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The molecular mechanism by which obesity induces insulin resistance is not completely understood.The aim of this study was to determine how lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis-α factor (LITAF) influenced obesity-induced insulin resistance using a cellular co-culture system.The cells were divided into 3 groups:palmitic acid (PA) stimulation group,LITAF small interfering RNA (siRNA) group and untreated (NC) group.The LITAF siRNA was used for knockdown of LITAF expression in human THP-1 macrophages.The expression levels of LITAF,IRS-2,IRS-2Tyr465,PI3K,and GLUT2 in each group were measured by using quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting.The expression of LITAF was much higher in the PA group than in the siRNA and NC groups (*P<0.05); meanwhile,the expression of IRS-2,IRS-2Tyr465,PI3K,and GLUT2 was much lower in the PA group than in the NC group (*P<0.05); however,IRS-2,IRS-2Tyr465,PI3K,and GLUT2 had much higher expression in the siRNA group than in the PA group (*P<0.05).It is concluded that PA can induce insulin resistance in liver cells and knockdown of LITAF expression can reduce insulin resistance in liver cells,suggesting LITAF may regulate the insulin signal transduction pathway involved in obesity-induced insulin resistance.
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SUMO4 Met55Val variation was shown to be related to type 2 diabetes susceptibility and the vascular complications in Asian people.To further examine the related mechanisms,this study was designed to evaluate the association of SUMO4 Met55Val polymorphism with insulin resistance and βcell function in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients in a Chinese population.Four hundred and twenty seven newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients were selected for SUMO4 Met55Val polymorphism genotype analysis.All subjects underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to estimate the insulin sensitivity and β cell function.Anthropometrics and a metabolic profile were used for phenotyping analysis.The results showed that the SUMO4 Met55Val polymorphism was associated with higher insulin resistance (P<0.001) and lower insulin sensitivity (P<0.001).Patients with GG genotype had higher levels of plasma glucose,insulin and C peptide.Insulin sensitivity index (ISI) was closely correlated with body mass index (BMI) in patients with GG genotype in comparison to the counterparts with AG or AA genotype (r=-0.504 vs.r=-0.430 vs.r=-0.340).Multiple regression linear analysis showed that SUMO4 Met55Val polymorphism was an independent determinant for insulin sensitivity (P=0.001),which,along with triglyceride,BMI and sex,could account for 20.1% of the variation in ISI.The result remained the same after adjusting for BMI and sex.No association was found between SUMO4 Met55Val polymorphism and β cell function (all P>0.05).It was concluded that SUMO4Met55Val variant was associated with increased insulin resistance in Chinese patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.
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Mitofusin-2 (Mfn2) gene expression is positively correlated with insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. However,it is unclear if Mfn2 is involved in carbohydrate metabolism and lipid homeostasis. In order to investigate the specific functions of Mfn2 in glycometabolism and lipid homeostasis in BALB/c mice,a RNA interference technique-mediated hydrodynamic injection was developed,in which short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) were used to inhibit the Mfn2 expression in vivo. Seventy-two mice were randomly divided into two groups:the Mfn2 reduction group (Mfn2/shRNA) and the negative control group (NC). Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance tests were used to evaluate glycometabolism and insulin sensitivity.D-(3-3H) glucose or 3H2O was injected into the tail vein or intraperitoneally to facilitate the calculation of the rate of hepatic glucose production and fatty acid synthesis in vivo. The results showed that,in Mfn2/shRNA mice,the liver Mfn2 protein was significantly decreased,and fasting blood glucose concentrations were increased by approximately 48%,when compared with the NC mice. In parallel with the changes in fasting glucose levels,hepatic glucose production was significantly elevated in Mfn2/shRNA mice. When insulin was administrated,these mice exhibited impaired insulin tolerance.It was also found that the reduction of Mfn2 markedly decreased the rate of fatty acid synthesis in the liver,and the Mfn2/shRNA mice exhibited hypertriglyceridema. Taken together,our results indicate that Mfn2 plays an important role in maintaining glucose and lipid homeostasis,and in the development of insulin resistance in vivo.
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This study investigated the association of apolipoprotein A5 (apoAS) gene polymorphism at position -113 ITC with cerebral infarction in patients with type 2 diabetes. A total of 256 type 2 diabetic patients without cerebral infarction (T2DM), 220 type 2 diabetic patients with cerebral infarction (T2DMCI) and 340 healthy subjects were recruited from the same region (Hubei province,China). The genotype of apoA5 -1131TC was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction, followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol,LDL-cholesterol and trigiycerides were quantitatively detected by using standard enzymatic techniques. The results showed that the prevalence of the apoA5 -1131C allele was significantly higher in T2DMCI group than that in control group (42.7% versus 31.2%, P<0.01). The carriers of rare C allele had higher TG levels as compared with carders of common allele in the three groups (P<0.01). Logistic regression models, which were adjusted for age, gender, blood pressure, BMI, FBS, smoking,LDL-C and HDL-C, revealed that patients carrying the apoA5 -1131C allele and CC homozygotes were at high risk for T2DMCI. It was concluded that the apoA5 -ll31C allele variant is an independent genetic risk factor for T2DMCI.