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@# Objective To systematically evaluate the expression of programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its relationship with prognosis. Methods The literature from PubMed, EMbase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI and Wanfang data from inception to February 22, 2020 was searched by computer. Data were extracted and the quality of literature was evaluated using RevMan 5.3 software for meta-analysis. Egger's and Begg's tests were used to evaluate publication bias, and Stata 15.1 software was used for sensitivity analysis. Results A total of 16 articles were included, and there were 3 378 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The methodological index for nonrandomized studies (MINORS) scores were all 12 points and above. The meta-analysis results showed that the positive expression rates of PD-1 and PD-L1 in tumor cells were 37.8% (190/504) and 41.7% (1 407/3 378), respectively. The positive expression of PD-L1 in tumor immune infiltrating cells was 41.7% (412/987). The overall survival (OS) of the tumor cell with high PD-L1 expression was lower than that with low PD-LI expression (HR=1.30, 95%CI 1.01-1.69, P=0.04). The OS of the tumor immune infiltrating cell with high PD-L1 expression was significantly higher than that with low PD-LI expression (HR=0.65, 95%CI 0.53-0.80, P<0.000 1). Conclusion PD-L1 has a high expression rate in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and is an important factor for the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Objective To observe the role of intermediate conductance calcium?activated potassium channels (KCa3.1) in alkalinization and β?glycerophosphate induced vascular calcification. Methods Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and aortic rings were obtained from rat thoracic aorta, and then randomly divided into control group (pH was provided into 7.4, 8.0), high phosphorus groups (pH was provided into 7.4, 7.7 and 8.0, VSMCs in three groups were treated with 10 mmol/L β?glycerophosphate; HCl and NaHCO3 were used to adjust the pH) and TRAM?34 group (20 nmol/L was added into pH8.0 high phosphorus dulbecco's modified eagle's medium). Calcium deposition and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were measured by Alizarin red staining, calcium content and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay after cells were simulated for 12 days. Intracellular free Ca2 + was measured by ELISA. The expression of KCa3.1, runt?related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) were detected by RT?PCR and Western blotting 4 days after cells were stimulated. Calcium deposition was measured by von Kossa staining and calcium content after aortic rings were cultured for 12 days. The expressions of KCa3.1 and Runx2 were detected by immunohistochemistry after aortic rings were cultured for 4 days. Results Compared with control group, calcification in VSMCs and aortic rings were significantly increased in high phosphorus group (P<0.05) while decreased in TRAM?34 group (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the expressions of KCa3.1, Runx2 and the activity of ALP in high phosphorus groups were increased (P<0.05) while decreased in TRAM?34 group (P<0.05). Besides, expressions of Runx2 and KCa3.1 were augmented as the pH was higher (P<0.05). The expression of Runx2 in aortic rings was the same situation. Besides, the Ca2+ influx was blocked by TRAM?34 (P<0.05). Conclusions Alkalinization contributes to β?glycerophosphate induced VSMCs calcification through increase of Ca2 + influx, up?regulation of KCa3.1 and promotion of osteogenic/chondrogenic differentiation.