred, while the other 6 cases need secondary surgery.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Final diagnosis of congenital laryngeal web is mainly depended on fibrolaryngoscope. And prognosis of it is well. Laryngeal web induced by specific infection should be cured specific infection before operation. The prevention is the key for traumatic laryngeal web because the surgery outcome is not satisfactory.</p>

Changes of sleep architecture in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore how obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) affects children's sleep architecture.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eighty-three children with OSAS were reviewed; every patient was monitored with polysommography for 7 hours at night for 11 parameters, including the number of arousal, snoring index, nadir O(2) desaturation, stage I %, stage II %, show wave sleep (SWS)% and rapid eye movement (REM)%. The basis for diagnosis of OSAS was the widely accepted pediatric diagnostic criteria of apnea/hypopnea index, apnea/ hypopnea index of > 1 episode/hour, nadir O(2) desaturation < 92%. Sleep was scored manually according to the standard set by Rechtschaffen.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In OSAS group, the number of arousal was 22.5 +/- 1.4, snoring index was 70.6 +/- 16.5, and/or SaO(2) was (73.8 +/- 1.9)%. OSAS group had increased stage I : (45.8 +/- 2.0)% vs. (2.3 +/- 1.1)%, t = 22.46, P < 0.01 and decreased stage II : (23.9 = 1.7)% vs (47.9 = 4.4)%, t = - 14.18, P < 0.01, SWS (15.6 +/- 1.8)% vs. (21.1 +/- 5.0)%, t = - 3.123, P < 0.01, REM (14.7 +/- 1.5)% VS. (28.2 +/- 4.1)%, T = -8.923, p < 0.01.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The severity of OSAS relates to changes of sleep architecture in children. Intermittent nocturnal hypoxia secondary to apnea/hypopnea, and frequent electroencephalogram arousals from sleep may result in significant sleep fragmentation. Children with OSAS had learning problems and failure to thrive.</p>

Clinical characteristics of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the clinical features and diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixty children with OSAS were reviewed, every patient was monitored with polysomnography (PSG) for 7 hours at night for 11 parameters, including the longest apnea time (LAT), apnea and hypopnea index (AHI), the lowest oxygen saturation (SaO(2)), and snore index etc., the parameters of the 2 groups were compared. Meanwhile, tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy were performed for 40 cases of OSAS, and the parameters obtained before and after operation were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Adenotonsillar hypertrophy and the loud snoring during sleep were found in all cases. The mean values of the PSG parameters were as follows: the longest apnea time was 53 (8-178) seconds (s); the total time of apnea was 310.5 (26-5,260) s; the time of apnea was 26 (3-240) s; the longest hypopnea time was 41 (5-94) s; the total times of hypopnea was 170 (5-2,860) s; the time of hypopnea was 10 (1-85); the apnea index was 4.1 (0.5-25.9); the hypopnea index was 1.4 (0-16.1); the apnea and hypopnea index (AHI) was 6.8 (0.5-38.2); the snore index was 81.7 (1.3-414.8); the lowest saturation of oxygen was 0.78 (0.25-0.93). There was not statistically significant difference in the parameters between 2-7 year group and over 7 year group (P > 0.05). The parameters of postoperation group: the mean value of the longest apnea time was 15.5 (0-60) s; the total time of apnea was 56.4 (60-205) s; the time of apnea was 10.33 (0-40); the longest hypopnea time was 13.25 (0-30) s; the total times of hypopnea was 44.6 (0-73); the hypopnea time was 4.32 (0 - 30) s; the apnea index was 0.6 (0-12); the hypopnea index was 0.62 (0-4); the apnea and hypopnea index (AHI) was 1.25 (0.1-12); the snore index was 30.08 (1.8-102); the lowest oxygen saturation was 93.5% (64%-97%). Compared with preoperation groups there was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.01). Clinically effective rate of the surgeries was over 90%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Adenotonsillar hypertrophy seemed to be an important cause of OSAS in children. Snoring, dyspnea, apnea and low ventilation are the major clinical characteristics of OSAS in children. Confirmed diagnosis of the syndrome in children requires PSG recordings.</p>