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Objective To investigate the effect of electroacupuncture preconditioning on microglia polarization in rats after cerebral ischemia reperfusion(IR)injury and explore the role of tyrosine kinase 2(J AK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3)pathway in the process.Methods Forty-five clean-grade healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly and equally divided into sham operation group,IR group and electroacupuncture preconditioning group.Rat model of IR injury was induced with thread occlusion of the internal carotid artery.Before modeling,electroacupuncture preconditioning was applied to Baihui acupoint for 5 consec-utive days in the preconditioning group,and exposure of the cervical blood vessels were inflicted in the sham-operation group.At 24 h after reperfusion,the severity of neurological deficit was observed by modified neurological deficit score(mNSS),and the cerebral infarct volume was observed by TTC staining.Western blotting was used to detect the protein levels of classical acti-vated type(M1)marker inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS),alternative activated type(M2)marker arginase 1(Arg-1),JAK2 and p-JAK2,and STAT3 and p-STAT3,and q-PCR was applied to detect the mRNA expression of iNOS and Arg-1.The expression of TNF-α and IL-10 was measured by ELISA.Results Compared with the sham operation group,the mNSS,infarct vol-ume,protein levels of p-JAK2/JAK2,p-STAT3/STAT3,protein and mRNA levels of iNOS and Arg-1,and expression of TNF-α and IL-10 were significantly increased in the IR and electroacu-puncture preconditioning groups(P＜0.01).The preconditioning group had obviously lower mNSS,smaller infarct volume,decreased protein levels of p-JAK2/JAK2,p-STAT3/STAT3,re-duced protein and mRNA levels of iNOS,and declined TNF-α expression,but elevated expression of Arg-1 at protein(2.0±0.2 vs 1.5±0.1)and mRNA(4.2±0.8 vs 3.1±0.3)levels and increased IL-10 expression(49.1±7.1 pg/mg vs 27.9±5.9 pg/mg)when compared with the IR group(P＜0.01).Conclusion Electroacupuncture preconditioning can promote the polarization of microglia to M2 and inhibit the polarization of microglia to M1 after cerebral IR injury,which may be relat-ed to the inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 pathway.
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Dexmedetomidine (DEX ) is an α2 adrenalin-receptor agonist with potent sedation, analgesia, anti-anxiety and anti-sympathetic effect. Moreover, DEX exert no inhibition of respiratory function with high safety and has considerable clinical application prospect. Children often experience emergency agitation (EA) and other uncomfortable symptom which is associated with special physical and mental state. Thus, an ideal pediatric anesthetic premedication is getting a lot of attention. DEX is superior to other premedication in sedation with high safety. Compared with others, DEX by nasal spray is an ideal drug delivery method to reduce the side effects and facilitate the implementation of the drug. The relevant research progress of the effective dose, efficacy and safety will be reviewed.
Реферат
Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is an α2 adrenalin-receptor agonist with potent sedation,analgesia,anti-anxiety and anti-sympathetic effect.Moreover,DEX exert no inhibition of respiratory function with high safety and has considerable clinical application prospect.Children often experience emergency agitation (EA) and other uncomfortable symptom which is associated with special physical and mental state.Thus,an ideal pediatric anesthetic premedication is getting a lot of attention.DEX is superior to other premedication in sedation with high safety.Compared with others,DEX by nasal spray is an ideal drug delivery method to reduce the side effects and facilitate the implementation of the drug.The relevant research progress of the effective dose,efficacy and safety will be reviewed.
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Pain is a common and crucial problem in clinical practice, because it has a profound influence on patients in perioperative period. Butorphanol, among plenty of analgesics, is widely used in clinical trials for its various advantages and better analgesic effects. As a typical agonist-antagonist opioid analgesic agent, butorphanol, however, shows different clinical manifestations with different affinity for opioid receptors 25∶4∶1 (κ∶μ∶δ). Besides, butorphanol provides remarkable analgesic and sedative effect in preemptive analgesia, induction and recovery period in general anesthesia, and postoperative analgesia And it could be as a adjuvant to local anaesthesia either. Compared with other opioid drugs, butorphanol is less likely to have side effect on respiratory depression. In addition, its physical dependence is extremely low.