Viral and Bacterial Etiology of Acute Diarrhea among Children under 5 Years of Age in Wuhan, China / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Acute diarrhea remains the serious problem in developing countries, especially among children under 5 years of age. Currently, only two or three common diarrhea pathogens were screened at most hospitals in China. The aim of this study was to provide a wide variety of diarrhea pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in children under 5 years of age.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 381 stool samples collected from Tongji Hospital between July 1, 2014 and June 30, 2015 were tested by culture and/or polymerase chain reaction for eight kinds of bacteria and five kinds of viruses. An antimicrobial sensitivity test was performed using dilution method recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Viral infections were mainly identified in infants (0-11 months), whereas bacterial infections were more prevalent in the age of 24-59 months. About 69.8% of samples were positive for at least one pathogen, 51.7% of samples were virus positive, followed by bacteria positive cases (19.4%), and 12.6% of cases displayed co-infections with two viruses or a virus and a bacterium. Rotavirus was the most prevalent pathogen, followed closely by norovirus, while Salmonella was the most commonly isolated bacteria, followed by diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) and Campylobacter. More than 40% of Salmonella spp. and DEC isolates were resistant to first-line antibiotics (ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline). Around 10% of Salmonella spp. isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin simultaneously. Campylobacter spp. displayed high resistance to ciprofloxacin but kept low resistance to azithromycin and doxycycline.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The etiology of acute diarrhea varies in children of different age groups. The high frequency of infection with viruses suggests the urgent demand for new viral vaccine development. Proper use of antibiotics in the treatment of acute diarrhea is crucial due to the high level of antibiotic resistance.</p>

Study on the mortality and risk factors among HIV-infected individuals during 1989-2011 in Dehong prefecture, Yunnan province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To examine the mortality and risk factors among HIV-infected patients during 1989-2011 in Dehong prefecture,Yunnan province.Methods All HIV-infected patients reported during 1989-2011 in Dehong prefecture who held local residency were included in the study.Mortality rates and cumulative survival rates were calculated.Multiple regression analysis under Cox proportional hazard model was conducted to examine the risk factors for deaths.Results A total of 13 006 HIV-infected patients were included in this study including 73.2％ males,79.1％ peasants and 48.7％ married at the time of reporting.64.5％ of the patients were ethnic minorities,and 68.7％ were illiterate or having received only primary school education.All the patients were followed-up for a total of 55 962.30 person-years with 4648 patients died,with overall mortality rate as 8.31/100person-years.The mortality rate had been increasing from 1990 to 2004 but decreasing since 2005.The average survival time since the identification of HIV infection was 9.48 years overall,and was 16.65 years for those having received antiretroviral treatment (ART) and 7.67 years for those without ART.Data from multiple regression analysis indicated that ART and socio-demographic characteristics such as age,gender,ethnicity,occupation,marital status,education background etc.were significantly associated with death among HIV-infected patients.Conclusion The comprehensive AIDS campaigns including ART had significantly reduced the deaths among HIV-infected patients in Dehong prefecture.More efforts on the scaling up program of ART as well as the enhanced management and follow-up program tailored for HIV-infected patients with different sociodemographic characteristics were needed to further reduce the deaths in the area.

Genetic polymorphism of the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes in the Inner Mongolian population / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) gene frequencies and genotypes distributions in the Inner Mongolian population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ninety genomic DNA samples were extracted from blood samples of randomly chosen Mongolian individuals. Gene-specific PCR amplification was used to identify genes present or absent for 16 KIR loci. KIR genotype distributions were obtained and compared to that of 24 populations published in literatures using principal component analysis by SAS8.0 software. Genetic tree was constructed by the calculate Nei's genetic distance.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The frequency of KIR 2DL2, 2DS2 in Mongolian individual is higher than that in north Mongoloid and less than that in Caucasian. (2) Haplotype AA was identified in 37.78% of individuals, which is higher than that in north Mongoloid and lower than that in Caucasian. (3) Mongolian was considered between north Mongoloid and Caucasian by principal component and genetic tree analysis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Mongolian might be affected by the north Mongoloid and Caucasian, and showed intermediate between the two populations.</p>

Monitoring of anesthetic effect based on auditory response time / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the changes of auditory parameters during anesthesia and establish the assessment indicators for anesthesia monitoring in animal experiments.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>BALB/c mice of 4 to 6 weeks were given a single intraperitoneal dose of urethane, and the auditory evoked potential in the surgically exposed inferior colliculus in response to pure tone stimulation was recorded during urethane metabolism. The latency and amplitude data of the waves were extracted using Matlab software to analyze their variations during urethane metabolism.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The latency of the auditory evoked potential showed slight variation and was well correlated to time. The latency decreased progressively during urethane metabolism, fast in the initial 2 h and tending to stabilize afterwards.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The latency of the auditory evoked potential can be more suitable indicators than the amplitude for anesthetic effect monitoring.</p>

Causes of death among HIV-infected patients in Dehong prefecture, Yunnan province:1989-2010 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objectives To analyze the fatality and causes of death related to comprehensive prevention and care programs among HIV-infected patients in Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province,from 1989 to 2010. Methods Data on HIV/AIDS death cases in Dehong prefecture were extracted from the "Chinese National Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care Information System" and were analyzed. Results From 1989 to the end of 2010,a total of 13 493 HIV/AIDS cases registered as local residents or currently living m Dehong, had been reported. Among them, 8569 were reported as HIV cases with 2036 deaths and the other 4924 were reported as AIDS cases with 2251 deaths. A few of the cases had survived for 15-20 years. By the end of 2010, the number of deaths was higher than the number of survivors among HIV/AIDS cases reported before 2004, whereas the number of survivors was higher than the number of deaths among HIV/AIDS cases reported in 2004 and there after. During the twenty years' period,the proportion of reported HIV/AIDS cases died in the same year showed a secular trend of being low-highest-low, rising up to ＞ 10.0％ in 200 1, peaking at 18.9％in 2003 and then continuously going down to 5.8％ in 2010. The proportion of HIV/AIDS cases who survived at the beginning but died later in the year was going down since 2007. The proportion of HIV/ AIDS deaths died directly from AIDS was increasing whereas the proportion of HIV/AIDS deaths dying directly from overuse of drugs was decreasing in the recent years. Among HIV/AIDS deaths, the proportion of ever received CD4 + T-cell testing and the proportion of ever having received antiretroviral treatment were also increasing in the past years, reaching to 89.9％ and 25.5％ in 2010,respectively. Conclusion The case fatality of HIV/AIDS was decreasing in the past years in Dehong prefecture. More efforts were needed to scale up the CD4 + T-cell count testing and antiretroviral treatment in order to further reduce both morbidity and mortality among HIV/AIDS patients in Dehong prefecture. It is critical to improve surveillance program on HIV/AIDS deaths in the rural

Survey on contact tracing of newly reported HIV infections in 2009 in Dehong prefecture, Yunnan province / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore a new method for finding more HIV/AIDS.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In September 2009, newly reported HIV-infected individuals from May to August, 2009 in Dehong prefecture were asked to participate in a survey which requested demographic characteristics, history of high-risk behaviors and contact information of individuals with whom they had high risky contacts. People with risky contacts with HIV-infected cases (index cases) were also approached to participate in this survey and HIV testing was provided.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 342 HIV-infected individuals were newly reported and served as index cases from May to August, 2009. Among them, 47.1% (161/342) were transmitted by regular sexual partners. Through three-round surveys, 218 contacts were traced and among them, 84.9% (185/218) were traced by regular heterosexual partners. HIV positive rate of the tested was 34.7% (60/173) in the first-round tracing and 12.5% (1/8) in the second one. Among the 560 individuals (index cases and their high-risk contacts), the proportions of having regular heterosexual partners, non-regular and non-commercial sexual partners, commercial sexual heterosexual partners and men having sex men were 87.9% (492/560), 18.9% (106/560), 22.3% (125/560) and 0.3% (1/318), respectively, while the proportion of having never used condoms when having sex with the above four types sexual partners were 73.8% (363/492), 72.6% (77/106), 63.2% (79/125) and 0.0% (0/1), respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>As an epidemiological method for HIV/AIDS finding, contact tracing identified a large number of HIV infectors who were traced by newly reported HIV-infected individuals.</p>

Response properties of cochlear nucleus neurons: a digital model-based study / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the mechanisms of different response patterns of the cochlear nucleus neurons based on a digital model.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Based on the platform of Matlab7.0 and the integrate-and-fire model, we constructed the temporal coding model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The model well simulated the response types of the primary-like, chopper, onset and buildup neurons by changing the settings of some parameters related to the properties of the neurons.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The properties of the neurons dictate the response patterns of the cochlear nucleus neurons. The simulation results are consistent with the literature. Understanding of the response properties of the cochlear nucleus neurons can provide assistance in the study of the auditory system.</p>

Incidence and risk factors of HIV infection among sero-negative spouses of HIV patients in Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the HIV incidence and risk factors among sero-negative spouses of HIV patients in Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A cohort of sero-negative spouses of the HIV patients had been developed and followed up since November, 2005. HIV new infections and related behaviors had been investigated every six months.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>By the end of June, 2008, 790 sero-negative spouses of HIV patients had been recruited, of whom 702 were followed-up for at least one time. During the total 1202.35 person-years, 31 new HIV infections were identified, with an overall incidence of 2.58/100 person-years. The HIV incidence rates were 2.22/100 person-years in 2006, 2.95/100 person-years in 2007 and 2.74/100 person-years in 2008. Data from the Cox proportional hazard regression model indicated that those who resided in Yingjiang county [hazard ratio (HR) = 4.37, 95%CI: 1.48 - 12.90, P = 0.008], ever using drugs (HR = 3.49, 95%CI: 1.09 - 11.18, P = 0.035), or having an HIV-infected spouse who never exposed to antiretroviral treatment (HR = 3.60, 95%CI: 1.41 - 9.16, P = 0.007) were at higher risk for HIV infection.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Sero-negative spouses of HIV patients in Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province had a relatively high incidence of HIV new infection during 2006-2008. More efforts should put on those people living in these areas, having a history of drug use or having an HIV-infected spouse who had never been exposed to antiretroviral treatment.</p>

Natural history of HIV infections among injecting drug users in Dehong prefecture, Yunnan province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the natural history of HIV-1 infection among intravenous drug users (IDUs) detected in late 1989 in the study area and the factors related to survival of these IDUs infected with HIV. Methods 196 injecting drug users first detected during August and December, 1989 were observed in Ruili county, Yunnan province. Data gathered from the 20-year follow-up program was collected and analyzed retrospectively. Results After 20 years' follow-up period, 90.3% of the 196 IDUs with HIV infection died, 5.1% of them were still alive, and 4.6% were lost. The crude pre-AIDS mortality rate was 98.1/1000 person-years, and the AIDS mortality rate was 54.9/1000 person-years. Malaria, septicemia were the main causes of death among the natural diseases whereas overdose and accidental causes were the principal causes related to those non-disease deaths.The median survival time from sero-conversion to death was 8.6 years (95%CI: 7.6-9.7). The median survival time from sero-conversion to death due to AIDS was 11.3 years (95%CI: 10.3-12.8) with the incubation time as around 10.3 years. People older than 30 years at seroconversion and length of drug usage were associated with shorter survival time, with hazards ratios as 1.9 and 0.7, respectively.Conclusion A high pre-AIDS mortality was observed among IDUs. Both the median survival time from sero-conversion to death and the HIV incubation period were shorter than that observed in the developed countries. Age of HIV infection seemed to have a strong effect on survival.

Incidence and risk factors of HIV infection among sero-negative spouses of HIV patients in Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the HIV incidence and risk factors among sero-negative spouses of HIV patients in Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province. Methods A cohort of sero-negative spouses of the HIV patients had been developed and followed up since November, 2005.HIV new infections and related behaviors had been investigated every six months. Results By the end of June, 2008, 790 sero-negative spouses of HIV patients had been recruited, of whom 702 were followed-up for at least one time. During the total 1202.35 person-years, 31 new HIV infections were identified, with an overall incidence of 2.58/100 preson-years. The HIV incidence rates were 2.22/100person-years in 2006, 2.95/100 person-years in 2007 and 2.74/100 person-years in 2008. Data from the Cox proportional hazard regression model indicated that those who resided in Yingjiang county [hazard ratio (HR) =4.37, 95% CI: 1.48-12.90, P=0.008] , ever using drugs (HR=3.49, 95% CI:1.09-11.18, P=0.035) , or having an HIV-infected spouse who never exposed to antiretroviraltreatment (HR=3.60, 95% CI: 1.41-9.16, P=0.007) were at higher risk for HIV infection.Conclusion Sero-negative spouses of HIV patients in Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province had a relatively high incidence of HIV new infection during 2006-2008. More efforts should put on those people living in these areas, having a history of drug use or having an HIV-infected spouse who had never been exposed to antiretroviral treatment.

Incidence and risk factors of HIV infection among sero-negative spouses of HIV patients in Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the HIV incidence and risk factors among sero-negative spouses of HIV patients in Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province. Methods A cohort of sero-negative spouses of the HIV patients had been developed and followed up since November, 2005.HIV new infections and related behaviors had been investigated every six months. Results By the end of June, 2008, 790 sero-negative spouses of HIV patients had been recruited, of whom 702 were followed-up for at least one time. During the total 1202.35 person-years, 31 new HIV infections were identified, with an overall incidence of 2.58/100 preson-years. The HIV incidence rates were 2.22/100person-years in 2006, 2.95/100 person-years in 2007 and 2.74/100 person-years in 2008. Data from the Cox proportional hazard regression model indicated that those who resided in Yingjiang county [hazard ratio (HR) =4.37, 95% CI: 1.48-12.90, P=0.008] , ever using drugs (HR=3.49, 95% CI:1.09-11.18, P=0.035) , or having an HIV-infected spouse who never exposed to antiretroviraltreatment (HR=3.60, 95% CI: 1.41-9.16, P=0.007) were at higher risk for HIV infection.Conclusion Sero-negative spouses of HIV patients in Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province had a relatively high incidence of HIV new infection during 2006-2008. More efforts should put on those people living in these areas, having a history of drug use or having an HIV-infected spouse who had never been exposed to antiretroviral treatment.

Signal pathways of eryptosis-review / 中国实验血液学杂志

Erythrocytes are devoid of nuclei and mitochondria which are the crucial elements of apoptosis, so their programmed suicidal death is called eryptosis. Eryptosis is characterized by cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, activation of proteases, and phosphatidylserine exposure. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) activates nonselective cation channels that increase cytosolic Ca(2+) activity and platelet-activating factor (PAF) activates a sphingomyelinase which lead to formation of ceramide. Either can lead to membrane scrambling with subsequent phosphatidylserine exposure. Exposed phosphatidylserine is recognized by macrophages that engulf and degrade the injured cells. As such, eryptosis can clear the injured red blood cells and avoid the release of hemoglobin. The signaling of eryptosis includes PGE(2), cation channels, PAF, ceramide, protein kinase C, and in some instances, caspases. In this review, the PGE(2), PAF and protein kinase pathways, erythrocyte surface receptor-mediated effects, oxidative stress and caspase effects, the inhibitory factors of eryptosis and the clinical eryptosis-related diseases are discussed.

Effect of bicuculline on first spike latency of the neurons in the inferior colliculus of mice / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the effect of bicuculline on the first spike latency of the neurons in the inferior colliculus of mice and investigate the role of GABA inhibition in sound signal processing of the neurons.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In vivo extracellular recording was performed on the inferior colliculus of 13 BALB/c mice (4 to 5 weeks old) to record the neuronal response to pure tones. Bicuculline, a GABA-A receptor antagonist, was applied to the neurons iontophoretically through one channel in the three-barrel glass-pipettes. The first spike latency and other response properties of the characteristic frequency were recorded for analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 30 well-isolated single neurons were recorded. Increased spike counts characterized 96% of the neurons, with either increased (40%) or decreased (60%) latency of neuronal responses. Characteristic frequency alterations occurred in 50% of the neurons with increased spike latency, and the minimum threshold showed linear changes.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>GABAergic inhibition may participate in the latency formation and increased frequency selectivity of mouse inferior colliculus neurons by lateral inhibition. The changes in the first spike latency can be indicative of the information integration in GABAergic neurons at the synaptic level.</p>

Pulse Pressure and the In-Hospital Mortality and Morbidity in Acute Stroke Patients / 中华高血压杂志

0.05)and 1.464(95% CI 1.061- 2.020,P=0.02),respectively in hemorrhagic stroke patients after adjustment for age,gender,ethnieity,cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking.However,the ORs of mortality and morbidity were not significant in various pulse pressure groups in ischemic stroke patients.Conclusion The elevated pulse pressure was associated with increased risk of in-hospital morbidity only in hemorrhagic stroke patients.