Реферат
The visual system of women changes during pregnancy. Few reports have addressed the effects of pregnancy on color vision. We aimed to compare the color vision of women in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. Fifty women were divided into first (n=10), second (n=10), third trimester pregnancy groups (n=10), and non-pregnant group (n=20). We used the Farnsworth D15 and Lanthony desaturated D15 (D15d) tests. The hue ordering quantified the amount of error (C-index) and the chromatic selectivity of the errors (S-index). Bland-Altman analysis was applied to the hue ordering data. No difference was found for Farnsworth D15 test results obtained from the pregnant groups and the non-pregnant group (P<0.0083). For the Lanthony D15 desaturated test, the third trimester pregnant group had higher C-index and S-index than non-pregnant women and first-trimester pregnant women (P<0.0083). The Bland-Altman analysis showed that the limits of agreement increased as pregnancy advanced, and the errors were biased to the D15d test. In this study, color vision was impaired during pregnancy. Color vision evaluation could be used as an indicator of the functional status of the central vision during pregnancy.
Тема - темы
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Vision Tests/methods , Color Perception , Color Vision , Pregnancy Complications , Pregnancy Trimester, Second , Pregnancy Trimester, Third , Pregnancy Trimester, FirstРеферат
The use of natural products has a long tradition in medicine, and they have proven to be an important source of lead compounds in the development of new drugs. Among the natural compounds, terpenoids present broad-spectrum activity against infective agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoan and helminth parasites. In this study, we report a biological screening of 38 chemically characterized terpenes from different classes, which have a hydroxyl group connected by hydrophobic chain or an acceptor site, against the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni, the parasite responsible for schistosomiasis mansoni. In vitro bioassays revealed that 3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol (dihydrocitronellol) (10) was the most active terpene (IC50 values of 1352 µM) and, thus, we investigated its antischistosomal activity in greater detail. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that compound 10 induced severe tegumental damage in adult schistosomes and a correlation between viability and tegumental changes was observed. Furthermore, we compared all the inactive compounds with dihydrocitronellol structurally by using shape and charge modeling. Lipophilicity (miLogP) and other molecular properties (e.g. molecular polar surface area, molecular electrostatic potential) were also calculated. From the 38 terpenes studied, compound 10 is the one with the greatest flexibility, with a sufficient apolar region by which it may interact in a hydrophobic active site. In conclusion, the integration of biological and chemical analysis indicates the potential of the terpene dihydrocitronellol as an antiparasitic agent.
Тема - темы
Parasites , Parasitology , Bacteria , Pharmaceutical Preparations , FungiРеферат
RESUMO O fator mais importante na manutenção da saúde periodontal é o adequado controle do biofilme dentário. Face às dificuldades no controle mecânico por parte dos pacientes, métodos alternativos ou complementares têm sido utilizados como coadjuvantes químicos do controle do biofilme, auxiliando no tratamento da gengivite. Dentre esses métodos alternativos, destaca-se a fitoterapia, através da utilização de plantas medicinais. Dessa forma, esse estudo faz uma revisão sistemática tendo como objetivo a busca, na literatura atual, de estudos que comprovem a eficácia de produtos fitoterápicos à base de aroeira no controle do biofilme dental auxiliando no tratamento da gengivite. Foi realizada busca computadorizada nos indexadores MedLine, Lilacs, BBO e Scielo no período de Setembro a Outubro de 2014. Os descritores de pesquisa utilizados foram “biofilme”, “gengivite”, “aroeira”, “plantas medicinais” e “fitoterápicos”, bem como seus correspondentes em língua inglesa. Através dos descritores utilizados, foram encontrados 54 artigos. Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, chegou-se a 08 artigos: 05 revisões, 01 estudo clínico randomizado, 01 estudo experimental e 01 estudo observacional descritivo. De acordo com os estudos analisados, a aroeira apresentou atividades antifúngica e antimicrobiana eficazes, bem como potencial efeito de redução do índice de sangramento gengival, o que justifica seu uso no tratamento da gengivite.
ABSTRACT The most important factor to keep periodontal health is proper control of biofilm. Given the difficulties in the mechanical control by patients, alternative or complementary methods have been used as chemical supporting of biofilm control, helping the treatment of gingivitis. Among these alternatives, there is the phytotherapy, through the use of medicinal plants. Thus, this study it is a systematic review and aims to seek, in the current literature, researches proving the effectiveness of aroeira herbal products in the control of dental biofilm, assisting in the treatment of gingivitis. A computerized search was conducted in Medline, Lilacs, Scielo and BBO, from September to October of 2014. The search words used were “biofilm”, “gingivitis”, “aroeira”, “herbal medicines” and “phytotherapics” in Portuguese and English language. Through this method, 54 articles were found. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the research reached 08 items: 05 reviews, 01 randomized clinical trial, 01 experimental study and 01 descriptive observational study. According to the analyzed papers, the aroeira demonstrated effective antifungal and antimicrobial activities, as well as a potential reduction impact on gingival bleeding index, which would justify its use in the treatment of gingivitis.
Тема - темы
Anacardiaceae/classification , Gingivitis/physiopathology , Phytotherapy/instrumentation , Plants, Medicinal/classification , Dental Plaque/classificationРеферат
Physiological evidence indicates that the supraoptic nucleus (SON) is an important region for integrating information related to homeostasis of body fluids. Located bilaterally to the optic chiasm, this nucleus is composed of magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) responsible for the synthesis and release of vasopressin and oxytocin to the neurohypophysis. At the cellular level, the control of vasopressin and oxytocin release is directly linked to the firing frequency of MNCs. In general, we can say that the excitability of these cells can be controlled via two distinct mechanisms: 1) the intrinsic membrane properties of the MNCs themselves and 2) synaptic input from circumventricular organs that contain osmosensitive neurons. It has also been demonstrated that MNCs are sensitive to osmotic stimuli in the physiological range. Therefore, the study of their intrinsic membrane properties became imperative to explain the osmosensitivity of MNCs. In addition to this, the discovery that several neurotransmitters and neuropeptides can modulate their electrical activity greatly increased our knowledge about the role played by the MNCs in fluid homeostasis. In particular, nitric oxide (NO) may be an important player in fluid balance homeostasis, because it has been demonstrated that the enzyme responsible for its production has an increased activity following a hypertonic stimulation of the system. At the cellular level, NO has been shown to change the electrical excitability of MNCs. Therefore, in this review, we focus on some important points concerning nitrergic modulation of the neuroendocrine system, particularly the effects of NO on the SON.
Тема - темы
Animals , Humans , Rats , Neurons/physiology , Neurosecretory Systems/physiology , Nitric Oxide/physiology , Oxytocin , Supraoptic Nucleus/physiology , Vasopressins , Action Potentials/physiology , Guanylate Cyclase/metabolism , Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology , Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors , Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism , Water-Electrolyte Balance/physiologyРеферат
A biossegurança é o conjunto de ações voltadas para a prevenção, minimização ou eliminação de riscos que possam comprometer a saúde do homem e dos animais e o meio ambiente. Os primeiros debates sobre a biossegurança tiveram início na década de 1970, devido a preocupações com a segurança nos espaços laboratoriais e com as consequências que os constantes avanços tecnológicos na área de engenharia genética poderiam significar para o homem, bem como para os sistemas ecológicos. No Brasil, a regulamentação para atividades relacionadas a essas áreas teve início em 1995, com a criação da Comissão Técnica Nacional de Biossegurança. Suas funções são fiscalizar a manipulação de organismos geneticamente modificados (OGM) e certificar a segurança dos espaços laboratoriais. Este trabalho tem como finalidade disseminar os conceitos de biossegurança e proporcionar informações que auxiliarão na segurança do homem e do meio ambiente em aspectos relacionados às atividades de pesquisa, produção, ensino, desenvolvimento tecnológico e prestação de serviços.
Biosafety is a set of actions directed to the prevention, minimization or elimination of risks that could jeopardize the human's and animal's health and of the environment. The first debates about biosafety were held in the early 1970's due to the outbreak of transmissible diseases and to the concern to the safety in laboratory arenas. In Brazil, the regulations to activities related to these areas began in 1995 with the formation of the National Technical Biosafety whose functions are the inspection of the manipulated Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) and of the laboratory arena safety. This review describes the biosafety concepts and their applicability known in order to improve the human safety as well as the environment in related issues to the research activities, production, teaching, technological development and given service.
Тема - темы
Containment of Biohazards/methods , Containment of Biohazards/standards , Containment of Biohazards/trends , Organisms, Genetically ModifiedРеферат
O melão de caroá é da família das curcubitáceas encontrada de forma nativa na região do Recôncavo Baiano, onde é muito utilizada pela medicina popular para diversas enfermidades, porém é espécie muito pouco explorada pela pesquisa. O trabalho teve por objetivo estudar diferentes substratos para avaliar o índice de germinação e vigor de sementes de melão de caroá (Sicana odorifera) na produção de mudas. Utilizaram-se como substratos areia lavada, areia lavada com húmus de minhoca (2:1) e substrato comercial Plantmax®. Foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações: teste de germinação, índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE), diâmetro de haste, altura de planta, comprimento da raiz, massa seca da raiz, haste e folhas. O substrato comercial Plantmax®promoveu melhor desempenho das sementes em relação aos demais, porém, o mais adequado e de baixo custo para produção de mudas através de sementes de melão de caroá (Sicana odorifera) foi a mistura de areia lavada e húmus de minhoca na proporção 2:1.
Caroá melon is a curcubitaceae found in its native form in the Recôncavo Region of Bahia, where it is used by popular medicine for many diseases. However, this species is little explored in research. The objective of the present work was to study different substrates in order to evaluate the germination index and seed vigor in caroá melon (Sicana odorifera) during seedling production. The following substrates were used: washed sand, sand washed with worm humus (2:1) and commercial substrate, Plantmax®.The following evaluations were carried out: germination test, speed of germination index (SGI), stem diameter, plant height, root length and root, stem and leaf dry matter. The commercial substrate Plantmax® presented the best performance compared to the others; however, the most adequate and least costly in seedling production using caroá melon (Sicana odorífera) seeds, was the mixture of washed sand and worm humus in the 2:1 ratio.
Тема - темы
Cucurbitaceae/growth & development , Cucurbitaceae/embryology , Total Quality Management , Seeds/physiology , Substrates for Biological Treatment/analysis , Brazil , Germination , Plants, Medicinal/growth & developmentРеферат
Xylofucoglucuronan from Spatoglossum schrõederi algae was tested as a support for antibiotic immobilization. The polysaccharide (20 mg in 6 ml) was first activated using carbodiimide, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamino-propyl)carbodiimide methiodide (20 mg in 2 ml), under stirring for 1 h at 25ºC and pH from 4.5 to 5.0. After adjusting the pH to 8.0, either gentamicin or amikacin (62.5 mg in 1.25 ml) was then immobilized on this chemically modified polysaccharide with shaking for 24 h in a cold room. Infrared spectra of the activated carbodiimide xylofucoglucuronan showed two bands to carbonyl (C = O at 1647.9 and 1700.7 cm-1) and to amide (Cpsi-NH2) groups (1662.8 and 1714.0 cm-1). Microbial characterization of the derivatives was carried out by the disk diffusion method using Staphylococcus aureus or Klebsiella pneumoniae incorporated in Müller Hinton medium. Inhibition halos of bacterial growth were observed for the antibiotics immobilized on this sulfated heteropolysaccharide before and after dialysis. However, the halos resulting from the samples after dialysis were much smaller, suggesting that dialysis removed either non-covalently bound antibiotic or other small molecules. In contrast, bacterial growth was not inhibited by either xylofucoglucuronan or its activated form or by gentamicin or amikacin after dialysis. An additional experiment was carried out which demonstrated that the sulfated heteropolysaccharide was hydrolyzed by the microorganism. Therefore, the antibiotic immobilized on xylofucoglucuronan can be proposed as a controlled drug delivery system. Furthermore, this sulfated heteropolysaccharide can be extracted easily from sea algae Spatoglossum schrõederi.
Тема - темы
Amikacin , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Gentamicins , Klebsiella , Phaeophyceae , Staphylococcus aureus , Amikacin , Diffusion , Gentamicins , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Polysaccharides , Renal Dialysis , SolubilityРеферат
Neste estudo investigamos a organizaçäo cromossômica de pacientes com retardo mental e/ou malformaçöes congênitas, visando a avaliaçäo de causas genéticas associadas a estes distúrbios. Os padröes de bandas GTG e CBG foram estudados a partir da cultura de linfócitos de sangue periférico, estimulados por fitohemaglutinina M. Dentre os 98 indivíduos portadores de retardo mental e/ou malformaçöes congênitas analisados, diagnosticamos as seguintes síndromes: 12 casos de Down, dois de Edwards, um de Patau, cinco de Turner, dois de Klinefelter, um de "cri-du-chat", e um caso de translocaçäo balanceada entre os cromossomos 13 e 14, um caso de cromossomo derivado e um outro de cromossomo marcador. Encontramos anomalias cromossômicas em 26 por cento dos pacientes, das quais 82 por cento eram alteraçöes numéricas e o restante (18 por cento) representou rearranjos estruturais. Este percentual significativo enfatiza o uso da cariotipagem de rotina em pacientes com retardo mental e/ou malformaçöes congênitas.
Тема - темы
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Chromosome Aberrations , Genetic Counseling , Intellectual Disability , KaryotypingРеферат
O retardo mental é uma característica comum aos pacientes que buscam o Serviço de Genética Médica, apresentando heterogeneidade clínica e etiológica. Neste trabalho, estudos cromossômicos foram realizados em 30 indivíduos portadores de retardo mental e atraso psicomotor. Verificamos que 40 por cento dos indivíduos investigados apresentaram anomalias cromossômicas. Nos demais casos (60 por cento) o cariótipo foi normal. Este estudo reforça a importância da investigaçåo citogenética em indivíduos portadores de retardo mental e atraso psicomotor rastreando aberraçöes cromosssômicas numéricas ou estruturais e auxiliando no diagnóstico, prognóstico e aconselhamento gewnético das famílias
Тема - темы
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Chromosome Aberrations , Genetic Counseling , Intellectual Disability , Psychomotor DisordersТема - темы
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis/diagnosis , Brazil , Diagnosis, Differential , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis/epidemiology , Skin Tests/methodsТема - темы
alpha-Amylases/metabolism , Amylose , Enzymes, Immobilized/metabolism , Nylons , Polyethylene Terephthalates , HydrolysisТема - темы
Humans , Female , Anemia, Hypochromic , Immunity, Cellular , Iron , Immunologic Deficiency SyndromesТема - темы
Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Female , Catheters, Indwelling , Urinary Tract InfectionsРеферат
A qualidade e intensidade da radiacao secundaria produzida em uma unidade de telecobaltoterapia e proveniente da fonte, material que a envolve e sistema de colimacao, o que enfatiza a importancia de se medir tal influencia para cada tipo de unidade. Foi feito um estudo da distribuicao de dose na regiao de "build-up" em funcao do tamanho de campo e distancia fonte superficie (DFS) em sete unidades de telecobaltoterapia que apresentam caracteristicas distintas de construcao. Para campos pequenos, onde a contaminacao e pouco significativa, ha uma concordancia entre os resultados obtidos para as diferentes unidades. Com o aumento do tamanho de campo, o ponto de dose maxima deslocase na direcao da superficie criando "picos de contaminacao" cuja intensidade e funcao do sistema de colimacao e da distancia entre a extremidade do colimador e a superficie. O aumento da DFS acarreta uma diminuicao da dose na regiao de "build-up" justificando-se medir a distribuicao de dose para diversas distancias, uma vez que e comum utilizar-se distancias maiores a fim de se obter campos maiores. A utilizacao de mesas de tampo solido tambem altera as caracteristicas de "build-up" do feixe
Тема - темы
Cobalt , Radiation Dosage , Radiation , RadiotherapyРеферат
Foi feito um estudo de campos grandes aumentando-se a distancia de tratamento e verificando-se parametros tais como a razao tecido-ar, fator abertura do colimador e posicao efetiva da fonte. Os valores de TAR encontrados para as distancias de 130 cm e 180 cm foram cerca de 3% maiores que os relativos a distancia de 80 cm. Foi observado que o fator abertura do colimador independe da distancia e que o rendimento pode ser corrigido pela lei do inverso do quadrado da distancia