Practice and Exploration of the Performance Allocation Program of TCM Disciplines in General Hospitals / 中国卫生经济

The RBRVS performance evaluation mechanism introduced from the U.S.does not match the research system of China's specialty Chinese medicine service programs in the process of domestic use.It aims to find a more suitable performance supplement for TCM disciplines based on the RBRVS performance accounting model of the case hospitals,in order to encourage TCM depart-ments to inherit and develop TCM.

Impactos da Pandemia da Covid-19 na Atuação de Profissionais de uma Unidade de Internação Psiquiátrica / Impacts of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Performance of Professionals in a Psychiatric Inpatient Unit / Impactos de la Pandemia Covid-19 en el Desempeño de los Profesionales en una Unidad de Hospitalización Psiquiátrica

No contexto de pandemia da covid-19, os profissionais de saúde têm sido expostos a situações que podem gerar sofrimento psicológico, como risco de contaminação, longas jornadas de trabalho, falta de equipamentos de proteção individual, estresse e ansiedade. Esta pesquisa investigou os impactos da pandemia da Covid-19 na atuação de profissionais de uma unidade de internação psiquiátrica em hospital geral. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, desenvolvida a partir de entrevistas com profissionais de saúde cujo roteiro continha, dentre outras, a seguinte pergunta: "A pandemia da Covid-19 provocou alterações na sua atuação profissional?". Para análise dos achados, optou-se pela análise temática. Estes apontaram que os desafios para o cuidar na pandemia envolviam alterações nas ações de cuidado, redução da equipe, aumento da carga de trabalho, falta de equipamentos de segurança, medo e ansiedade na equipe, o que implicou na necessidade de suporte psicossocial aos profissionais, pois a pandemia intensificou a vivência de situações difíceis preexistentes. Face ao exposto, observou-se a necessidade de diferentes adaptações para o desenvolvimento do trabalho na unidade pesquisada, que, frente ao clima de tensão instalado no serviço, contava com uma equipe reduzida de profissionais de saúde.

In the context of the covid-19 pandemic, health professionals have been exposed to situations that can produce psychological suffering, such as risk of contamination, extended working time, absence of personal protective equipment, stress, and anxiety. This research studies the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on the performance of professionals who work in the psychiatric unit into a general hospital. It is a qualitative research built up from interviews with health professionals whose script contained, among others, the following question: "Has Covid-19 pandemic brought changes in your professional performance?". In order to analyze the findings, we have chosen the thematic analysis approach. Data findings pointed out that the challenges for care in the pandemic encompass changes in the practices of care, staff reduction, increased workload, lack of safety equipment, fear, and anxiety in the team, which implies the need for psychosocial support for the professionals, once the pandemic has deepened the experience of pre-existing difficult situations. Based on the above, there was a need for some new adaptations for doing the work in the researched unit, which faces both an atmosphere of tension hovering in the workplace and a reduced team of health professionals.

En el contexto de la pandemia del covid-19, los profesionales de la salud se han visto expuestos a situaciones que pueden generar sufrimiento psicológico, como el riesgo de contaminación, largas jornadas laborales, falta de equipo de protección personal, estrés y ansiedad. Esta investigación investigó los impactos de la pandemia Covid-19 en el desempeño de los profesionales en una unidad de internación psiquiátrica en un hospital general. Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, desarrollada a partir de entrevistas con profesionales de la salud cuyo guión contenía, entre otras, la siguiente pregunta: "¿La pandemia Covid-19 provocó cambios en su desempeño profesional?". Para analizar los hallazgos se eligió el análisis temático. Estos señalaron que los desafíos para la atención en la pandemia involucraron cambios en las acciones de atención, reducción de personal, aumento de la carga de trabajo, falta de equipos de seguridad, miedo y ansiedad en el equipo, lo que implica la necesidad de apoyo psicosocial a los profesionales, pues la pandemia intensificó la experiencia de situaciones difíciles preexistentes. Con base en lo anterior, fue necesario realizar diferentes adaptaciones para el desarrollo del trabajo en la unidad investigada, que contaba con un reducido equipo de profesionales de la salud y debido al ambiente de tensión instalado en el servicio.

Repercusiones de la COVID-19 en la Internación Psiquiátrica en América Latina y el Caribe

Objetivo: Caracterizar el impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en las internaciones psiquiátricas en la región de América Latina y el Caribe. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo. Se realizaron 85 entrevistas semiestructuradas con trabajadores de hospitales generales (HG) y hospitales especializados (HE) en salud mental en 18 países de la región de América Latina y el Caribe entre el 8 de mayo y el 30 de junio de 2020. Los datos se analizaron cuantitativa y cualitativamente. Resultados: Se reporta una disminución inicial en la demanda de internación, atribuida al temor de la población a acercarse a los servicios, así como a restricciones en la movilidad. Se indican criterios más estrictos para internar con una doble focalización de lo agudo dentro de lo agudo. Los tiempos de internación presentaron un comportamiento mixto, tanto de aumento como de disminución en HG y en HE. La oferta terapéutica durante la internación se vio drásticamente reducida, y se restringió la interacción de las personas internadas con sus redes de apoyo. Conclusiones: La internación pareciera estar siendo no la última, sino la única alternativa de tratamiento psiquiátrico en el contexto de la pandemia. La reducción de camas en los HE podría ser un aspecto positivo para la reforma de la atención, pero es puesto en duda, ya que dicha reducción también se produce en los HG.

Objetive: To characterise the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychiatric hospitalisations in the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region. Methods: Descriptive study. 85 semi-structured interviews were conducted with health workers involved with psychiatric hospitalizations in general hospitals (GHs) and specialised psychiatric hospitals (SHs) from 18 LAC countries. The interviews were done between 8 May and 30 June 2020. The data were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. Results: An initial decrease in the demand for hospitalization is reported, attributed to the population's fear of approaching health services as well as restrictions on mobility. Stricter criteria for hospitalization were reported with a double focus on the acute within the acute. The length of hospitalizations were mixed, with both increases and decreases in GHs and SHs. The therapeutic offer was drastically reduced, and interaction between hospitalised people and their support networks was restricted. Conclusions: In the COVID-19 context, hospitalization seems to be not the last but the only alternative for psychiatric treatment. The decrease in the number of beds in SHs could be a positive aspect for the reform of psychiatric care, but it is questioned since this reduction also occurs in GHs.

Qualitative study on nurses′demand for nursing robot application scenarios in level3 general hospitals / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To analyze the needs and recommendation of nurses in level3 general hospital for the application scenarios of nursing robots, so as to provide a basis for the design of intelligent machine systems to reduce the workload of nurses in the hospitals.Methods:Using phenomenological research methods, a total of 17 clinical nurses from Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Nanjing University, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University and the First People′s Hospital of Lianyungang from November 2021 to March 2022 were selected for semi-structured interviews. Colaizzi content analysis method was used to sort out the data.Results:Clinical nurses′requirements for application scenarios of nursing robots could be summarized into four themes: feasibility of clinical application of robot recognized by nurses; expected alternative care scenarios; summary of nursing robot design features; multiple factors limit the application of nursing robots.Conclusions:Clinical nurses have diverse requirements for the application scenarios of nursing robots, and only part of non-clinical tasks will be authorized to robots in a short period of time. In the face of future opportunities and challenges, with the help of policies, legal supervision should be strengthened, so as to improve the reliability and safety of clinical application of nursing robots.

Construction of a social loss indicator system based on the perspective of epidemic prevention and control against the background of emerging major infectious diseases / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To construct a social loss indicator system based on the perspective of epidemic prevention and control against background of emerging major infectious diseases at the national, hospital, and individual levels, and to provide decision-making basis for public general hospitals to formulate prevention and control strategies for emerging major infectious diseases.Methods:Literatures published before December 23, 2020 were retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, Web of Science, Google Scholar with such keywords as " infectious diseases" " public health emergencies" " social losses" " COVID-19" " evaluation". Then a preliminary social loss indicator system of public general hospitals for emerging major infectious diseases was constructed from such dimensions as country, hospital, and individual, by implementing literature analysis and expert consultation. Based on such a preliminary system, three questionnaires were designed for the country, hospitals, and individuals and the corresponding data were collected from December 25, 2021 to May 20, 2022. In the end, a factor analysis was made on the questionnaire data to optimize the social loss indicator system and determine the weights of each indicator.Results:The social loss indicator system consists of 14 level-1 indicators and 60 level-2 indicators. Level-1 indicators at country aspect consisted of government governance capacity, direct economic losses, social security, online public opinion, indirect economic losses, and international cooperation; indicators at hospital aspect consisted of hospital manpower, material resources, and information resources, hospital services, and hospital operations; indicators at the individual aspect consisted of physical health, psychological and social health, and external environment. Level-1 indicators of the highest weight at all aspects were social security, manpower, material and information resources, as well as physiological health. And the level-2 indicators of the highest weight were high medical expenses, overwork for staff other than doctors and nurses and medical insurance.Conclusions:The social loss indicator system for emerging major infectious diseases constructed in this study proves scientific and reasonable, helpful for the formulation of prevention and control strategies of public general hospitals.

Practice of building a research hospital in a general tertiary hospital in Beijing / 中华医院管理杂志

To meet China′s requirements for scientific and technological innovation and high-quality development in the new era, it is imperative to actively implement the innovation-driven development strategy and build high-level research hospitals. Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University has been working to build a research hospital since 2018. The hospital promoted discipline construction through the development mode of discipline clusters, made the research wards as a platform, adopted the " shared comprehensive service" mode to improve the quality and efficiency of clinical research, and strengthened talent cultivation through such key measures as a new talent recruitment system. The mode has proved successful in such aspects as improving the ranking of scientific and technological value of hospitals and disciplines, introducing high-level talents, and outputting scientific and technological achievements, supporting by research wards for other departments of the hospital, and improving the efficiency and quality of clinical trials. Such a mode can provide reference for general hospitals in building research hospitals.

Implantação e implementação de serviços em cuidados paliativos / Establishing and implementing palliative care services / Implantación e implementación de servicios en cuidados paliativos

Resumo Considerando que a demanda de ampliação de serviços de cuidados paliativos nos hospitais gerais do Brasil torna necessário enfrentar obstáculos e estabelecer estratégias para viabilizar a implantação desses serviços no sistema de saúde, buscou-se identificar o processo de implantação e a efetivação de serviços de cuidados paliativos em hospitais gerais do país. Mediante revisão integrativa da literatura, que consistiu na análise de quatro artigos, foram identificadas as seguintes etapas para implantação e efetivação de serviços de cuidados paliativos: elaboração de protocolo, cuidado humanizado, multidisciplinariedade e educação. Além disso, detectaram-se os desafios a seguir: ausência de treinamento e educação em cuidados paliativos, dificuldade de consenso sobre práticas paliativas, comunicação, oferta de fármacos e apoio dos governos. Considera-se que o estabelecimento de políticas públicas é essencial para garantir a implantação dos cuidados paliativos em hospitais.

Abstract Since expanding palliative care services within general hospitals in Brazil involves confronting obstacles and establishing strategies to enable their implementation in the health system, this study sought to identify the process around establishing and implementing palliative care services in Brazilian general hospitals. An integrative literature review of four articles identified the following steps for establishing and implementing palliative care services: protocol development, humanized care, multidisciplinarity, and education. As for the obstacles, the analysis highlighted the lack of training and education in palliative care, difficulty in reaching consensus on palliative practices, communication, drug supply, and government support. In conclusion, public policy development is essential to guarantee the implementation of palliative care in hospitals.

Resumen Teniendo en cuenta que la demanda de servicios de cuidados paliativos en los hospitales generales de Brasil requiere el enfrentamiento de obstáculos y el establecimiento de estrategias para viabilizar la implementación de estos servicios en el sistema de salud, se plantea identificar el proceso de implantación y la efectividad de los servicios de cuidados paliativos en hospitales generales del país. Desde una revisión integradora de la literatura, que consistió en el análisis de cuatro artículos, se identificaron las siguientes etapas para la implantación y efectividad de los servicios de cuidados paliativos: Elaboración de protocolos, cuidado humanizado, multidisciplinariedad y educación. Además, se constataron como desafíos la falta de formación y educación en cuidados paliativos, la dificultad para llegar a consensos sobre prácticas paliativas, la comunicación, el suministro de medicamentos y el apoyo gubernamental. Es fundamental establecer políticas públicas para garantizar la implantación de los cuidados paliativos en los hospitales.

Medidas de risco de suicídio em hospital geral: revisão integrativa / Suicide risk measures in a general hospital: an integrative review / Medidas de riesgo de suicidio en un hospital general: revisión integrativa

Os índices de suicídio cresceram significativamente, tornando-se um grave problema de saúde pública. O risco de suicídio em pacientes hospitalizados é maior do que na população geral e, portanto, faz-se necessário, uma ferramenta capaz de identificá-lo. Assim, objetivou-se realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre os instrumentos utilizados para avaliar o risco de suicídio em pacientes internados em hospital geral. Os dados foram coletados nas bases de dados PubMed, Psycinfo, Pepsic e Scielo, utilizando-se os descritores: "risk of suicide"; "general hospital"; "suicide scale", com tempo de publicação limitado aos últimos dez anos (2011-2021). Um total de 581 estudos foram encontrados. Após critérios de elegibilidade, 16 artigos foram selecionados e analisados. Os resultados apontaram que os estudos utilizaram como principais instrumentos a entrevista, em conjunto com outras escalas. Concluiu-se que é fundamental utilizar instrumentos específicos para avaliar os principais fatores e classificar o risco de suicídio no contexto hospitalar.

Suicide rates grew significantly, becoming a serious public health problem. The risk of suicide in hospitalized patients is higher than in the general population and, therefore, a tool capable of identifying it is required. This study aimed to review the literature on the instruments used to assess the risk of suicide in patients admitted to a general hospital. Data were collected from PubMed, Psycinfo, Pepsic and Scielo databases using the descriptors: "risk of suicide"; "general hospital"; "suicide scale", with publication time limited to the last ten years (2011-2021). A total of 581 studies were found. After eligibility criteria, 16 articles were selected and analyzed. The studies used, as main instruments, the interview with other scales. We conclude that it is essential to use specific instruments to assess the main factors and classify the risk of suicide in the hospital settings

Las tasas de suicidio han crecido significativamente, convirtiéndose en un grave problema de salud pública. El riesgo de suicidio en pacientes hospitalizados es mayor que en la población general y, por lo tanto, es necesaria una herramienta capaz de identificarlo. Así, el objetivo fue revisar la literatura sobre los instrumentos utilizados para evaluarla en pacientes ingresados en un hospital general. Los datos fueron recolectados de las bases de datos PubMed, Psycinfo, Pepsic y Scielo utilizando los descriptores: "riesgo de suicidio"; "hospital general"; "escala de suicidio", con tiempo de publicación limitado a los últimos diez años (2011-2021). Se encontraron un total de 581 estudios. Después de los criterios de elegibilidad, 16 artículos fueron seleccionados y analizados. Los estudios utilizaron la entrevista como principal instrumento, además de otras escalas. Se concluyó que es fundamental utilizar instrumentos específicos para evaluar los principales factores y clasificar el riesgo de suicidio en el contexto hospitalario.

Collaboration between tertiary hospital and community health service center in comprehensive management of chronic liver diseases in the community / 中华全科医师杂志

Chronic liver diseases, including chronic hepatitis, autoimmune liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis, fatty liver disease, drug-induced liver injury and so on, are common and important disorders in China. A hospital-community-patient-family integration management model for chronic liver diseases has been implemented since 2018 in Shuangshuinian Community Health Service Center collaborated with Sichuan Provincial People′s Hospital. Patients were taken care by general practitioners in the community health center under the guidance of hospital specialists, and with the active participation of patients and their family. This article introduces this integrated management model and the preliminary accomplishment to provide a reference for the management of patients with chronic liver diseases in the community.

Analysis and evaluation of nursing efficiency in clinical departments based on data envelopment analysis and Malmquist index / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To analyze the nursing efficiency of clinical departments in general hospitals under the background of medical insurance payment reform, and to explore the methods of rational allocation of resources and improvement of service efficiency.Methods:The relevant data of Qingdao Municipal Hospital from January to December 2020 were selected. The nursing efficiency of 20 clinical departments in the hospital was evaluated by data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Malmquist index. The input indexes were the number of nurses, the number of hours, the number of open beds. The output indicators were number of discharges, average length of stay, and case mix index.Results:In 2020, the average comprehensive efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of 20 clinical departments in the hospital were 0.845, 0.913 and 0.923, respectively.The total factor production efficiency index of the hospital from February to April, from May to September and from October to November were all greater than 1, but the total factor production efficiency index from January to December was less than 1. There were 5 departments with total factor production efficiency index greater than 1.Conclusions:The comprehensive nursing efficiency of clinical departments needs to be improved, and diagnosis related groups (DRG) poses a more severe challenge to the efficiency management of internal medicine nursing. The COVID-19 epidemic has a great impact on the efficiency of nursing services.It is feasible to evaluate the nursing efficiency with DEA model and DRG related indicators.Combined with the disease characteristics and nursing work characteristics of patients admitted to the department, the deep causes should be explored, comprehensive measures should be taken to improve nursing efficiency, precise nursing service transformation based on the reform of medical insurance payment mode should be explored, Internet + nursing service should be promoted, and the improvement of nursing resource efficiency under the status of normal epidemic prevention and control should be paid attention to.

Knowledge about antineoplastic drugs: implications for the health of nursing workers in a general hospital / Conocimientos acerca de las drogas antineoplásicas: implicaciones a la salud del trabajador de enfermería en hospital general / Conhecimentos sobre drogas antineoplásicas: implicações para a saúde do trabalhador de enfermagem em hospital geral

ABSTRACT Objectives: to understand, from a worker's health perspective, the knowledge of nursing professionals about the use of antineoplastic drugs in a general hospital. Methods: a descriptive and exploratory study with a qualitative approach. It was conducted at a university hospital, between April and August 2018, with 35 nursing professionals who responded to a semi-structured interview. Thematic analysis was used for data treatment. Results: from the data, three thematic categories emerged, related to the nursing professionals' knowledge about antineoplastic drugs and their effects on workers' health; situations in which exposure to these drugs occurs; and protection mechanisms for the patient, the environment, and the worker. Final Considerations: the nursing professionals had little knowledge about antineoplastic drugs. The practices related to handling and the necessary protective measures to deal with these drugs were empirically determined and relatively subsidized the knowledge acquired by the professionals.

RESUMEN Objetivos: comprender, en la perspectiva de salud del trabajador, los conocimientos de los profesionales de enfermería sobre la utilización de drogas antineoplásicas en un hospital general. Métodos: estudio descriptivo y exploratorio con abordaje cualitativo. Realizado en un hospital universitario, entre abril y agosto de 2018, con 35 profesionales de enfermería que respondieron una entrevista semiestructurada. Utilizado el análisis temático para el tratamiento de datos. Resultados: emergieron, de los datos, tres categorías temáticas relacionadas a conocimientos de los profesionales de enfermería sobre drogas antineoplásicas y sus efectos para la salud del trabajador; situaciones en que ocurre la exposición a esas drogas; y mecanismos de protección al paciente, medio ambiente y trabajador. Consideraciones Finales: los profesionales de enfermería presentaban poco conocimiento sobre las drogas antineoplásicas. Las prácticas relacionadas al manejo y medidas de protección necesarias para lidiar con esas drogas eran empíricamente determinadas y subsidiaban relativamente el conocimiento adquirido por los profesionales.

RESUMO Objetivos: compreender, na perspectiva da saúde do trabalhador, os conhecimentos dos profissionais de enfermagem sobre a utilização de drogas antineoplásicas em um hospital geral. Métodos: estudo descritivo e exploratório com abordagem qualitativa. Foi realizado em um hospital universitário, entre abril e agosto de 2018, com 35 profissionais de enfermagem que responderam a uma entrevista semiestruturada. Utilizou-se a análise temática para o tratamento dos dados. Resultados: emergiram, dos dados, três categorias temáticas relacionadas aos conhecimentos dos profissionais de enfermagem sobre drogas antineoplásicas e seus efeitos para a saúde do trabalhador; situações em que ocorre a exposição a essas drogas; e mecanismos de proteção ao paciente, ao meio ambiente e ao trabalhador. Considerações Finais: os profissionais de enfermagem apresentavam pouco conhecimento sobre as drogas antineoplásicas. As práticas relacionadas ao manuseio e as medidas de proteção necessárias para lidar com essas drogas eram empiricamente determinadas e subsidiavam relativamente o conhecimento adquirido pelos profissionais.

Primeiro serviço de urgência psiquiátrica em hospital de pronto socorro de Juiz de Fora: subsídios para transição paradigmática de assistência à saúde mental / The first psychiatric urgency service in an emergency hospital in Juiz de Fora: subsidies for a paradigmatic transition in mental health care

Introdução: Este estudo tem como objeto o paradigma assistencial que norteou a implantação do Serviço de Urgência Psiquiátrica (SUP) no Hospital de Pronto Socorro do município de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, de 1987 a 1992. Objetivos: a) Descrever as circunstâncias de criação e implantação do Serviço de Urgência Psiquiátrica do Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Juiz de Fora; b) Caracterizar as ações realizadas pela equipe de saúde no Serviço de Urgência Psiquiátrica do Hospital de Pronto Socorro à época de sua implantação; c) Analisar as manifestações de transição paradigmática na história da implantação do Serviço de Urgência Psiquiátrica do Hospital de Pronto Socorro. Metodologia: Pesquisa histórico-social de natureza qualitativa, desenvolvida na perspectiva da História do Tempo Presente, no recorte temporal de 1987 a 1992, período de implantação do SUP no Hospital de Pronto Socorro. O corpus documental foi constituído por fontes escritas, referentes à implantação do SUP, localizadas em espaços online e pertencentes ao arquivo pessoal dos colaboradores. As fontes orais foram produzidas mediante história oral temática, seguindo um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturado. As fontes foram selecionadas de acordo com recorte temporal, organizadas em ordem cronológica e classificadas conforme os objetivos a serem alcançados. Aplicaram-se as críticas interna e externa aos documentos e, posteriormente, realizou-se a triangulação das fontes para chegar-se aos resultados. O embasamento teórico-científico foi subsidiado por autores que produziram reflexões acerca dos paradigmas manicomial e psicossocial e sustentam o Movimento de Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira. Resultados: O SUP resultou de esforços de um grupo engajado na desconstrução dos manicômios em Juiz de Fora, sustentados por interesses financeiros, sem nenhum papel terapêutico. Foi o primeiro serviço especializado, fora de hospital, a fornecer assistência psiquiátrica de urgência e emergência no município, passando a ser a porta de entrada para as pessoas em sofrimento psíquico no âmbito da atenção terciária à saúde. A iniciativa despertou uma nova concepção de assistência em saúde mental e desafiou os profissionais da saúde do SUP (exceto os psiquiatras), que passaram a lidar com pessoas em sofrimento psíquico, sem experiência prévia, o que fez a assistência inicial ter traços manicomiais e psicossociais, próprios de momentos de transição de modelos. Considerações finais: A implantação do SUP simbolizou uma nova forma de abordagem às pessoas em sofrimento psíquico na sociedade, mostrando que havia alternativa à internação psiquiátrica em instituições especializadas, uma vez que se tornaria porta de entrada regulatória para encaminhamento aos hospitais psiquiátricos. Porém, num primeiro momento não havia estrutura e nem recursos humanos para a transição completa do paradigma de assistência manicomial para o psicossocial, o que só foi possível no ano de 1997, com a Reformulação da Assistência em Saúde Mental em Juiz de Fora. Confirma-se a tese de que a implantação do Serviço de Urgência Psiquiátrica no Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Juiz de Fora foi uma tentativa de inserir pessoas em sofrimento psíquico no serviço de saúde terciário. Exemplificava, assim, como descentralizar o atendimento nos hospitais psiquiátricos pela oferta de atendimento no Hospital de Pronto Socorro, favorecendo um período de internação mais curto e a transição de modelos assistenciais conforme os anseios do movimento de Reforma Psiquiátrica.

Introduction: The object of this study is the care paradigm that guided the implementation of the Psychiatric Emergency Service (SUP) at the Hospital de Pronto Socorro in the city of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, from 1987 to 1992. Objectives: a) To describe the circumstances of creation and implementation of the Psychiatric Emergency Service at the Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Juiz de Fora; b) Characterize the actions carried out by the health team in the Psychiatric Emergency Service of the Hospital de Pronto Socorro at the time of its implementation; c) To analyze the manifestations of paradigmatic transition in the history of the implantation of the Emergency Psychiatric Service of the Hospital de Pronto Socorro. Methodology: Historical-social qualitative research, developed from the perspective of the History of the Present Time, in the time frame from 1987 to 1992, period of implementation of the SUP at the Hospital de Pronto Socorro. The documentary corpus consisted of written sources, referring to the implementation of the SUP, located in online spaces and belonging to the personal archive of the collaborators. The oral sources were produced through thematic oral history, following a semi-structured interview script. The sources were selected according to time frame, organized in chronological order, and classified according to the objectives to be achieved. Internal and external criticisms were applied to the documents and, later, the sources were triangulated to arrive at the results. The theoretical-scientific basis was supported by authors who produced reflections on the asylum and psychosocial paradigms and support the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform Movement. Results: The SUP originated from the efforts of a group engaged in the deconstruction of the asylums in Juiz de Fora, which were financially motivated and had no therapeutic role. It was the first service outside a specialized hospital to provide urgent and emergency psychiatric care in the city, becoming the gateway for people in psychological distress within the scope of tertiary health care. The initiative brought forth a new conception of mental health care and challenged SUP health professionals, with the exception of psychiatrists, who started dealing with people in psychological distress despite having no previous experience. This lack of experience led the assistance to take on traits from both asylum and psychosocial care, which is common during the transition between these models of attention. Final considerations: The implementation of the SUP symbolized a new way of approaching people in psychological distress in society, showing that there were alternatives to psychiatric hospitalization in specialized institutions, as the SUP would become a regulatory gateway for referral to psychiatric hospitals. However, at first, there was no structure or human resources for a full transition from the asylum paradigm to the psychosocial one. This was only possible in 1997, with the Reformulation of Mental Health Care in Juiz de Fora. The thesis is confirmed that the implementation of the Psychiatric Emergency Service at the Hospital de Pronto Socorro de Juiz de Fora was an attempt to insert people in psychological distress in the tertiary health service of wide scope. Thus, it exemplified how to decentralize care in psychiatric hospitals, by offering care at the Hospital de Pronto Socorro, which would play the role of a complementary service to territorial services, favoring a shorter hospitalization period and the transition of care models according to the wishes of the patient. Psychiatric Reform movement.

Introducción: El objeto de ese estudio fue el paradigma asistencial que norteó la implantación del Servicio de Urgencia Psiquiátrica (SUP) en el Hospital de Urgencia de la ciudad de Juiz de Fora, en Minas Gerais, Brasil, de 1987 a 1992. Objetivos: a) Describir las circunstancias de la creación e implantación del Servicio de Urgencia Psiquiátrica del Hospital de Urgencia de Juiz de Fora; b) Caracterizar las acciones realizadas por el equipo de salud en el Servicio de Urgencia Psiquiátrica del hospital de Urgencia en el tiempo de su implantación; c) analizar las manifestaciones de transición paradigmática en la historia de la implantación del Servicio de Urgencia psiquiátrica del Hospital de Urgencia. Metodología: Investigación histórica y social cualitativa, desarrollada desde la perspectiva de la Historia en el Tiempo Presente, considerando el recorte temporal de 1987 a 1992, periodo en que se implementó al SUP en el Hospital de Urgencia. El corpus documental fue formado por fuentes escritas, relacionadas a la implantación del SUP, localizadas en espacios online del archivo personal de los colaboradores. Las fuentes orales se produjeron por medio de historia oral temática, según un script de entrevista semiestructurado. Se seleccionó a las fuentes según un recorte temporal, y fueron organizadas según el orden cronológico y clasificadas según los objetivos buscados. Se criticó a los documentos interna y externamente, y, después, se las trianguló para llegar a los resultados. Las bases teórico-científicas vinieran de autores que producirán reflexiones sobre los paradigmas psicosociales y de manicomio son los suportes del Movimiento de Reforma Psiquiátrica brasileño. Resultados: El SUP fue el resultado de los esfuerzos de un grupo engajado en la deconstrucción de los manicomios en Juiz de Fora, que eran motivados solamente por ganancias financieras y no tenían papel terapéutico. Él fue el primer servicio afuera de hospitales especializados que fornecía asistencia psiquiátrica de urgencia y emergencia en el municipio, y se tornó la puerta de entrada para que las personas en sufrimiento psíquico en el escopo de la atención terciaria a la salud. La iniciativa despertó una nueva concepción de la asistencia en salud mental, y desafió profesionales de salud del SUP (a la excepción de los psiquiatras), que pasaron a trabajar con personas en sufrimiento psíquico, aunque no tuvieran cualquier experiencia en hacerlo. Así, la asistencia ofrecida en el principio tenía trazos de los manicomios, así como trazos psicosociales, combinación común en los momentos de transición entre los dos modelos. Consideraciones finales: La implantación del SUP simbolizó una nueva manera de abordar a las personas en sufrimiento psíquico en la sociedad, promoviendo la desconstrucción de los manicomios, mostrando que había una alternativa a la hospitalización psiquiátrica en instituciones especializadas, ya que su papel era de regular la referencia de los pacientes a los hospitales psiquiátricos. Sin embargo, en un primer momento no había estructura ni recursos humanos para que se hiciera una transición completa del paradigma de asistencia de manicomios para un paradigma psicosocial. Eso solo fue posible en 1997, después que la Asistencia en Salud Mental en Juiz de Fora fue Reformulada. Así, se confirmó la tesis según la cual la implantación del Servicio de Urgencia Psiquiátrica en el Hospital de Urgencia de Juiz de Fora fue una tentativa de inserir personas en sufrimiento psíquico en un servicio de salud terciario de mayor alcance. Así, era un ejemplo de como retirar la atención de los hospitales psiquiátricos ofreciendo atención en el Hospital de Urgencia, cuyos servicios complementaria los servicios en el territorio, reduciendo períodos de internación y auxiliando en la transición de modelos asistenciales, rumo a los objetivos del movimiento de la Reforma Psiquiátrica.

Leitos de saúde mental em hospitais gerais: o caso do Rio de Janeiro / Mental health beds in general hospitals: the case of Rio de Janeiro

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar o modelo de provisão de leitos de saúde mental em três hospitais gerais da cidade do Rio de Janeiro e sua relação com a Rede de Atenção Psicossocial. Foram realizadas entrevistas com gestores locais, um gestor municipal e dois ex-coordenadores nacionais de saúde mental. Os resultados apontaram que os hospitais estudados oferecem espaços restritivos, com predomínio de terapia farmacológica e forte influência do modelo biomédico. A presença dos leitos de saúde mental nos hospitais tem-se mostrado uma experiência bem-sucedida na melhoria do cuidado integral aos usuários. A interação com a Rede de Atenção Psicossocial foi apresentada como modelo de assistência preconizado, mas ainda enfrentando fragilidades em sua implementação. Os achados da pesquisa evidenciaram que a baixa implantação de leitos de saúde mental em hospital geral na cidade se deve a lacunas na formação de profissionais e ao estigma que faz com que gestores resistam em receber usuários com transtornos mentais em suas instituições. Modificações recentes na política nacional de saúde mental, no sentido de interromper o fechamento de leitos em hospitais psiquiátricos, devem acarretar alterações na direção da reforma psiquiátrica no País.

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to analyze the model of provision of mental health beds in three general hospitals in the city of Rio de Janeiro and its relationship with the psychosocial care network. Interviews were conducted with local managers, a municipal manager and two former national mental health coordinators. The results showed that the studied hospitals offer restrictive spaces, with a predominance of pharmacological therapy and a strong influence of the biomedical model. The presence of mental health beds in hospitals has proved to be a successful experience in improving comprehensive care for users. The interaction with the psychosocial care network was presented as a recommended care model, but still facing weaknesses in its implementation. The research findings showed that the low implementation of mental health beds in a general hospital in the city is due to gaps in the training of professionals and the stigma that makes managers resist receiving users with mental disorders in their institutions. Recent changes in the national mental health policy in the sense of interrupting the closure of beds in psychiatric hospitals should lead to changes in the direction of psychiatric reform in the country.

Mental health resources and awareness of anxiety and depressive disorders in general hospitals in China

Abstract Background Mental health disorders are common in China. There is a lack of knowledge and resources of mental health in China. Objectives To assess the levels of psychiatric resources and services in general hospitals in China. Methods Data regarding psychiatric departments, wards and staff were collected from 57 general hospitals in four provinces of China (Hubei, Zhejiang, Heilongjiang and Yunnan) between April 2014 and June 2014. Questionnaires were distributed to 1,200 non-psychiatric clinicians. Results Among the 57 hospitals, 50 provided mental health services, 36 had mental health wards, and seven had neither mental health clinics nor wards. The median number of mental health clinicians was six per hospital. The median number of specialized nurses was 42 per hospital. A total of 1,152 non-psychiatric clinicians with a career duration of 9.4 ± 8.9 years returned completed questionnaires. Only 6.9% reported a good understanding of the manifestation of anxiety and depressive disorders, 4.5% reported a good understanding of the diagnostic criteria, and 3.8% reported a good understanding of the treatment protocols. Discussion There is inadequate awareness of anxiety and depressive disorders among non-psychiatric clinicians in general hospitals in China. This awareness/understanding increased with increasing hospital level.

Practice of constructing a performance evaluation system of teaching faculty in teaching management of municipal general hospitals / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The construction of teaching faculty is not only a core element to carry out medical education in municipal general hospitals, but also a weak link. Constructing a performance evaluation system of teaching faculty has important significance in promoting teaching reform and innovation, and improving teachers' enthusiasm for teaching as well as their teaching quality in municipal general hospitals. Taking the Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital of Southern Medical University as an example, this paper focused on the construction of teaching faculty and aimed to provide references for municipal general hospitals to build a performance evaluation system through the promotion of a series of measures such as teaching ability assessment, quantitative assessment of teaching work, teaching quality evaluation, and teaching contribution assessment.

Practice of constructing a performance evaluation system of teaching faculty in teaching management of municipal general hospitals / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The construction of teaching faculty is not only a core element to carry out medical education in municipal general hospitals,but also a weak link.Constructing a performance evaluation system of teaching faculty has important significance in promoting teaching reform and innovation,and improving teachers' enthusiasm for teaching as well as their teaching quality in municipal general hospitals.Taking the Affiliated Dongguan People's Hospital of Southern Medical University as an example,this paper focused on the construction of teaching faculty and aimed to provide references for municipal general hospitals to build a performance evaluation system through the promotion of a series of measures such as teaching ability assessment,quantitative assessment of teaching work,teaching quality evaluation,and teaching contribution assessment.

"Quando eu descobri que não era Nise": produções manicomiais no contexto hospitalar / "When I found out I wasn't Nise": asylum productions in hospital context / "Cuando yo descobri que no era Nise": producciones manicomiales en el contexto hospitalario

O objetivo deste artigo é problematizar o cenário atual da saúde mental no Brasil, mais especificamente dos pacientes internados em hospitais gerais com demanda de crise psíquica, pensando o lugar de cuidado que a psicologia ocupa e produz nesse contexto e também a (re)produção de lógicas manicomiais e medicamentosas que ainda atravessam os equipamentos e profissionais da saúde. As experiências narradas neste trabalho fazem parte das vivências cartografadas em um hospital geral no estado do Espírito Santo, onde atuo como psicóloga atendendo pessoas acometidas de transtorno mental, conforme deliberado pela lei 10.216. As narrativas foram construídas no formato de carta, com o objetivo de mobilizar uma escrita viva, interconectada à análise das problemáticas apresentadas; bem como o de fissurar o modelo de ciência hegemônico que prevalece no contemporâneo.

The objective of this article is to problematize the current mental health scenario in Brazil, more specifically of patients admitted in general hospitals with demands for psychic crisis, thinking about the place of care that psychology occupies and produces in this context as well as the (re)production of mental and pharmacological logics that still cross equipment and health professionals. The experiences narrated are part of the livingness mapped in a general hospital of the state of Espírito Santo, where I work as a psychologist, caring for people suffering from mental disorder, as deliberated by the law 10.216. The narratives were weaved in the form of letters, with the purpose of mobilizing a living writing, interconnected with the analysis of the presented problems; as well as to fissure the hegemonic science model that prevails in contemporary world.

El objetivo de este artículo es problematizar el escenario actual de la salud mental en Brasil, más específicamente de los pacientes internados en hospitales generales con demanda de crisis psíquica, pensando el lugar de cuidado que la psicología ocupa y produce en ese contexto y también la (re) producción de lógicas manicomiales y medicamentosas que aún atraviesan los equipos y profesionales de la salud. Las experiencias narradas en este trabajo forman parte de las vivencias cartografiadas en un hospital general en el estado de Espírito Santo, donde actúo como psicóloga atendiendo personas acometidas de trastorno mental, conforme deliberado por la ley 10.216. Las narrativas fueron construidas en el formato de carta, con el objetivo de movilizar una escritura viva, interconectada al análisis de las problemáticas presentadas; así como el de fisurar el modelo de ciencia hegemónico que prevalece en el contemporáneo.

Caracterização de pacientes com transtornos mentais de um hospital geral e de ensino / Caracterización de pacientes con trastornos mentales en un hospital general e de enseñanza / Characterization of patients with mental disorders from a general teaching hospital

RESUMO Objetivo: caracterizar o perfil sociodemográfico e clínico dos pacientes com transtornos mentais em hospital geral. Método: estudo quantitativo, transversal, com 179 pacientes com diagnósticos de transtornos mentais. Os dados foram coletados entre 2012 e 2013 em unidades de internação de um hospital geral por meio de instrumentoestruturado, analisados por métodos estatístico-descritivos e, posteriormente apresentados em frequências. Resultados: as mulheres apresentaram maior prevalência de transtornos do humor e os homens de transtornos relacionados ao uso de substâncias psicoativas. A unidade de neurologia teve o maior percentual dos casos (27,4%); 67% faziam tratamento psiquiátrico; 77,7% usavam medicações psicotrópicas contínuas; 23,5% referiram tentativa de suicídio; 21,2% apresentavam comorbidadespsiquiátricas; 25,3% eram dependentes de álcool, 30,7% de tabaco e 17,3% de outras drogas. Conclusão: as particularidades apresentadas pelos participantes subsidiam o reconhecimento de sinais e sintomas dos transtornos mentais e oplanejamento de cuidados de enfermagem específicos a esta clientela em hospital geral.

RESUMEN Objetivo: caracterizar el perfil social demográfico y clínico de los pacientes con trastornos mentales en hospital general. Método estudio cuantitativo, transversal, con 179 pacientes con diagnósticos de trastornos mentales. Se recogieron los datos entre 2012 y 2013 en unidades de internación de un hospital general por medio de instrumento estructurado y se los analizaron por métodos estadísticos descriptivos, siendo posteriormente presentados en frecuencias. Resultados: las mujeres presentaron más prevalencia de trastornos de humor y los hombres, de trastornos asociados al uso de sustancias psicoactivas. La unidad de neurología tuvo el mayor porcentual de los casos (27,4%); 67% hacían tratamiento psiquiátrico; 77,7% usaban medicaciones psicotrópicas continuas; 23,5% relataron tentativa de suicidio; 21,2% presentaban comorbilidades psiquiátricas; 25,3% eran dependientes de alcohol, 30,7% de tabaco y 17,3% de otras drogas. Conclusión: las particularidades presentadas por los participantes subsidian el reconocimiento de señales y síntomas de los trastornos mentales y el planeamiento de cuidados de enfermería específicos a ese tipo de paciente en hospital general.

ABSTRACT Objective: to characterize the sociodemographic and clinical profile of patients with mental disorders in a general hospital. Method: a quantitative, cross-sectional study with 179 patients with diagnoses of mental disorders. The data were collected between 2012 and 2013 in hospitalization units of a general hospital by means of a structured instrument, analyzed by statistical-descriptive methods and later presented as frequencies. Results: the women presented higher prevalence of mood disorders and the men of psychoactive substance use disorders. The neurology unit had the highest percentage of cases (27.4%); 67% were receiving psychiatric treatment; 77.7% used continuous psychotropic medication; 23.5% reported suicide attempts; 21.2% had psychiatric comorbidities; 25.3% were dependent on alcohol, 30.7% on tobacco and 17.3% on other drugs. Conclusion: the particularities presented by the participants will help in the recognition of signs and symptoms of mental disorders and the planning of nursing care specific to this clientele in a general hospital.

Antibiotic use in emergency departments of class Ⅲ general hospitals in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To investigate the utilization of antibiotics in emergency departments (EDs) of class Ⅲ general hospitals in China. Methods: Data from a national monitoring network for rational use of drugs was used. The data included prescriptions of EDs from 114 class Ⅲ general hospitals in 30 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) of China. A total of 10 260 595 prescriptions from October 1, 2014 to December 31, 2016 were extracted. The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification/Defined Daily Dose (DDD) system was used for the classification of antibiotics and calculation of antibiotic use intensity. An auto-regression model was used to analyze the trend over time and seasonal variation of antibiotic use in EDs. Results: The rate of antibiotic prescriptions was 27.82% in EDs, among the antibiotics prescribed, 25.58% were for the combination therapy with 2 or more antibiotic agents, and injectable antibiotic prescriptions accounted for 60.59%. Besides, the number of DDDs per 100 patient visits was 81.84. Broad-spectrum agents were the most commonly used antibiotics, among which the second and third generation cephalosporins, quinolones and macrolides accounted for 23.83%, 21.68%, 19.17% and 7.89% of all prescribed antibiotics, respectively. The use of antibiotics, including prescription frequency and use intensity, in EDs had a slight but significant increase tendency (P<0.05), and the seasonal variation of antibiotic use in EDs was obvious, characterized by the highest frequency and intensity of antibiotic use in winter, the differences were significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The antibiotic prescription rate in EDs of classⅢ general hospitals in China was controlled at a low level, but the proportions of broad-spectrum antibiotics and injectable antibiotics were high, and a significant increase trend in antibiotic use in EDs was found.

Antibiotic use in emergency departments of class Ⅲ general hospitals in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the utilization of antibiotics in emergency departments (EDs) of class Ⅲ general hospitals in China.Methods Data from a national monitoring network for rational use of drugs was used.The data included prescriptions of EDs from 114 class Ⅲ general hospitals in 30 provinces (autonomous regions,municipalities) of China.A total of 10 260 595 prescriptions from October 1,2014 to December 31,2016 were extracted.The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification/Defined Daily Dose (DDD) system was used for the classification of antibiotics and calculation of antibiotic use intensity.An auto-regression model was used to analyze the trend over time and seasonal variation of antibiotic use in EDs.Results The rate of antibiotic prescriptions was 27.82％ in EDs,among the antibiotics prescribed,25.58％ were for the combination therapy with 2 or more antibiotic agents,and injectable antibiotic prescriptions accounted for 60.59％.Besides,the number of DDDs per 100 patient visits was 81.84.Broad-spectrum agents were the most commonly used antibiotics,among which the second and third generation cephalosporins,quinolones and macrolides accounted for 23.83％,21.68％,19.17％ and 7.89％ of all prescribed antibiotics,respectively.The use of antibiotics,including prescription frequency and use intensity,in EDs had a slight but significant increase tendency (P＜0.05),and the seasonal variation of antibiotic use in EDs was obvious,characterized by the highest frequency and intensity of antibiotic use in winter,the differences were significant (P＜0.05).Conclusion The antibiotic prescription rate in EDs of class Ⅲ general hospitals in China was controlled at a low level,but the proportions of broad-spectrum antibiotics and injectable antibiotics were high,and a significant increase trend in antibiotic use in EDs was found.