Influencing factors of the TEG maximum amplitude reduction in emergency trauma patients / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the causes of abnormal decrease in maximum amplitude(MA) of thromboelastography(TEG) and its effect on prognosis by monitoring the changes of coagulation-related indexes in emergency trauma patients. 【Methods】 A total of 319 cases of trauma patients admitted to our hospital from September 2020 to September 2023 were retrospectively analyzed, and the coagulation-related indexes of 0 h and 24 h after admission were observed. According to the MA results, they were divided into normal MA group(>50 mm) and reduced MA group(≤50 mm) to compare the hemoglobin(Hb), platelets count(Plt), activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT), prothrombin time(PT), fibrinogen(Fib), thrombin time(TT), D-dimer(D-D), coagulation reaction time(R), clot formation kinetics(Angle), 30 min clot dissolution rate(Ly30), MA, thrombine-antithrombin complex(TAT) and plasminase-α2 plasminase inhibitor complex(PIC). The correlation between MA and fibrinolysis indexes in 319 trauma patients was analyzed. According to whether tranexamic acid(TXA) was used, the reduced MA group was divided into a TXA group and a non-drug group. The differences in the change of the above coagulation-related indexes, mortality rate and changes in blood product dosage were compared between the two groups. 【Results】 Compared with the normal MA group, Hb, Plt, Fib, diastolic blood pressure and GCS scores decreased, while heart rate, ISS score and mortality increased significantly in the reduced MA group(P0.05). The mortality rate in the TXA group was reduced significantly(P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 Hyperfibrinolysis may be an important factor in the abnormal decrease of MA in emergency trauma patients. Treatment with TXA can improve its effect on MA, and reduce the transfusion of blood products and the patient mortality.

The Impact of Biotechnology on Mango Enhancement: Exploring Genetic Engineering and Molecular Markers

The impact of biotechnology on mango enhancement, particularly through genetic engineering and molecular markers, has been significant. Biotechnology has revolutionized the field of agriculture, offering innovative tools and techniques for improving crop traits. In the case of mangoes, genetic engineering involves the manipulation of the organism's DNA to introduce or modify specific genes, targeting traits such as disease resistance, fruit quality, and yield. This approach has led to the development of mango varieties with enhanced resistance to pests and diseases, improved flavour and aroma, and increased productivity. Similarly, marker-assisted selection (MAS) utilizes molecular markers to identify and select plants with desired traits, bypassing the need for time-consuming and costly phenotypic evaluations. MAS has accelerated breeding programs, enabling the development of superior mango cultivars with desired traits. By exploring the impact of genetic engineering and molecular markers in mango improvement, we gain insights into their potential to address key challenges in mango cultivation and meet consumer demands.

STMS markers related to Ascochyta blight resistance in chickpea

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the important legume crops and is cultivated in large-scale throughout Türkiye as well as the world. Ascochyta blight, caused by the fungal phytopathogen Ascochyta rabiei, is the leading reason for the highest yield losses among the diseases known for chickpea. The pathogen exhibits high genetic diversity in Türkiye. Therefore, resistancy using Sequence Tagged Microsatellite Site (STMS) markers related with the genes that provide resistant against Ascochyta blight was investigated for the 205 chickpea breeding lines grown in different parts of Türkiye. The analysis for Ascochyta blight resistance was performed using Ta2, Ta146 and Ts54. It was demonstrated that Ta2, Ts54 and Ta146 were the STMS markers having distinguishable features for the detection of Ascochyta blight resistance and were shown to be used in credible fashion for the selection of resistant chickpea breeding lines.

Dried blood spots: a robust tool for malaria surveillance in countries targeting elimination

With the advancements in analytical and molecular techniques, Dried Blood Spots (DBS) are re-emerging as attractive and cost-effective alternatives for global health surveillance. The use of DBS has been well-characterized in the neonatal screening of metabolic diseases, therapeutic screening as well as in epidemiological studies for biomonitoring. Malaria is one such infectious disease where DBS use can expedite molecular surveillance for assessing drug resistance and for refining drug usage policies. In India, malaria cases have reduced significantly over the past decade but to achieve malaria elimination by 2030, country-wide DBS-based screening should be conducted to identify the presence of molecular markers of artemisinin resistance and to study parasite reservoirs in asymptomatic populations. DBS has wide applications in genomics, proteomics, and metabolomic studies concerning both host and pathogen factors. Hence, it is a comprehensive tool for malaria surveillance that can capture both host and parasite information. In this review, we elucidate the current and prospective role of DBS in malaria surveillance and its applications in studies ranging from genetic epidemiology, parasite and vector surveillance, drug development and polymorphisms to ultimately how they can pave the roadmap for countries aiming malaria elimination

Genotypic identification of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae in Anbar, Iraq

Aims@#The aim of this study was to identify hypervirulent clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Anbar (Iraq) and differentiate them from classical isolates using molecular markers and capsule serotyping.@*Methodology and results@#Between June and December 2022, we gathered a total of 100 K. pneumoniae isolates from patients with hospital-acquired infections in four prominent hospitals located in Anbar province. We performed the identification of all isolates using biochemical tests and the VITEK2 compact system. Hypervirulent genes were detected using PCR and multiplex PCR. Five virulent genes, namely, iucA, iroB, rmpA, rmpA2 and peg344, were considered in the study. Each isolate was serotyped using six capsular serotypes, K1, K2, K5, K20, K54 and K57. Three genes, iucA, iroB and rmpA were detected by PCR. The most prevalent gene identified was iucA (23%). Serotyping results identified four capsular types among the 100 isolates, with K2 (71.2%) being the most predominant type. Of the 100 isolates, 18 (18%) K. pneumonia isolates were identified as hypervirulent. According to the presence of the virulent genes, four virulent types (VP) were determined, namely, VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4, with VP3 being the most common among the four types.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study: @#Eighteen hypervirulent K. pneumoniae strains were identified using molecular markers. The results indicate that hypervirulent K. pneumoniae infections are emerging in Anbar province and need active monitoring to minimize spreading through the region.

Progress on basic research and clinical evaluation of novel molecular markers of liver cancer / 中华临床感染病杂志

Primary liver cancer includes three types: Hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, mixed hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. Among them, hepatocellular carcinoma accounts for 75% to 85%, posing a serious threat to human life and health. The screening and monitoring of high-risk populations for hepatocellular carcinoma is crucial for early detection, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as for improving the prognosis of liver cancer. Serum biomarkers play an important role in monitoring and diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma. In recent years, new serum biomarkers such as AFP heterogeneity, abnormal prothrombin/de-γ-carboxyprothrombin, Golgi protein 73, Dickkopf-associated protein 1, aldehyde ketone reductase-AKR1B10, gypican 3, liquid biopsies and microRNAs have been recommended for screening and monitoring hepatocellular carcinoma, and some have been included as auxiliary diagnostic measures in liver cell carcinoma guidelines. This article summarizes the progress of relevant basic research and clinical evaluation of these novel biomarkers, which may provide a reference for future clinical application.

Research progress in microevolutionary process of excellent traits and quality of Dao-di herbs / 中国中药杂志

Dao-di herbs are the treasure of Chinese materia medica and one of the characteristic research objects of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). Probing into the microevolution of Dao-di herbs can help to reveal their biological essence and quality formation mechanisms. The progress in molecular biology and omics provides the possibility to elucidate the phylogenetic and quality forming characteristics of Dao-di herbs at the molecular level. In particular, genomics serves as a powerful tool to decipher the genetic origins of Dao-di herbs, and molecular markers have been widely used in the research on the genetic diversity and population structure of Dao-di herbs. Focusing on the excellent traits and quality of Dao-di herbs, this paper reviews the studies about the microevolution process of quality formation mechanisms of Dao-di herbs with the application of molecular markers and omics, aiming to underpin the protection and utilization of TCM resources.

Herramientas para el mejoramiento genético de orquídeas del género Vanda / Tools for the genetic improvement of orchids of the genus Vanda

Resumen Las orquídeas del género Vanda tienen gran valor en el mercado ornamental por la vistosidad de sus flores. El mejoramiento genético en vandas es mayormente realizado a través de métodos convencionales, pero la alta demanda del mercado actual sobre nuevos cultivares hace necesaria la inclusión de técnicas moleculares y biotecnológicas en la mejora genética. El objetivo de esta revisión, es analizar la utilidad de diferentes herramientas moleculares y biotecnológicas para el desarrollo de un programa de mejoramiento genético en Vanda analizar la utilidad de diferentes herramientas moleculares y biotecnológicas para el desarrollo de un programa de mejora genética en Vanda, mediante la interrelación con biología reproductiva y mejoramiento convencional en el género. En esta revisión se consultaron un total de 95 artículos publicados en revistas científicas. Como resultado se brinda una compilación de información de utilidad como material de consulta para técnicos, profesionales e investigadores relacionados con esta temática.

Abstract Orchids of the Vanda genus have great value in the ornamental market due to the showiness of their flowers. Genetic improvement in this genus, is mostly carried out through conventional methods, but the high demand of the current market for new cultivars makes it necessary to include molecular and biotechnological techniques in genetic improvement. The aim of this review is to analyze the usefulness of different molecular and biotechnological tools for the development of a breeding program in Vanda, through the interrelation with reproductive biology and conventional breeding in the genus. A total of 95 articles published in scientific journals were consulted in this review. As a result, a compilation of information is provided that can serve as reference material for technicians, professionals and researchers related to this subject.

Clinical value of combined detection of thrombus precursor protein and P-selectin in the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome / Valor clínico de la detección combinada de proteína precursora de trombo y selectina P en el diagnóstico del síndrome coronario agudo

Abstract Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), including acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and unstable angina (UA), is the most threatening and lethal form of coronary heart disease. ACS has an abrupt onset and rapid development, which may lead to fatal conditions at any time. Thus, it is never too early to detect and diagnose patients with ACS. The objective of this work was to explore the significance of the combined detection of plasma thrombus precursor protein (TpP) and serum P-selectin (Ps), in the detection and diagnosis of patients with early ACS. A total of 126 subjects were included in the study, 64 ACS patients, 30 individuals with stable angina (SA) and 32 healthy persons who were selected as the control groups. There were no differences in gender, age, ethnicity, or blood glucolipid levels among the groups. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) was used to quantitatively determine the plasma levels of TpP and Ps. The levels of the two biomarkers in the case group were significantly higher than those in the control groups. Among the ACS patients, the levels of TpP and Ps were higher in AMI patients than in the UA patients. In addition, there was no significant differences in the levels of Ps between SA patients and healthy persons. In conclusion, plasma TpP and serum Ps are remarkably increased in patients with ACS. Therefore, TpP and Ps may serve as ACS indicators, and their measurement may provide a support for an early clinical identification of ACS.

Resumen El síndrome coronario agudo (SCA), que incluye el infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) y la angina inestable (AI), es la forma más amenazante y letal de enfermedad coronaria. El SCA tiene un inicio abrupto y un desarrollo rápido, lo que puede conducir a condiciones fatales en cualquier momento. Por lo tanto, nunca es demasiado pronto para detectar y diagnosticar pacientes con SCA. El objetivo de este trabajo fue explorar la importancia de la detección combinada de la proteína precursora de trombos plasmáticos (TpP) y la selectina P sérica (Ps), en la detección y diagnóstico de pacientes con SCA precoz. Se incluyeron en el estudio un total de 126 sujetos, 64 pacientes con SCA, 30 individuos con angina estable (AE) y 32 personas sanas que fueron seleccionadas como grupos de control. No hubo diferencias en el género, la edad, el origen étnico o los niveles de glucolípidos en sangre entre los grupos. Se usó el ensayo inmunoabsorbente ligado a enzimas (Elisa) para determinar cuantitativamente los niveles plasmáticos de TpP y Ps. Los niveles de los dos biomarcadores en el grupo de casos (SCA) fueron significativamente más altos que los de los grupos de control. Entre los pacientes con SCA, los niveles de TpP y Ps fueron más altos en los pacientes con IAM que en los pacientes con AI. Además, no hubo diferencias significativas en los niveles de Ps entre pacientes con SA y personas sanas. En conclusión, la TpP plasmática y la Ps sérica están notablemente aumentadas en pacientes con SCA. Por lo tanto, TpP y Ps pueden servir como indicadores de SCA y su medición puede proporcionar un apoyo para una identificación clínica temprana de SCA.

Molecular characterization of the severe falciparum malaria with typhoid co-infection A case report

Malaria and typhoid co-infections can be a serious public health issue in tropical countries leading to incorrect diagnosis due to overlapping clinical presentations of malaria and typhoid and hence, causing a delay in implementing the appropriate treatment regimen for these concurrent infections. This study reports a case of six-year-old female child co-infected with severe malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) and typhoid (Salmonella typhi) diagnosed by rapid malaria antigen test (RMAT) and blood culture respectively. Further, analysis of the chloroquine resistance gene Pfcrt for the falciparum demonstrated the presence of K76T mutant allele in pfcrt gene with high IC50 (150nM) for chloroquine (CQ) drug. The present case highlights the significance of timely identification and treatment of co-infections and also provides information about the circulating P. falciparum clinical strains.

Prevalence of antifolate drug resistance markers in Plasmodium vivax in China / 医学前沿

The dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and dihydropteroate synthetase (dhps) genes of Plasmodium vivax, as antifolate resistance-associated genes were used for drug resistance surveillance. A total of 375 P. vivax isolates collected from different geographical locations in China in 2009-2019 were used to sequence Pvdhfr and Pvdhps. The majority of the isolates harbored a mutant type allele for Pvdhfr (94.5%) and Pvdhps (68.2%). The most predominant point mutations were S117T/N (77.7%) in Pvdhfr and A383G (66.8%) in Pvdhps. Amino acid changes were identified at nine residues in Pvdhfr. A quadruple-mutant haplotype at 57, 58, 61, and 117 was the most frequent (57.4%) among 16 distinct Pvdhfr haplotypes. Mutations in Pvdhps were detected at six codons, and the double-mutant A383G/A553G was the most prevalent (39.3%). Pvdhfr exhibited a higher mutation prevalence and greater diversity than Pvdhps in China. Most isolates from Yunnan carried multiple mutant haplotypes, while the majority of samples from temperate regions and Hainan Island harbored the wild type or single mutant type. This study indicated that the antifolate resistance levels of P. vivax parasites were different across China and molecular markers could be used to rapidly monitor drug resistance. Results provided evidence for updating national drug policy and treatment guidelines.

Progress of endometriosis-related ovarian cancer / 肿瘤研究与临床

As one of the common benign gynecological diseases, endometriosis (EM) can have a serious impact on the physical and mental health and quality of life of women of childbearing age. Studies have shown that the risk of ovarian cancer in patients with EM is significantly higher than that in the general population. EM is closely related to the occurrence of some types of ovarian cancer, and this kind of ovarian cancer is named endometriosis-related ovarian cancer (EAOC). The incidence rate, pathogenesis, treatment and prognosis of EAOC are summarized in order to better understand it.

Herramientas complementarias utilizadas en el programa de mejoramiento de arveja (Pisum sativum l.) de la Universidad Nacional de Rosario / Complementary tools utilized in the pea (Pisum sativum l.) breeding program at Universidad Nacional de Rosario

RESUMEN El mejoramiento convencional puede ser complementado mediante diferentes estrategias que incrementen la eficiencia de las metodologías y la tasa actual de aumento de los rendimientos a fin de satisfacer la demanda. El uso de marcadores moleculares con el objetivo de desarrollar mapas de ligamiento de la especie, el uso de Blup (Best Linear Unbiased Prediction) para una selección eficiente de progenitores a hibridar, el uso del cultivo in vitro para incrementar artificialmente el número de plantas F1 o el uso de fenotipificación digital para una eficiente caracterización digital que puede realizarse durante la regeneración periódica y rutinaria de accesiones en colecciones de germoplasma.

ABSTRACT Conventional breeding can be complemented by different strategies that increase the efficiency of the methodologies and the current rate of increase in yields in order to meet demand. The use of molecular markers with the aim of developing linkage maps of the species, the use of Blup (Best Linear Unbiased Prediction) for an efficient selection of progenitors to hybridize, the use of in vitro culture to artificially increase the number of F1 plants or the use of digital phenotyping for efficient digital characterization that can be performed during the periodic and routine regeneration of accessions in germplasm collections.

Mejoramiento de la calidad del fruto por la incorporación de genes de especies silvestres en el tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) / Fruit quality improvement through the incorporation of wild species genes in the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

RESUMEN En el mejoramiento del tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) se ha logrado un incremento significativo para el rendimiento y otras características productivas en un período corto de tiempo. Como consecuencia se redujo notablemente la diversidad genética. Si bien el germoplasma silvestre se ha utilizado principalmente como fuente de genes de resistencia para enfermedades y plagas, nuestro grupo inició en la década de 1990, un programa de mejoramiento genético en tomate para mejorar la calidad del fruto con especial énfasis en incrementar la vida poscosecha y también ampliar la variabilidad genética con la incorporación de estos genes al gran cultivo. Hemos desarrollado diferentes poblaciones a partir del cruzamiento interespecífico entre el cultivar argentino Caimanta de S. lycopersicum y la accesión LA0722 de S. pimpinellifolium L. Mediante la generación de cruzamientos entre estos padres selectos y el posterior avance generacional de la selección se ha tratado de dilucidar las bases genéticas que definen la calidad del fruto. Para ello se integraron al programa de mejoramiento información obtenida de datos genómicos, posgenómicos y bioinformáticos. Al mismo tiempo hemos desarrollado cuatro nuevos cultivares con características de calidad de fruto superiores al ser comparados con híbridos comerciales. Para conservar y estudiar la diversidad del cultivo también estamos desarrollado una colección de germoplasma que en la actualidad cuenta con 162 genotipos de tomate de diferentes especies y orígenes. Además, se ha iniciado la transferencia directa de plantines a huertas urbanas y periurbanas para favorecer el acceso a semillas de estos cultivares desarrollados en instituciones públicas.

ABSTRACT The genetic improvement of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) has achieved an increase for yield and other agronomic traits in a short period of time. As a consequence, genetic diversity has been notably reduced. Wild germplasm has been mostly used as a source of resistance genes for diseases and pests. Our group started in the 1990' a breeding program in tomato for improving fruit quality, with special emphasis on increasing fruit shelf life and broadening the genetic variability with the incorporation of wild genes. We have developed different populations from the interspecific cross between the Argentine cultivar Caimanta of S. lycopersicum and the accession LA0722 of S. pimpinellifolium L. Through crosses between these selected parents and the subsequent generational selection advance, we attempted to elucidate the genetic bases that underlie tomato fruit quality. To do that, we use state-of-the-art technology available in the field of genetics and breeding programs, including genomic, post-genomic and bioinformatic data. At the same time, we have developed four new cultivars with improved fruit quality traits compared to commercial hybrids. To conserve and study the tomato diversity, we have developed a germplasm collection that currently contains 162 tomato genotypes from different species and origins. In addition, we have started a direct transfer of our cultivars to urban and peri-urban community orchards to facilitate them the access to genotypes that were developed in Argentine public institutions.

Identification of the taxonomic status of Scinax nebulosus and Scinax constrictus (Scinaxinae, Anura) based on molecular markers / Identificação do status taxonômico de Scinax nebulosus e Scinax constrictus (Scinaxinae, Anura), baseado em marcadores moleculares

Abstract The validation of many anuran species is based on a strictly descriptive, morphological analysis of a small number of specimens with a limited geographic distribution. The Scinax Wagler, 1830 genus is a controversial group with many doubtful taxa and taxonomic uncertainties, due a high number of cryptic species. One example is the pair of species Scinax constrictus and Scinax nebulosus, which share a similar morphology. Scinax constrictus is restricted to the Brazilian Cerrado savanna, while S. nebulosus is widely distributed throughout northern South America. Despite the validation of many anuran species, discriminations based only on morphological traits is quite difficult due to the high conservative morphology of some groups. In this context, the present study uses mitochondrial and nuclear genes to provide a more consistent diagnosis and test the validity of S. constrictus as a distinct species from S. nebulosus, as well as evaluate the position of these taxa within the Scinax genus. The topologies obtained herein uphold the monophyletic status of Scinax based on all molecular markers assessed in this study, in all analytical approaches, with high levels of statistical support.

Resumo A validação de muitas espécies de anuros é baseada em uma análise morfológica e descritiva de um pequeno número de espécimes com uma distribuição geográfica limitada. O gênero Scinax Wagler, 1830 é um grupo controverso com muitos táxons duvidosos e incertezas taxonômicas devido ao grande número de espécies crípticas. Um exemplo são as espécies, Scinax constrictus e Scinax nebulosus, que compartilham uma morfologia similar. Scinax constrictus é restrito à savana do Cerrado brasileiro, enquanto S. nebulosus é amplamente distribuído pelo norte da América do Sul. Apesar da validação de muitas espécies de anuros, a discriminação baseada apenas em características morfológicas é bastante difícil, devido à alta morfologia conservadora de alguns grupos. Neste contexto, o presente estudo utiliza genes mitocondriais e nucleares para fornecer um diagnóstico mais consistente e para testar a validade de S. constrictus como uma espécie distinta de S. nebulosus, bem como avaliar a posição destes táxons dentro do gênero Scinax. As topologias obtidas confirmaram o status monofilético de Scinax com base em todos os marcadores moleculares, em todas as abordagens analíticas, com altos níveis de suporte estatístico.

Genetic variability of Sargassum liebmannii on the coast of Jalisco in the central Mexican Pacific revealed by molecular markers and morphological traits

BACKGROUND Sargassum liebmannii is widely distributed throughout rocky, coastal upwelling areas in the tropical Mexican Pacific. This brown algae is of great environmental and industrial importance. However, no information is available that documents the genetic or phenotypic variability of the species, which is needed to determine how it may react to environmental variation related to climate change. In this study, S. liebmannii specimens were collected from the coast of Jalisco, Mexico, and molecular and morphological characterization was conducted. Intraspecific variability was estimated according to the study areas. RESULTS The inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers indicated a polymorphism percentage of 95%. The Shannon index and Nei index showed relatively low values among the populations (0.3569 and 0.081, respectively). On the other hand, the genetic differentiation coefficient indicated inter- and intrapopulation values of 36.69% and 63.31%, respectively. The Jaccard similarity coefficient was used to determine the degree of similarity among individuals by geographical area. The morphological characteristics and environmental variables that were used to correlate phenotypes and genotypes indicated that S. liebmannii showed low genetic flow because of the presence of geographical barriers due to substrate that was not optimal for algal development. CONCLUSIONS The ISSR markers were useful for detecting genetic differences among S. liebmannii individuals. The results indicate that a coupled genotypic-phenotypic study is beneficial for documenting the variation present in the little-studied algal species. These studies may be used in future research to clarify taxonomic controversies while generating additional genomic information

Large-scale advances in SSR markers with high-throughput sequencing in Euphorbia fischeriana Steud

BACKGROUND: Euphorbia fischeriana Steud is a very important medicinal herb and has significant medical value for healing cancer, edema and tuberculosis in China. The lack of molecular markers for Euphorbia fischeriana Steud is a dominant barrier to genetic research. For the purpose of developing many simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular markers, we completed transcriptome analysis with the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. RESULTS: Approximately 9.1 million clean reads were acquired and then assembled into approximately 186.3 thousand nonredundant unigenes, 53,146 of which were SSR-containing unigenes. A total of 76,193 SSR loci were identified. Of these SSR loci, 28,491 were detected at the terminal position of ESTs, which made it difficult to design SSR primers for these SSR-containing sequences, and the residual SSRs were thus used to design primer pairs. Analyzing the results of these markers revealed that the mononucleotide motif A/T (44,067, 57.83% of all SSRs) was the most abundant, followed by the dinucleotide type AG/CT (9430, 12.38%). Using 100 randomly selected primer pairs, 77 primers were successfully amplified in Euphorbia fischeriana Steud, and 79 were successfully amplified in three other related species. The markers developed displayed relatively high quality and cross-species transferability. CONCLUSIONS: The large number of EST-SSRs exploited successfully in Euphorbia fischeriana Steud for the first time could provide genetic information for research on linkage maps, variety identification, genetic diversity analysis, and molecular marker-assisted breeding.

Development of Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR markers for identification of persimmon varieties using genotyping-by-sequencing

BACKGROUND: Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Diospyros. In this study, genetic diversity and variations in persimmon genotypes were investigated using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers identified by genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) analysis. RESULTS: Ninety-five persimmon accessions grown in the Pear Research Institute, National Institute Horticultural and Herbal Science, were sequenced using the Illumina Hiseq2500 platform and polymorphic SNPs were detected to develop molecular markers. These reliable SNPs were analyzed using the Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) assay to discriminate among persimmon genotypes. GBS generated a total of 447,495,724 trimmed reads, of which 89.7% were raw reads. After demultiplexing and sequence quality trimming, 108,876,644 clean reads were mapped to the reference transcriptome. An average of 1,146,070 genotype reads were mapped. Filtering of raw SNPs in each sample led to selection of a total of 1,725,401 high-quality SNPs. The number of homozygous and heterozygous SNPs ranged from 1,933 to 6,834 and from 846 to 5,927, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Of the 49 SNPs selected for development of an identification system for persimmons, 15 SNPs were used in the KASP assay to analyze 32 persimmon accessions. These KASP markers discriminated among all accessions.

Research Progress of Molecular Biology Techniques in Identification of Medicinal Plants / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Medicinal plant germplasm resources are the foundation of the modern development of traditional Chinese medicine. In-depth study of medicinal plant germplasm resources is a prerequisite for cultivating fine varieties and ensuring the output and standard quality of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）. Traditional identification methods start with appearance and are greatly affected by natural environment and human factors，with a low efficiency and accuracy of identification are generally low molecularin general. Due to such advantages as easy operation，high sensitivity，accurate results， molecular biology technology has been widely used in the related research of relevant studies for medicinal plant germplasm resources due to its advantages of easy operation，high sensitivity，accurate results，etc. It mainly involving the distinction between wild and cultivated products，researchstudy on substitutes of TCM，identification of Chinese patent medicine，good variety marker breeding，genetic diversity researchstudy，genetic map establishment and omics research，etcstudy. Among them，omics researchstudy is divided into genomics，transcriptomics，metabolomics，and proteomics due toby different analysis purposes. Genomics is divided into three sub-fields namely structural genomics，functional genomics， and comparative genomics. Eukaryotes Because eukaryotes have nuclei and organelles，so omics researchstudy also includes chloroplast genomics，mitochondrial genomics，nuclear genomics，and plastid genomics. Among them，the chloroplast genome has a simple structure，small molecular weight，and good conservation，while the mitochondrial genome has a strong variability and complex structure，the nuclear genome data isfeatures complex， data and the nucleus contains no ribosomes in nucleus，resulting in spatiotemporal differences in the translation process，even if repeated repeatedly test， the result of and the test is alsoresults remained uncertain， even after repeated tests. The molecular biology technology and omics researchstudy involved in theby current medicinal plant researchstudy still hashave shortcomings，and there iswith a large room for development，which needs and need further improvement and supplementation. This articlepaper successively introduces the characteristics and applications of cytology，molecular markers，and omics researchstudy techniques in the identification of medicinal germplasm resources，providingin order to provide a reference for subsequent identification，development and utilization of medicinal plant germplasm resources.

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Erigeron breviscapus Based on SSR Markers / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To explore the genetic diversity and population structure of <italic>Erigeron breviscapus</italic>， so as to provide a scientific basis for its resource protection and rational utilization. Method:Twelve pairs of simple sequence repeat（SSR） primers were screened out from 243 individuals in 16 natural populations to calculate the genetic diversity parameters of <italic>E. breviscapus</italic>， which were then subjected to principal coordinate analysis and cluster analysis. Result:Twelve SSR markers generated 209 alleles， with an average of 17.417 alleles per locus. Based on 12 SSR markers and 16 populations of <italic>E. breviscapus</italic>， the observed heterozygosity （<italic>H</italic>₀） values were determined to be 0.603 and 0.613， the expected heterozygosity （<italic>H</italic>_e）to be 0.658 and 0.659， and the Shannon's information index （<italic>I</italic>） to be 1.443 and 1.446， respectively. The Wright's fixation index （<italic>F</italic>_st） was 0.123 and gene flow （<italic>N</italic>_m） was 2.077. Analysis of molecular variance （AMOVA） and genetic differentiation revealed that genetic variation within populations was the main source of total variation. The Nei's genetic distance and genetic identity coefficients were within the ranges of 0.107 （YA and XY）-0.713 （SZ and XZD） and 0.490 （SZ and XZD）-0.899 （YA and XY）， respectively. As demonstrated by the principal coordinate analysis and cluster analysis， the 16 populations of <italic>breviscapus </italic>were divided into two clusters. Conclusion:The genetic diversity of <italic>E. breviscapus</italic> was relatively high and there existed certain genetic differentiation and gene flow within and among populations. The genetic variation was mainly present within populations. All these have provided reference for subsequent study on good germplasm selection of <italic>E. breviscapus.</italic>