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Background: The utilization of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs among medical students during academic exams has raised concerns about health risks and potential implications. This cross-sectional study aimed to estimate the prevalence of OTC drug utilization among medical students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using pre-validated questionnaire. The data obtained was tabulated, analysed and the results were calculated in percentages.150 students had participated in this study of which 100 were selected by simple random sampling. Results: The use of OTC drugs was common amongst undergraduate students. Majority of students (92%) who participated in the study had used OTC drugs at some point in their life. Commonly used OTCs were antacids (73%) and the most common indications for use of OTCs was cough and cold (92%). 87% of students preferred OTC drugs due to ease and convenience while 44% preferred OTC drugs due to lack of time to consult the doctor. Doctors (32.3%) followed by family and friends; textbook/journals were found to be the most common source of information on OTC drugs. Conclusions: A tendency to choose self-medication over doctor’s consultation by most of the undergraduate medical students was consistently seen in the present study. This unrestrained use of OTC drugs certainly possesses several health risks. Awareness should be created among undergraduate medical students to restrict the use of OTC drugs and efforts should be undertaken to increase the sale of drugs without prescription.
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Background: Urinary tract infection is a very common clinical entity and are the leading causes of nosocomial infections. The options for antibiotics especially for nosocomial infections are very limited. Fosfomycin a good drug to be used in UTI and is recommend as first line agents for acute uncomplicated UTIs. The emergence of resistance to fosfomycin is a concern. Limited resistance data for fosfomycin is available from India. This study was conducted in order to monitor the trends of resistance to fosfomycin in E coli and Enterococcus faecalis causing UTI. Methods: Urine samples received in the laboratory from all patients were included in the study. Microscopy of uncentrifuged urine sample was done. Culture and sensitivity was done as per the CLSI guidelines. Susceptibility testing of the isolates to fosfomycin was performed interpretation done as per CLSI. Results: Total 150 isolates were taken for the study which included 100 isolates of E. coli and 50 isolates of Enterococcus faecalis. None of the E. coli isolates were resistant to fosfomycin and 82.0% of the isolates were found to be sensitive to nitrofurantoin. None of the Enterococcus faecalis isolates were resistant to linezolid. The percentage susceptibility was 52 % and 70 % for nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin respectively. Conclusions: The increasing resistance to fosfomycin is a matter of concern. An increased fosfomycin resistance rate in E. faecalis was observed. Performing antimicrobial susceptibility testing should be the most important criteria before starting the antibiotic to avoid undue usage and more such studies need to be conducted.
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Background: Hand hygiene (HH) is the simplest, but most effective infection prevention and control measure. This study was aimed to determine HH compliance among health care workers (HCWs) in a cancer hospital and the impact of targeted and phased training over changes in HH compliance and determination of Hawthorne effect among HCWs. Methods: Prospective observational study conducted in two phases by HH trained auditor (Overt observer) and ICN (Covert observer) performing 30 minutes HH audit at ICU, haemato-lymphoid (HL) ward and paediatric ward to observe the pattern of HH compliance among HCW for HH moments and its impact over Hawthorne effect for HH compliance. Results: Highest compliance for HH was observed at HL ward (59.34%) in first phase and at ICU (70.08%) in second phase. Gradual and significant improvement in HH compliance was observed for ICU (52.24% to 70.08%), HL ward (59.34% to 68.48%) and paediatric ward (43.42% to 53.46%). Profession specific Hawthorne effect was observed for nurses with higher compliance in covert observation in first phase and for doctors with higher compliance in overt observation in second phase of the study. Conclusions: Regular targeted HH audit with motivational training is the better influential tool for improving HH compliance. Regular audits also improve efficiency of auditor for effective HH compliance supervision. Decentralization and availability of workstation specific HH auditor is the most of effective cost saving approach for achieving significant progressive improvement in HH adherence.
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Background: Number of prognostic factors for thyroid carcinoma have been identified including age, gender and tumor characteristics, such as histology and stage. The importance of these factors as independent predictors of survival for patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma has been extensively studied but remains uncertain. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 50 thyroid carcinomas was made to assess prognostic factors including histological variants from September 2019 to February 2022 at our centre. The surgical and histopathological data were studied. Results: 72% patients had papillary thyroid cancer. Multivariate analysis was done and factors showing prognostic significance were tumour size, extrathyroid extension, extranodal extension, lymphovascular, perineural invasion, histological type, necrosis, focality, capsular invasion were found to have poor prognosis. Conclusions: There are histopathological factors which can modify the course and influence the line of treatment of thyroid neoplasms.
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Background: The incidence of hypothyroidism in pregnancy is between 0.5-3.5%, hyperthyroidism occurs in about 0.2-0.4%. They are associated with various maternal-fetal complications. Methods: This retrospective observational cohort study was conducted in SMGS Hospital, Jammu, India after ethical clearance. Admitted patients were included over a period of 1 year from January to December 2021. Inclusion criteria was women belonging to any period of gestation admitted to the labour room and woman with established thyroid disorder. Exclusion criteria was women on drugs influencing thyroid functions. Results: 1641 (10.43%) of 15722 women had thyroid disorders. Hypothyroidism in 10.37% (8.99% subclinical and 1.37% overt) and hyperthyroidism in 0.06%. PPROM was seen in 5.9% subclinical, 2.7% overt hypothyroid, none of hyperthyroid group. 7% subclinical, 8.5% overt hypothyroid and 1/10 women in hyperthyroid group had GDM. Abruption seen in 2.5% subclinical, 1.7% overt hypothyroid and none in hyperthyroid. In subclinical group 3.2% had gestational hypertension, 5.2% had preeclampsia and 0.6% had eclampsia. In overt hypothyroid, 2.8% had gestational hypertension, 7.9% preeclampsia and 1.7% eclampsia. In hyperthyroid group, 1/10 had gestational hypertension, 1/10 had preeclampsia. 18.2% subclinical, 14.7% overt hypothyroid, 2/10 in hyperthyroid group had history of abortion. 7% subclinical, 9.6% overt hypothyroid and 0/10 hyperthyroid group had infertility. 25.8% babies born were abnormal in terms of less gestational age at birth, low birth weight, IUGR, low apgar and IUD. 16.5% babies that had low birth weight <2.5 kg. Conclusions: The impact of thyroid disorders warrants routine screening for thyroid dysfunctions in all women in prenatal and antenatal period to predict and prevent adverse maternal-neonatal outcomes.
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Background: The hormonal changes along with decreased salivation during pregnancy result in many orodental problems. The existing orodental conditions worsen due to barriers to the utilisation of orodental care during pregnancy. The objective of this study is to assess orodental problems and barriers to utilisation of orodenatl care in pregnant ladies Methods: Sample size is calculated using Cochran’s formula. The Purposive sampling technique was used to select hospitals and pregnant women from OPD of the gynecology and obstetrics department of hospitals selected in Himachal Pradesh. Using DMFT and CPI index, interview schedules the study's specific objectives are achieved. Results: Out of a sample of 112, 92.8% of pregnant women had dental caries, 34.8% of pregnant women had got restorative treatment and 25.8% had their teeth extracted. The majority of pregnant women (51.8%) had dental calculus and (29.5%) shallow periodontal pockets. The system, personal, and caregiver-related barriers are responsible for the underutilisation of orodental care among pregnant women. Conclusions: This study concluded many pregnant women face orodental problems along with a major factor of lack of dental education and no dental insurance associated with their orodental problems.
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Granular cell tumour (GCT) is rare and accounts for approximately 0.5% of all soft tissue tumours. The malignant GCT (MGCT) especially cutaneous malignant granular cell tumour is extremely rare constituting 1-2% of all granular cell tumours and mostly found in the subcutaneous soft tissues of lower exrtremities, especially thighs. The uncommon occurrence of cutaneous MGCT and their histopathological similarities with other entities make diagnosis difficult in some cases. Here we report a case of 36 years old male patient who presented with a mass in the skin of right lower abdominal wall which has been increased gradually over the last one year without pain. The size of the mass is approximately 6.5 cm in greatest dimension, firm in consistency with surface irregularity and ulceration diagnosed as malignant GCT at the histopathological examination showing focal ulceration and lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium revealing acanthosis and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia. The dermis show neoplastic epithelioid cells arranged in sheets and nests with vesicular chromatin, conspicuous to prominent nucleoli, and abundant amount of fine granular eosinophillic cytoplasm. Mitosis is more than 2/10HP. Immunohistochemical stains for S-100, CD 68 and vimentin were positive in the lesional cells.
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Background: Among the plethora of causes for patients presenting with an acute abdomen, appendicitis is the most common conclusive diagnosis. Known being controversial for its etiology and pathogenesis, diagnosis of acute appendicitis has been challenging despite the development of various clinical and laboratory studies. Inflammatory markers of hematological origin-total leucocyte count (TLC), platelet indices viz. mean platelet count (MPV), plateletcrit (PCT), and platelet distribution width (PDW), have long been preferred as rudimentary diagnostic parameters for acute appendicitis despite being contentious. Methods: An analytical and cross-sectional study among 100 individuals. Statistical evaluation of TLC, MPV, PCT and PDW of 21 appendicitis cases and 70 healthy individuals were complied. Results: Compared to the control group, cases showed significantly higher values of TLC and MPV while the PCT and PDW were normally distributed and showed no significant statistics. The sensitivity of TLC and MPV was determined to be 95.2%, 71.4%, and specificity 100%, 73.8% respectively. Conclusions: With equitable results, the routine and cost-effective TLC and MPV play a novel role in the early diagnosis of acute appendicitis.
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Background: Azilsartan and olmesartan are members of ARBs, used in the management of hypertension. Objective was to evaluate efficacy of azilsartan with olmesartan in patients of hypertension. Methods: A randomized, prospective, open label, comparative study was carried out in Pharmacology and Medicine department at Dr. RPGMC Kangra at Tanda, HP. The study stretched over one year and blood pressure was monitored at first, third and sixth month. Out of 69 patients, 35 patients in group A were prescribed tablet azilsartan 40 mg/day and 34 patients in group B patients were prescribed tablet olmesartan 20 mg/day. Tablet chlorthalidone 12.5 mg/day was add on in both the groups. Data was presented as mean+SD. Student’s t test was used and p value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: In group A, systolic blood pressure (SBP) values improved from baseline of 153±10 mmHg to 111±18 mmHg (p<0.001) at 3 months and 109±6.1 mmHg (p<0.001) at 6 months and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values from baseline of 87±7 mmHg to 67.1±4.6 mmHg (p<0.001) at 3 months and 67.6±2.5 mmHg (p < 0.001) at 6 months. In group B, SBP values improved from baseline of 154±8.5 mmHg to 127±3.6 mmHg (p<0.001) at 3 months and 123±4 mmHg (p<0.001) at 6 months and DBP values from baseline of 85±6.5mm Hg to 75.7±3.3 mmHg (p<0.001) at 3 months and 73±3.3 mmHg (p<0.001) at 6 months. On intergroup comparison improvement in hypertension was better in azilsartan group (p<0.001). Conclusions: The study concluded that azilsartan is significantly better than olmesartan in controlling the hypertension.
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Background: This study was undertaken to compare the phenotypic methods of latex agglutination test and e-test with polymerase chain reaction for the detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: Two hundred pus samples obtained from different clinical disciplines were subjected to the latex agglutination test and minimum inhibitory concentration by e-test (Oxacillin and Vancomycin) as per the standard guidelines. The comparison was made with polymerase chain reaction as the reference test. The diagnostic accuracy of each method was reported in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. Results: The sensitivity of latex agglutination test was found to be 100% whereas e-test for Oxacillin was found to be 96.67% sensitive. Higher specificity for e-test was reported (99.41%) when compared to the latex agglutination test (97.65%). Conclusions: Latex agglutination and e-tests are tests are relatively simpler, rapid, and easy-to-perform methods when compared to polymerase chain reaction. The present study reported high sensitivity and specificity values for both the tests, and therefore supports usage of the stated methods as screening tools for methicillin-resistant S. aureus. However, more multi-centric studies are recommended to precisely determine the diagnostic accuracy of these phenotypic methods.
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Background: The aim of this study is to correlate anthropometric indices with hemodynamic vascular changes in young adult obese patients. Methods: It is case-control study, 140 patients were recruited. Which were divided into two group i.e., study group=70 and control group=70. Anthropometric measurement waist circumference (WC) and total body fat percentage (TBF%) of each patient is compared with right brachial pulse wave velocity (PWV) (dominant hand). Results: Obese individuals had high levels of PWV as compared with non obese patients. Study suggested that cardiovascular parameter levels were significantly increased in obese patients, these same patients gradually progress towards the hypertensive condition. Conclusions: Changes in cardiac function are common in obese patients, hence, there is need for periodical assessment of the cardiac function and anthropometric measurement and PWV as cardiac markers in obese patients proves to be an early and simple tool to give warning signal for the patients to take early preventive measures.
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A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of micronutrients on productivity and profitability of pea (Pisum sativum sub sp. hortense) at the Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, during the winter season of 2019- 2020. The experiment was laid out in the Randomized Block Design comprising of 9 treatments including control with different concentrations of boron and zinc applied to the pea crop viz., Control, Boron-20(0.06%), Boron-20(0.09%), ZnSo4 (0.03%), ZnSo4 (0.05%), Boron-20(0.06%) + ZnSo4(0.03%), Boron-20(0.06%) + ZnSo4(0.05%), Boron-20(0.09%)+ ZnSo4(0.03%) and Boron-20(0.09%)+ZnSo4 (0.05%) which were replicated thrice. Garden Pea variety “Azad Pea-3” was sown at row to row spacing of 30 cm x plant to plant spacing of 10 cm. The crop was uniformly fertilized by 20 kg N, 40 kg P2O5, 40 kg K2O /ha through urea and diammonium phosphate and muriate of potash. However, Zinc and boron was applied through zinc sulphate and borax as per the requirement of the treatments. The results indicated that the application B-20(0.09%) + ZnSO4(0.05%) recorded the highest quantity of seeds per pod (9.27g) number of pods per plant (25.63), yield per plant (64.23g), fruit yield (135.37 q/ha) which was closely followed by application of B-20(0.09%)+ZnSO4(0.03%). Further, application B-20(0.09%) + ZnSO4(0.05%) recoded higher B:C ratio (4.06) as compared to control (2.72). Thus, application of B-20(0.09%) + ZnSO4(0.05%) was found to the best treatment among all the treatments in improving the productivity of garden pea for the resource poor farmers of India.
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Background: Psychoactive drug is an emerging global problem. This is a disturbing matter, especially in the case of medical students, affecting their health and academic performance, which in turn affects the health outcomes of patients. The objectives of our study were to assess the prevalence and impact of substance abuse among medical students. Methods: This was cross-sectional study conducted in tertiary care center. A pretested semi structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Medical students who were available during the study period and who were willing to participate were included in the study. A total of 301 students were interviewed. Data was entered and analysed in SPPSS version 22.0. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used for the statistical analysis. Results: We had a total of 301 responders. Among them, only 70(23.3%) have been a subject to substance abuse. Alcohol was the most abused substance (19.3%). The most common reason for starting these substances was out of curiosity (15.6%). 24.6% of the students have either thought of or tried stopping, however majority of them have not. Out of these students, 10 (3.3%) have experienced withdrawal symptoms. Conclusions: The substance abuse among youngsters in medical colleges is a highly alarming situation. Proper counselling with planned policies should be implemented to root out this evil among the future doctors which will help in providing better health care services to the people.
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Myoepithelioma was recognized as a histological distinct entity by World Health organization (WHO) in 1991. Only 1% of all salivary gland neoplasms are myoepithelioma. Most commonly affect parotid in approximately 40%. Myoepithelioma is usually a benign tumour arising from neoplastic myoepithelial cells which lack ductal differentiation. The salivary gland tumors in which the ducts comprise less than 5% of the section are classified as myoepitheliomas and in contrast to pleomorphic adenoma myoepithelioma does not show chondroid or osteoid formation. Immunohistochemical analysis can aid in the diagnosis with immunoreactivity to S-100, P63, Calponin, GFAP and myogenic markers. In this report we present a case of myoepithelioma in retroauricular region.
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Mango stands as a significant fruit crop with global importance, thriving primarily in tropical and subtropical regions across the world. (Mangifera indica L.) belongs to the Anacardiaceae family. This evergreen, sizable tree bears a beloved tropical fruit that enjoys local consumption and international trade. The choice of preferred mango varieties varies from one country to another. Generally, mango types from subcontinental Asian regions are monoembryonic, while those from South East Asian regions tend to be polyembryonic. Despite Mangifera indica's prevalence within the Mangifera genus, several other species within this genus share grafting and pollination compatibility with M. indica. These species can serve as valuable rootstocks or sources of novel genetic traits for breeders. Growing mango presents challenges due to the rapid decline in seed viability shortly after fruit maturity, typically within weeks. While a diverse array of mango varieties is available, inherent limitations exist, including extended juvenility, high clonal heterozygosity, the presence of only one seed per fruit, resilient seeds, polyembryony, early post-zygotic auto-incompatibility, and a substantial land requirement for hybrid evaluation. Breeders, however, benefit from the extensive variation and the ease of vegetative hybrid production. A successful mango cultivar must exhibit traits such as dwarfness, precocity, regular and prolific fruit bearing, appealing fruit of good size and quality, resistance to physiological issues, diseases, and insects, and an extended shelf life. A comprehensive understanding of mango phenology, inheritance patterns, and advanced techniques for hybridization has proven invaluable in addressing challenges like irregular fruit bearing, susceptibility to disorders and pests, and issues with taste and quality. The development of genetic markers has further reduced uncertainties in mango breeding and improved the management of hybrid populations.
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The current study, named "effect of micronutrients and biofertilizer on yield parameters of coriander Coriandrum sativum (L.) cv. RCR-41," is planned to be carried out in the Research Field, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Gwalior, M.P., during Rabi 2020-21 and 2021-22. The experiment was designed in a Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with two factors concepts i.e., Micronutrients (ZnSO4 (0.5%), FeSo4 (0.5%), CuSo4 (0.5%), Biofertilizers (Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB), Azotobacter, Potassium Solubilizing Bacteria (KSB) and replicated three times and included three replications. At the time of coriander seeding, treatments combinations including RDF doses of fertilisers and biofertilizers were used. The results showed that treatment M1 (ZnSO4 @ 0.5%) was the optimum micronutrient level treatment for coriander production. Treatment B2 (Azotobacter) was shown to be the optimal biofertilizer level for coriander production. The treatment combination M1B2 (ZnSO4 @ 0.5% x Azotobacter) was shown to be considerably better among all treatment combinations, yielding the highest coriander yield characteristics.
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The field trial was conducted at Krishi Nagar Farm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India, during the kharif season of 2021. The field experiment consisted with 06 treatments and they were tested in randomized block design with 04 replications. The study revealed that maximum plant height (50.35 cm), branches per plant (5.74), effective root nodules (57), Leaf area index (4.90), dry weight plant-1(45.16 g),yields attributes parameters like seed per pod (57.74), pods per plant (2.91) as well as seed index (11.88), seed yield (1009 kg ha-1), stover yield (2087 kg ha-1)and HI (32.59%)of soybean was found higher under 100 % Organic NM followed by 25% Organic + NF inputs BJG +25% Inorganic NM.
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The study was carried out at the Research field, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Gwalior M.P. during rabi 2021-22. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the plant in terms of various parameters such as nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content in herb and grain. The results of the study indicated that the application of organic manures and bio fertilizers improved the nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content in herb and grain. The highest nitrogen (1.53% and 3.35%), phosphorous (0.43% and 0.56%) and potassium (0.46% and 0.57%) were observed in the plants treated with FYM (16 t/ha) + Vermicompost (4 t/ha) + Rhizobium (10 ml/kg seed) + PSB (10 ml/kg seed) + KSB (10 ml/kg seed) as compared with control.
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The field experiment was conducted at the Horticulture Research CRC Farm – 1 of the Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, ITM University Gwalior (M.P.) during the year 2019 and 2020 to study the Influence of Integrated Nutrient Management on nutrient status of soil and aonla leaves under sub-tropics of Madhya Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in the randomized block design with three replications and eleven treatments viz. (control) - RDF (1000: 500:1000 g/ tree), 3/4thof RDF + FYM, 3/4th of RDF + FYM + Azotobacter (100 g), 3/4th of RDF + FYM+ Azospirillum (100 g), 3/4th of RDF + FYM+ PSB (100 g), 3/4thof RDF + FYM+ Azotobacter + Azospirillum + PSB(100 g/tree each), ½ of RDF + FYM, 1/2 of RDF + FYM+ Azotobacter (100 g), 1/2 of RDF + FYM + Azospirillum(100 g), ½ of RDF + FYM + PSB(100 g), ½ of RDF + FYM + Azotobacter + Azospirillum + PSB (100 g/tree, each. The results revealed that among different treatments, application of ½ of RDF + FYM + Azotobacter + Azospirillum + PSB recorded higher microbial population, available nitroge, phosphorus, potassium and available soil zinc, copper and boron which was followed by application of 1/2 of RDF + FYM+ Azotobacter (100 g). Thus, application of ½ of RDF + FYM + Azotobacter + Azospirillum + PSB was found to best for improving the soil nutrient status which will in turn help in improving the yield of Aonla.
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A field experiment was conducted in kharif season 2020 to study the effect of sowing time and row spacing on growth, yield and agro-climatic indices of Cotton at Research Farm, Department of Agricultural Meteorology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The experiment was performed in split-plot design and replicated thrice. The experiment included nine treatment combinations with three sowing dates and row spacings. Among different sowing times, cotton sown on 19th April had significantly higher plant height (176.3 cm), dry matter accumulation (453.39 g plant-1), LAI (1.92), GDD (Growing Degree Days), HTU (Heliothermal Units), PTU (Photothermal Units) and seed cotton yield (3057 kg ha-1) in comparison to sowing in May i.e. May 8th and May 28th. Among various row spacings, cotton planted with a row spacing of 67.5 cm x 60 cm produced significantly higher seed cotton (2657 kg ha-1) and plant height (156.40 cm), although growth parameters i.e. LAI (2.26) and dry matter accumulation (397.92 g plant-1) alongwith Agro-climatic indices (GDD, HTU, PTU) were observed to be greater with a row spacing of 100 x 60 cm.