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Background & objectives: Epidemiological interventions and mosquito control are the available measures for dengue control. The former approach uses serotype and genetic information on the circulating virus strains. Dengue has been frequently reported from Nepal, but this information is mostly lacking. The present study was done to generate a comprehensive clinical and virological picture of a dengue outbreak in Nepal during 2013. Methods: A hospital-based study involving patients from five districts of Nepal was carried out. Demographic information, clinical details and dengue serological status were obtained. Viral RNA was characterized at the molecular level by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Results: From among the 2340 laboratory-confirmed dengue cases during the study period, 198 patients consented for the study. Clinically they had fever (100%), headache (59.1%), rashes (18.2%), retro-orbital pain (30.3%), vomiting (15.1%), joint pain (28.8%) and thrombocytopenia (74.3%). Fifteen (7.5%) of them had mucosal bleeding manifestations, and the rest were uncomplicated dengue fever. The patients were mostly adults with a mean age of 45.75 ± 38.61 yr. Of the 52 acute serum samples tested, 15 were positive in RT-PCR. The causative virus was identified as DENV serotype 2 belonging to the Cosmopolitan genotype. Interpretations & conclusions: We report here the involvement of DENV serotype 2 in an outbreak in Nepal in 2013. Earlier outbreaks in the region in 2010 were attributed to serotype 1 virus. As serotype shifts are frequently associated with secondary infections and severe disease, there is a need for enhancing surveillance especially in the monsoon and post-monsoon periods to prevent large-scale, severe dengue outbreaks in the region.
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Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a public health burden in Nepal. In patients burdened by this disease epileptic seizures are common. Computerized tomography scan (CT-scan) and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are most commonly used investigative tools for the diagnosis of NCC. Radio imaging techniques combined with serological techniques such as Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and/or Enzyme linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) are commonly used as confirmatory diagnostic tools for this disease. Poor sanitation and hygiene accompanied with free range system of keeping pigs, deliberate use of human feces as pig feeds and social economic status of the society were reviewed the main causes for the persistence of Neurocysticercosis in Nepal. It was found that NCC exists in various development stages in the human brain as vesicular, colloidal, granular nodular and calcified forms. Based on the developmental stage and location of the cyst, a patient may present a focal seizure (FS), focalised seizure secondary generalised (FSSG), generalised toniclonic seizure (GTCS) , intractable seizures, headache, vomiting, impaired vision and or cognitive dysfunctions. Radio-imaging (CT scan and MRI) techniques and immunodiagnostic kits (ELISA, EITB, Dot Blots, and Western Blots) were found to be the main tools for diagnosis of NCC/Cysticercosis in Nepal. The chemotherapeutic treatment for NCC associated epilepsy was found to be analgesics, corticosteroids, and/or a combination of both. Albendazole was found the most used and effective anthelminthic drug for the treatment of multiple lesion. NCC is an easily preventable disease of poor and the neglected people. In a resource limited setting like Nepal, effective diagnostic techniques and treatment routines in place is very difficult. It is recommended that provision of education to the public on the epidemiology of the disease, promotion of safe pork production practices, supply of tap water, improvement of personal hygiene and sanitation would play a bigger role in eradicating the disease.
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Infections due to Mutli Drug Resistant A. baumannii (MDRAB) is now recognized as a major public health problem worldwide. The nosocomial infection due to MDRAB has leaded to increased in morbidity and mortality which has added noticeably to significant challenge to modern antibiotic therapy system. This is due to rapid phenomenon of A. baumannii to acquire antibiotic resistance. Thus, in this review the overview of current knowledge on epidemiology, infections, mechanism of resistance and effective treatment options are briefly highlighted.
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Bacterial plasmids encode resistance systems for toxic metal ions including Hg2+ functioning by energy-dependent efflux of toxic ions. The inducible mercury resistance (mer) operon encodes both a mercuric ion uptake and a detoxification enzymes. In Gram-negative bacteria especially in E. coli, a periplasmic protein, MerP, an inner- membrane transport protein, MerT, and a cytoplasmic enzyme, mercuric reductase (the MerA protein), are responsible for the transport of mercuric ions into cell and their reduction to elemental mercury, Hg0. Phytoremediation involves the use of plants to extract, detoxify and/or sequester environmental pollutants from soil and water. Transgenic plants cleave mercury ions from methyl-mercury complexes; reduce mercury ions to the metallic form; take up metallic mercury through their roots; and evolve less toxic elemental mercury. PCR were performed to detect 1695 bp of mercuric reductase gene (merA), which is mainly responsible for the conversion of mercuric (Hg+2) and mercurous (Hg+1) ions into non-toxic elemental mercury. PCR products of putative merA genes from environmental E. coli strains were purified and cloned into a plant expression vector pRT100. The construct will be transformed in calli of Nicotiana plants.