IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF ENTEROBACTER SPECIES BY VITEK-2 SYSTEM ISOLATED FROM VARIOUS CLINICAL SPECIMEN IN GOVT MEDICAL COLLEGE KOTA (RAJASTHAN)

Background: Enterobacter were proposed as a genus in 1960 by Hormaeche and Edwards based on the division of the former genus Aerobacter into motile, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)–positive strains (Enterobacter) and nonmotile ODC-negative strains (Klebsiella). The Vitek-2 system is the second generation of Vitek and offers a more sophisticated model of data analysis as well as a fully automated process for card identification, organism suspension dilution and card filling. To study Aim and Objectives: identification and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Enterobacter species by Vitek-2 system isolated from various clinical samples. Material and Methods: A total of 100 Enterobacter species obtained from various clinical samples like urine, pus, sputum, endotracheal aspirate and body fiuids (pleural, ascitic, peritoneal and CSF) etc. of patients received at Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College & Associated Group of Hospitals, Kota during a period of approximately 1 year from May 2021 to May 2022 were taken for the identification and Antibiotic sensitivity testing by Vitek-2 system. Out of 100 Enterobacter isolates, 69% w Result: ere E.cloacae and 31% were E.aerogenes. Antimicrobial susceptibility results of Enterobacter species revealed the susceptibility of 56.41% for Nitrofurantoin, 69% for Piperacillin/ Tazobactam and 72% for Cefoperazone/ salbactam. Enterobacter seems to be emerged with increasi Conclusion: ng resistance to multiple antibiotics.

Rapid Identification and Subtyping of Enterobacter cloacae Clinical Isolates Using Peptide Mass Fingerprinting / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish a domestic database of Enterobacteria cloacae (E. cloacae), and improve the identification efficiency using peptide mass fingerprinting.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Peptide mass fingerprinting was used for the identification and subtyping of E. cloacae. Eighty-seven strains, identified based on hsp60 genotyping, were used to construct and evaluate a new reference database.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the original reference database, the identification efficiency and accuracy of the new reference database was greatly improved at the species level. The first super reference database for E. cloacae identification was also constructed and evaluated. Based on the super reference database and the main spectra projection dendrogram, E. cloacae strains were divided into two clades.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Peptide mass fingerprinting is a powerful method to identify and subtype E. cloacae, and the use of this method will allow us to obtain more information to understand the heterogeneous organism E. cloacae.</p>

Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Antibiotics Resistance E. Cloacae Isolates.

The present study aimed detecting and characterizing of β-lactamases producing E.cloacae isolated from different clinical sources in Hilla hospitals using phenotypic and molecular methods. A total of 308 samples were collected from two major hospitals at Hilla Province from October 2013 to April 2014. All isolates were tested biochemically, it was found that only 15 isolates from all isolates were belonging to Enterobactercloacae. All E. cloacae isolates were primarily screened for β-lactams resistance. Antibiotic susceptibility and minimum inhibitory concentration tests were performed using disk diffusion and agar dilution methods, respectively. The molecular study documented a widespread of Amp C genes among isolates of E. cloacae isolatesrepresented by 6/15(40%) positive isolates for Amp C primers. PCR assay revealed that prevalence rate of bla-TEM gene among tested isolates was 9(60%). followed by the bla-OXA gene was detected only in 3(20%).While bla-VEB gene and bla-SHV gene was not detected in any of the isolates. Some virulence factors of bacteria were also studied, and the results showed that all bacterial strains have capsule ,the results also also detected biofilm formation among isolates and the results revealed that 13(86%) of the isolates are biofilm former.

Aminoglycoside Susceptibility Profiles of Enterobacter cloacae Isolates Harboring the aac(6')-Ib Gene / 대한진단검사의학회지

The aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferases of type Ib (aac(6')-Ib) gene confers resistance to amikacin, tobramycin, kanamycin, and netilmicin but not gentamicin. However, some isolates harboring this gene show reduced susceptibility to amikacin. The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) recommends a revision of the phenotypic description for isolates harboring the aac(6')-Ib gene. In this study, we determined the aminoglycoside susceptibility profiles of 58 AAC(6')-Ib-producing Enterobacter cloacae isolates. On the basis of the CLSI and EUCAST breakpoints, a large proportion (84.5% and 55.2%, respectively) of these 58 isolates were found to be susceptible to amikacin. However, among the isolates that were shown to be anikacin-susceptible according to the CLSI and EUCAST breakpoints, only 30.6% and 18.8% isolates, respectively, could be considered to have intermediate resistance on the basis of the EUCAST expert rules. Further studies should be conducted to determine the aminoglycoside susceptibility profiles of aac(6')-Ib-harboring isolates from various geographic regions and to monitor the therapeutic efficacy of amikacin in infections caused by these isolates.

Epidemiologic Study of Enterobacter cloacae Infection in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit / 병원감염관리

Enterobacter cloacae is isolated from 10 newborns in the neonatal Intensive care unit(NICU) of Seoul Red Cross Hospital from April, 1997 to June, 1997. Their gestational age is from 195-299 days(mean 244.3 days), and their birth weight was from 980-4,100g(mean 2,287g). We obtained 16 E, cloacae strains form their blood, urine, endotracheal tube, umbilical catheter and 4 of them were isolated from the same patient at different culture sites. We also obtained another 3 strains of E. cloacae from 14 persons who worked in NICU and 26 places of NICU. We analysed the molecular types of 19 isolates by using rep-PCR method. We get 6 different types of PCR-products from the patients and NICU workers, and NICU environments. We observed that the incidence of E. cloacae was decreased by handwashing and wearing personal plastic gloves during the care of NICU patients.

Contaminación in vitro de cepillos dentales / In vitro contamination of toothbrushes

Se deierminó que los cepillos dentales mantienen viables y pueden transmitir 3 microorganismos frecuentemente implicados en infecciones orales. Los microorganismos fueron inoculados in vitro en cepillos mantenidos a temperatura ambiente y sometidos a subcultivo desde las 3 horas hasta los 16 días. Inóculos de aproximadamente 5 millones de bacterias/ml de un importante periodontopático, el Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans; de un entérico oportunista, el Enterobacter cloacae y una dosis infectiva 50, ID50 de un herpesvirus oral, el Herpes simplex virus tipo 1, (HSV-1) fueron colocados sobre cerdas de los cepillos. A. actinomycetemcomitans y el HSV-1 resultaron viables hasta por 72 horas. E. cloacae fué viable hasta por 16 dias, el tiempo máximo de subcultivo planteado en este estudio (Tabla 1). La viabilidad bacteriana se demostró por subcultivo de los microorganismos en TSBV y la identidad de los microorganismos se determinó por la morfología de la colonia, la catalasa, el MUG, la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa especie/especifico para A. actinomycetemcomitans y pruebas bioquímicas rápidas como subcultivo en McConkey y asimilación de sustratos para E. cloacae. La viabilidad viral se estableció por aparición del efecto citopatogénico en mononocapas de pulmón embrionario humano del inóculo recuperado de los cepillos, pase seriado e lFA indirecta contra HSV-1. Este estudio concluye que los cepillos dentales pueden ser un reservorio y además transmitir importantes patógenos orales entre familiares o individuos.

This study determined that toothbrushes could maintain viable and perhaps transmit to other family member 3 important oral pathogens. The toothbrushes were infected with an approximate inoculum of 5 million bacteria's per ml of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and Enterobacter cloacae, respectively and an infective dose 50 (ID 50) of Herpes Simplex type I, (H5V-1 ). These microorganisms were placed directly on the tooth bristles at room temperature and subcultured at different times to establish individual microbial survival rates. Microorganisms were cultured at 3 hours. 24 hours, 96 hours, 5 days, 12 days, and 16 days after the initial toothbrush inoculation. A. actinomycetemcomitans, and HSV-1 resulted viable after 72 hours on toothbrushes. E. cloacae was viable as far as 16 days after the initial inoculation. The microbial viability was determined by subculture in TSBV and the identity of the microorganisms established by the bacterial colony morphology, rapid biochemical tests, and specie-specific polymerase chain reaction for A. actinomycetemcomitans. Viral viability was determined by visualization of the viral induced cytopathic effect on a cultured monolayer of embryonic lung fibroblasts from replicating HSV-1. Positive cultures were confirmed by IFA assay against HSV-L 1. In conclusion this study demonstrated in vitro that toothbrushes could act as a reservoir of microbes and maybe transmit important oral pathogens.

Rapid detection of Amp C ?-Iactamase in Enterobacter cloacae by PCR / 第二军医大学学报

Objective:To establish a new method to detect Amp C?-lactamase by PCR. Methods:The amp C and amp D gene fragments of E. cloacae were amplified by the amp C and amp D primers to detect Amp C ?-lactamase, especially the enduring and highly productive enzymes. Results:Totally 193 of 214 strains of E. cloacae were positive for amp C gene , implicating most strains of E. cloacae had the ability to produce the enzyme. Sixteen of the 193 strains (amp C positive) were negative for amp D genes, implicating these 16 strains could produce the enduring and highly productive enzymes. The results were confirmed by cefoxitin three-dimensional test. Conclusion:The new method to detect Amp C ?-lactamase, especially the enduring and highly productive enzymes,by amp C and amp D primers is a rapid and accurate method.