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Objective To explore the roles of iron overload in pro-atherogenic activation of foam cells.Methods RAW264.7 and MOVAS cells were stimulated by oxLDL,ferrimine citrate and deferoxamine respectively.Prussian Blue and Oil Red O staining were used to detect iron deposition and foam cell.CCK-8 test,DHE probe,ELISA,RT-qPCR were performed to detect the cell death rate,reactive oxygen species(ROS)generation,lipid peroxidation molecules[glutathione peroxidase(GSH),glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4),malondialdehyde(MDA)content]and the mRNA level of ATP binding cassette transporter A1(ABCA1),ATP binding cassette transporter G1(ABCG1),inductible nitris oxide synthase(iNOS),arginase-1(Arg-1),α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA),smooth muscle 22 alpha(SM22a),osteopontin(OPN),Interleukin-1β(IL-1β),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α).Results Iron overload could reduced reverse cholesterol transporters(ABCA1 and ABCG1),promote foam cells generation,increased cell death rate,induced the expression of lipid peroxidation molecules(GSH,GPX4,MDA),and promoted pro-inflammatory M1 marker of macrophage and synthetic marker expression of vascular smooth muscle cell(VSMC)and inflammatory cytokines(IL-1β,TNF-α).Conclusion Iron overload promotes the generation of foam cells derived from macrophages and smooth muscle cells and transform them into pro-atherosclerotic phenotype,aggravates cell lipid peroxidation and inflammatory reaction,which contributes to the progress of atherosclerosis.
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American medical insurance is mainly composed of public medical insurance borne by the government and private medical insurance. The main cause of death in this country are ischemic heart disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and lung cancer. The motality rate mainly caused by drug use disorders, chronic kidney disease and Alzheimer’s disease. The development of Chinese herbal medicine is relatively slow and difficult. The education system has covered Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). However, there still exist certain challenges of the development of TCM acupuncture faces the challenge of localization; Chinese herbal medicine still lacks standardization and TCM education needs to be standardized. Based on the current situation, it is suggested to focus on the development of acupuncture and moxibustion, to promote the registration and declaration of Chinese herbal medicine products for treating difficult diseases, and to strengthen the international exchange of TCM education, so as to promote the development and spread of TCM in the United States.
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Objective To compare the biomechanical performance of Kangli hollow screws with sliding compression locking plate system (KHS) and conventional cannulated lag screws for fixation of type Pauwels Ⅲ femoral neck fracture.Methods 7 cadaveric femurs were selected,vertical fractures (Pauwels Ⅲ fracture,at 70° to the horizontal) were artificially conducted in these cadaveric proximal femurs by an orthopaedic surgeon and fixed by KHS screws with plate system or conventional cannulated lag screws.Samples were positioned at 75° of the femoral shaft to the horizontal,embedded in the mould and fixed in the experimental console.Optical sensors were set at the femoral neck around the osteotomy line.Then the loading were input in the vertical,horizontal lateral direction and rotating direction around the femoral neck axis,the maximal and minimal values between the fractured fragments and the corresponding values of the loading were recorded.The values of stiffness in three directions were calculated and compared.The CT data of the left femur of a 25 year-old healthy male volunteer was input into the co(m)esponding software and vertical femoral neck fracture model was generated.Two finite element analysis models were obtained after the fracture being fixed using these two different implants,and the Von Mises stress distribution on the femur,implants and the interface between the fractured fragments and the relative motion between the fractured fragments were compared.Results In the vertical,horizontal lateral direction and rotating direction around the femoral neck axis,the stiffness of the KHS were 3 904±1 148 N/mm,4 324±1 234 N/mm and 11.45±4.95 N · m/° respectively,higher than those of the CSs method with the values of 3 020±1 150 N/mm,3 020± 854 N/mm.and 6.53±4.83 N· m/° respectively.The differences between the two groups were statistically significant (t=2.7194,4.7694 and 2.9424;P=0.0347,0.0050 and 0.0423).In the finite element analysis test,the maximal Von Mises stress values distributing on the femur and the screws in the KHS group were 40.1 MPa and 126.4 MPa,and those in the CSs group were 98.1 MPa and 145.5 MPa respectively,and both values of the former were lower than the latter.But the Von Mises stress value on the interface between the fractured fragments in the KHS group was 14.37 MPa,which was much higher than that in the CSs groupwhich was 9.39 MPa.The gap at the fracture site of the CSs fixation model was dramatically larger than that of KHS fixation model.Conclusion The KHS screws and plate system could provide better immobilization effect for vertical femoral neck fracture compared to the cannulated lag screws.The risk of the screws failure was lower and the fracture union would be easier to obtained by the fixation of KHS screws with plate system.
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Abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) test, which evaluates the behavioral response of animals through expanding the intestinal tract, is the most widely used method to assess animal's visceral sensitivity in recent years.However, as AWR experimental operation involves many factors, it''s hard to find a commonly recognized operating procedure.Through review of literature of AWR experimental measuring methods, this article summarizes the basic steps of AWR operation.Meanwhile, it scrutinizes the differences of various measuring methods in relevant factors, including expansion method and airbag method, with special operating suggestions to them.Hopefully, this article will provide an option to future researchers who will use this method to evaluate animal''s visceral sensitivity, and provide a necessary foundation for the standardization of the experimental operation.
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Objective To optimize the preparation of air bag materials for abdominal withdrawal reflex test.Methods To measure the diameters of different pressue-air bags by digital vernier caliper and X ray imaging.Using the pain threshold (3 points) as a criterion to test the pressure values of different air bags in the rats with corresponding visceral pain sensitivity.Results With the increasing pressure, the changes of the diameter of round latex balloon were uniform and gentle, and could meet the pressure range used in the experiment (20~80 mmHg).The threshold of visceral pain in rats was near the nociceptive stimulus value,and would not cause irreversible damage to the rat intestinal tract.Conclusions Air bag made from round latrex ballon is an ideal tool to be used in abdominal withdrawal reflex test in rats.
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Acupuncturists in all ages emphasize(arrival). We arranged and analyzed contents onandarrival electronic texts in 1156 ancient medical books through, the major electronic series of books on TCM, with medical classics as well as acupuncture-moxibustion andparts as the emphasis. It is found thatis a standard for traditional acupuncture effect evaluation. Meanwhile, it acts on regulating body cold, heat, insufficiency and excess, guiding reinforce-reducing manipulation, determining needle depth, retaining and withdrawing, as well as prognosis, etc.takes the priority in clinical and scientific research.
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DNA methylation is part of the epigenetic modification process,which can lead to aberrant gene expression. Cytochrome P450 enzyme,cyclooxygenase,lipoxygenase and monoamine oxidase are a class of enzymes produced by human tissues,which are involved in the oxidization pro?cess of endogenous and exogenous chemicals. The methylation patterns of these enzyme genes are dif?ferent between normal tissues and pathological ones. Abnormal methylation patterns will change en?zymes′expression and function,and affect the occurrence and development of diseases. This paper re?viewed the characteristic changes of four oxidative metabolic enzyme genes in certain diseased tis?sues,the impact on methylation status of the metabolic activity of chemicals and on human health. It is hoped that this review can provide a new theoretical basis for the study on the toxic mechanism of chemicals and for diagnosis of diseases.
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Objective In order to study the hemodynamics changes of the Budd Chiari syndrome vascular based on Computer Sim-ulation.Methods Three dimensional reconstruction model is established based on MRA medical images.Then take use of Ansys Fluent software to simulate hemodynamic parameters.Results Budd Chiari syndrome vascular model is established successfully. The hemodynamics changes on/above the vascular confluence of inferior vena cava with three main hepatic veins.Contract to the flow inlet of inferior vena cava,blood pressure becomes larger,the speed becomes slower and shear stress becomes smaller.Conclu-sion The inferior vena venous hemodynamics changes region is almost consistent with inferior vena venous predilection location. The study lays the groundwork for future study of Budd Chiari syndrome negotiations.
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AIM: To investigate the pharmacological effects and mechanism of ethyl ferulate (EF). METHODS: The platelet congregate rate was observed by congregater TYXN-91 and the platelet intracellular calcium oscillation was observed by laser scanning. The acute liver injury model of mice was made by using the CCl 4 156 mg?kg -1, ip. Then the levels of ALT and AST were determined in serum and the levels of MDA and SOD in the liver. RESULTS: The inhibition rate of the platelet congregate were 26.3%? 3.3%, 33.4%? 2.4%, 73.4%? 3.1%, and 94.9%? 2.7% (n=8) in different concentration( 0.1, 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 mmol?L -1)of ethyl ferulate,respectively. It was higher than those in the same concentrations of ferulic acid. The change of the fluctuation of calcium (?FI 4.6? 1.7) in EF group was much lower than the rest level ( 10.3? 2.6) (n=8,P
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AIM:To explore the therapeutic effect of dexamethasone Angelica sinensis polysaccharide prodrug(DEX-AP) on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid(TNBS) induced ulcerative colitis(UC) in rats and its side effects.METHODS: The experimental UC rats were induced by clusis of the solution of TNBS in 45% alcoho1(50(mg?ml~(-1))).The UC rats were orally administrated with(0.25)(?mol?kg~(-1)?d~(-1)) DEX and(0.05),(0.25),(1.25)(?mol?kg~(-1)?d~(-1)) DEX-AP(calculated by carried DEX in DEX-AP) for 7 days,respectively.The rats were killed after the amount of peripheral blood lymphocyte was counted,then the spleen,thymus and colon were separated and weighted.After the ulcerative area of colon was calculated,the colonic myeloperoxidase(MPO) activity was determined and parts of colon were paraffin sectioned and examined under light microscope by HE stain.RESULTS: After the UC rats were administrated with different doses of DEX-AP for 7 days,the ulcerative area,the weight and the MPO activity of colon reduced significantly.The reduction of MPO activity was correlated to the dose of DEX-AP and the MPO activity with DEX-AP at the doses of(0.25),(1.25)(?mol?kg~(-1)?d~(-1)) reduced more significantly than that with DEX at the the dose of(0.25)(?mol?kg~(-1)?d~(-1)).The number of peripheral blood lymphocyte,spleen weight and thymus weight of UC rats reduced significantly at the dose of(0.25)(?mol?kg~(-1)?d~(-1)) DEX(P
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Aim To study the gender-based difference in genistein metabolism in rat liver microsomes in vitro.Methods Liver microsomes was obtained from male and female rats.The optimized system of enzyme catalytic reaction of genistein in rat liver microsomes was set up.The reaction velocity of genistein in female and male rat liver microsomes was assessed by incubating genistein with CYP1A2 antibody or specific CYP1A2 inhibitor furafylline,and the percentage of the relative metabolism of genistein of CYP1A2 was derivated by using the data of the reaction velocity.Results The metabolism of genistein by microsomes was inhibited by CYP1A2 antibody(1 ∶400)after incubation for 30 min.The percentage of the control metabolism of genistein of microsomes in male and female rat were 20.95%?2.13% and 13.73%?1.26%respectively(P
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AIM: To explore the transport and delivery of active drug from dexamethasone-angelica sinensis polysaccharides prodrug in the gastrointestinal tract of rats. METHODS: Dexamethasone and the prodrug were orally administered to rats at the dose of 1.96 mg?kg~ -1 (calculated by carried dexamethasone). The drugs in the plasma and contents of different parts of the rats' gastrointestinal tract were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS: Dexamethasone carried by the prodrug was mainly released in the contents and mucosa of cecum and colon after oral administration of the prodrug. The absorption of released dexamethasone was reduced significantly. The peak time, peak concentration and AUC were 7.2 h , 42 ?g?L~ -1 and 334 ?g?h?L~ -1 , respectively. However, free dexamethasone was found mainly in the contents and mucosa of the stomach, proximal and distal small intestine after oral administration. The peak time, peak concentration and AUC were 2.2 h, 2 120 ?g?L~ -1 and 11 875 ?g?h?L~ -1 , respectively. CONCLUSION: Dexamethasone can be specifically delivered to the cecum and colon by using dexamethasone- angelica sinensis polysaccharides prodrug. The absorption of dexamethasone was reduced significantly and the drug concentration in colon was increased significantly. The prodrug has a potential in the treatment of colitis.
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AIM To explore whether dexamethasone-dextran (260 000) has the characteristics of site-specific delivery in rat gastrointestinal tract. METHODS Dexamethasone prodrug and dexamethasone were administered to rat ig at the dose of 5 μmol*kg-1. The distribution of dexamethasone in the contents and mucosa of different parts of the rat GI tract at different time intervals and its concentration in plasma were determined by HPLC. RESULTS Dexamethasone was mainly released in the cecum and colon contents and mucosa after oral administration of dexamethasone prodrug. The absorption was reduced significantly. The peak time of the drug in plasma was 8.1 h, and the peak concentration was 32 μg*L-1. However, free dexamethasone was found mainly in the contents and mucosa of the stomach, proximal and distal small intestine. The peak time of the drug in plasma was 2.2 h, and the peak concentration was 2120 μg*L-1. CONCLUSION Dexamethasone can be specifically delivered to the large intestine by using dexamethasone-dextran (260 000). It appears that the prodrug has a potential in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.