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SUMMARY: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a potentially fatal reaction to various forms of tissue damage and infections that cause damage to various organs. Furthermore, the brain is damaged earlier than other organs, resulting in diffuse brain dysfunction. The central clinical symptom of SIRS is delirium and emotional changes are involved in disease development. Although the amygdala is known to play a major role, the mechanisms underlying emotional changes in the early stages of SIRS have not been elucidated. Therefore, changes to dopamine levels in the amygdala were observed using an in vivo model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- induced SIRS to clarify the biochemical mechanisms activated in the early stages of SIRS. Extracellular dopamine was collected from the amygdala of free moving rats via microdialysis and then analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. In addition, emotional changes were assessed with the open field and sucrose preference tests. In the LPS group, dopamine release in the amygdala increased remarkably immediately after LPS administration, peaking at 120 min. Thereafter, dopamine release temporarily decreased, but then significantly increased again after 180 min. The present results suggest that diffuse brain dysfunction in the early stages of SIRS may involve altered dopamine levels in the amygdala.
El síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica (SRIS) es una reacción potencialmente fatal a diversas formas de daño tisular e infecciones que causan injuria a varios órganos. Además, el cerebro se daña antes que otros órganos, lo que provoca una disfunción cerebral difusa. El síntoma clínico central del SIRS es el delirio y los cambios emocionales están involucrados en el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Aunque se sabe que la amígdala desempeña un papel importante, no se han dilucidado los mecanismos que subyacen a los cambios emocionales en las primeras etapas del SRIS. Por lo tanto, en el estudio se provocaron cambios en los niveles de dopamina en la amígdala utilizando un modelo in vivo de SRIS inducido por lipopolisacáridos (LPS) para dilucidar los mecanismos bioquímicos activados en las primeras etapas del SRIS. La dopamina extracelular se recogió de la amígdala de ratas en movimiento libre mediante microdiálisis y luego se analizó mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución. Además, se evaluaron los cambios emocionales con las pruebas de campo abierto y de preferencia de sacarosa. En el grupo de LPS, la liberación de dopamina en la amígdala aumentó de manera notable inmediatamente después de la administración de LPS, alcanzando un máximo a los 120 minutos. A partir de entonces, la liberación de dopamina disminuyó temporalmente, pero luego volvió a aumentar significativamente después de 180 min. Los resultadosactuales sugieren que la disfunción cerebral difusa en las primeras etapas del SIRS puede implicar niveles alterados de dopamina en la amígdala.
Тема - темы
Animals , Male , Rats , Dopamine , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome , Amygdala , Lipopolysaccharides/toxicity , Cytokines , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/chemically inducedРеферат
Objective To establish a low density, high purity and high stability in vitro culture method of primary hippocampal neurons of fetal rats by co-culturing hippocampal and cortical cells, so as to obtain higher purity and better vitality of primary hippocampal neurons disease. Methods The fetal rat hippocampal tissue was isolated from 16-18 days pregnant SD rats, then cut and digested by 0.125% trypsin. The obtained cell suspension was filtered by 200 mesh cell sieve, and then the obtained cell suspensions were then inoculated into the inner layer and outer ring of the culture plate in a surrounding form. They were co-cultured in DMEM/F12 medium containing 10% horse serum. After 4-6 hours of cell adhesion, the culture medium was changed to maintenance medium (Neurobasal+2% B27+0.5 mmol/L glutamine). Then the cell viability was detected with CCK-8 kit and the purity of hippocampal neurons was detected by immunofluorescent staining. Results Hippocampal neurons grew well and formed crisscross neural networks after 5 days. And it could survive for 3 weeks. The purity of hippocampal neurons was up to 98%. Conclusion The method of co-culturing hippocampal and cortical cells can obtain high-purity, high activity, high survival rate, and high stability primary hippocampal neurons from fetal rats, which can provide certain experimental conditions for the study of hippocampal neuron related diseases in the nervous system and is worthy of promotion and application.
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Objective To explore the effect and mechanism of Chir99021 on osteogenic differentiation of rat dental pulp stem cells. Methods Primary rat dental pulp stem cells were isolated from rat dental pulp and verified by fluorescence immunoassay. Different concentrations of Chir99021 were set, and the cell proliferation was detected by CCK⁃8 to select the optimal concentration. Osteogenic differentiation was detected by alizarin red staining. The expression of osteogenic differentiation related genes and proteins recombinant wingless type MMTV integration site famity member 1 (Wnt1), Wnt3a and Wnt3a β⁃expression of catenin, axis inhibition protein 2(Axin 2), dentin sialophosphoprotein(OCN) and dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1(DMP1) was detected by Real⁃time PCR and Western blotting. Results The positive expression of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and vimentin indicated that rat dental pulp stem cells were successfully isolated. After osteogenic induction of rat dental pulp stem cells, calcium deposits significantly increased with the addition of glycogen synthase kinase⁃3β(GSK⁃3β) inhibitor Chir99021, calcium deposits were significanted reduced. After osteogenic differentiation of rat dental pulp stem cells, the expression of Wnt1, Wnt3a, β⁃catenin, Axin2, OCN and DMP1 increased, while the expression of Wnt1, Axin2, OCN and DMP1 decreased with the addition of Chir99021. Conclusion Chir99021 can inhibit the osteogenic differentiation of rat dental pulp stem cells after 7 days of induction.
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Objective To observe the expression and localization of group Ⅰ metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1/ 5) in rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and the effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) on mGluR1/ 5 protein level. Methods Twelve male SD rats were randomly divided into control group(Ctrl)and CIH group(CIH), 6 rats in each group. After 6 weeks of modeling, the effect of CIH on mGluR1/ 5 protein level was detected by Western blotting, the expression and distribution of mGluR1/ 5 in SCG were detected by immunohistochemistry and double-immunofluorescent staining. Results mGluR1/ 5 was expressed in rat SCG. mGluR1 was distributed in neurons and small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells, but not in satellite glial cells (SGCs), nerve fibers and blood vessels, whereas mGluR5 was mainly distributed in nerve fibers and a little in neurons, but not in SGCs, SIF cells and blood vessels. CIH increased the protein levels of mGluR1/ 5 (P<0. 01) in rat SCG. Conclusion Both mGluR1 and mGluR5 are expressed in the rat SCG, but their distribution are different, and the increased protein levels of both may be involved in CIH-induced hypertension.
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Objective To compare effectiveness between the modified and traditional pressure-overload myocardial hypertrophy(POMH) model by abdominal aorta coarctation (AAC) method. Methods Totally 45 rats were divided into three groups(n = 15 per group), sham group, traditional group, and modified group. In the traditional group, the diameter ol the abdominal aorta was narrowed to 0. 70 mm through a midline incision for 4 weeks; in the modified group, the diameter of the abdominal aorta was narrowed above the left kidney to 0. 45 mm for 1 week, and then the narrowing was lifted postoperatively. The cardiac index, heart weight (HW) /body weight (BW) and left ventricular index, left ventricular weight (LVW)/BW were measured from the heart specimens, and the cross-sectional area of cardiac myocytes, myocardial collagen area, and myocardial collagen area Iraction were measured in the pathological sections by HE staining and Masson staining. Results Compared with the sham group, the differences in end-systolic interventricular septum thickness (IVSs), left ventricular end-systolic posterior wall thickness (LVPWs), HW/BW, LVW/BW, cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area, myocardial collagen area, myocardial collagen area fraction, and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) expression levels were statistically significant (P0. 05). Conclusion The modified abdominal aortic constriction method used in this experiment is time-saving, stable, homogeneous and easy to replicate, and is a more ideal approach to establish a rat model of POMH.
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ObjectiveTo explore the effect of precocious puberty on glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism in female rats. MethodsSixty two-day-old female rats were randomly divided into 2 groups. When aged 5 days， the precocious puberty group and normal group were given a single subcutaneous injection of danazol and solvent soybean oil respectively. The vaginal opening of rats was monitored from their 21 days of age. After 12 hours of fasting， all successful modeling rats were randomly executed within 3 days after vaginal opening， when aged 7 and 12 weeks. Then we measured the rats’ body weight and length， determined the concentrations of glucose， insulin， blood lipids， estradiol， leptin and adiponectin with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and observed the pathological changes of perirenal fat， uterus and ovary. ResultsFor body weight and length， rats in the precocious puberty group were smaller than those in the normal group within 3 days after vaginal opening， but which did not affect their subsequent growth and development， and there was no significant difference between the two groups at 7 and 12 weeks of age. Within 3 days after vaginal opening， insulin levels had significant difference between the two groups （P = 0.001）， the precocious group showed hyperinsulinemia and increased number of perirenal adipocytes. At three execution times， no significant difference was noted in estradiol， leptin and adiponectin levels between the two groups. The same was true in the ratios of ovary or uterus to body weight between the two groups. ConclusionsPrecocious puberty makes earlier onset of pubertal development and allows body maladaptation to the sudden changes of the internal environment. However， the changes due to precocious puberty are temporary and reversible， and they may become normal in adulthood.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of morin treatment on bone metabolism and bone mass in aged rats， and to clarify the possible mechanism. MethodsTen young female Sprague-Dawley rats （3 months old） and 20 old female Sprague-Dawley rats （24 months old） were randomly divided into three groups： Control group （CON， 10 young rats）； Model group （MOD， 10 young rats）； 10 old rats and SangHuangSu Group （SSS， 10 old rats）. During the experiment， the SSS group received intraperitoneal injection of morin （10 mg / kg） daily. The treatment lasted for 12 weeks. After treatment， Micro-CT， HE stained sections， serological tests and Western blot were used to observe the treatment effect and possible mechanism. ResultsAfter 12 weeks of treatment， compared with MOD group， the number and density of bone trabeculae in SSS group were significantly improved. The BMD， Conn. D， Tb. N， Tb.Th and Tb.Sp of the left femur in the SSS group were significantly better than those in the MOD group（P <0.05）. After 12 weeks of treatment， the levels of CTX-1， osteocalcin， TRACP-5b and PINP in SSS group were significantly lower than those in MOD group（P <0.05）. Compared with the MOD group， the ERK1/2-p38 signal pathway was significantly inhibited and the levels of ERK1/2 and p38 were significantly decreased in the SSS group（P <0.05）. ConclusionMorin pigment mediates the protective effect on the bones of aged rats by inhibiting the ERK1/2-p38 signaling pathway and reducing bone turnover.
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ObjectiveTo observe the effects of Hedysari Radix polysaccharide on the apoptosis of gastric sinus smooth muscle cells and explore the underlying mechanism via the insulin-like growth factor-1 （IGF-1）/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/serine-threonine kinase （Akt） pathway in the rat model of diabetic gastroparesis （DGP）. MethodSixty-two Wistar male rats were randomized into a blank group （n=12） and a modelling group （n=50）. The rat model of DGP was established by small-dose multiple intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin combined with an irregular high-fat and high-sugar diet for 4 weeks. The modeled rats were randomized into model group， mosapride citrate （1.35 mg·kg-1）， and high-， medium-， and low-dose （200， 100， and 50 mg·kg-1， respectively） Hedysari Radix polysaccharide groups. The rats were administrated with corresponding drugs by gavage， and those in the blank and model groups with equal volumes of pure water by gavage once a day for 8 consecutive weeks. The random blood glucose and body mass were measured every 2 weeks， and gastric emptying rate was calculated. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the pathological changes of smooth muscle in gastric antrum， and terminal deoxynucleoitidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling （TUNEL） was employed to detect the apoptosis of smooth muscle cells in the gastric antrum. The expression of IGF-1， phosphorylated （p）-PI3K， and p-Akt in the smooth muscle of gastric sinus tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry. Western blot was employed to determine the protein levels of IGF-1， p-PI3K/PI3K， p-Akt/Akt， B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）， and Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax） in the smooth muscle of the gastric antrum. ResultCompared with the blank group， the model group showed elevated random blood glucose at all time points （P<0.01）， decreased body mass and gastric emptying rate （P<0.01）， increased apoptotic index of smooth muscle cells in the gastric antrum （P<0.01）， down-regulated protein levels of IGF-1， p-PI3K/PI3K， p-Akt/Akt， and Bcl-2， and up-regulated protein level of Bax （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the 8 weeks of drug administration lowered the random blood glucose， increased the body mass and gastric emptying rate （P<0.05， P<0.01）， decreased the apoptotic index of smooth muscle cells in the gastric antrum （P<0.05， P<0.01）， up-regulated the protein levels of IGF-1， p-PI3K/PI3K， p-Akt/Akt， and Bcl-2， and down-regulated the protein level of Bax （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the mosapride citrate group，the administration of low-dose Hedysari Radix polysaccharide for 6 and 8 weeks lowered the random blood glucose and decreased the body mass （P<0.05， P<0.01），low and medium-dose Hedysari Radix polysaccharide decreased the gastric emptying rate and the apoptotic index of smooth muscle cells in the astragaloside low-dose group decreased （P<0.05）. The protein levels of IGF-1，p-PI3K/PI3K，p-Akt/Akt and Bcl-2（low dose）were down-regulated and the protein level of Bax was up-regulated by low doses of Hedysari Radix polysaccharide （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with high-dose Hedysari Radix polysaccharide， low-dose Hedysari Radix polysaccharide elevated random blood glucose and reduced body mass after 6 and 8 weeks of administration （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the low and medium doses decreased the gastric emptying rate， increased the apoptotic index of smooth muscle cells in the gastric antrum （P<0.05， P<0.01）， down-regulated the protein levels of IGF-1， p-PI3K/PI3K， p-Akt/Akt， and Bcl-2， and up-regulated the protein level of Bax （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the medium-dose group，the low-dose group of Hedysari Radix polysaccharide had lower body mass，lower gastric emptying rate in rats，higher apoptotic index of smooth muscle cells in gastric sinus tissue after 6 and 8 weeks of administration （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and lower protein expression of IGF-1，p-PI3K/PI3K，p-Akt/Akt. ConclusionHedysari Radix polysaccharide protects the smooth muscle cells in gastric antrum against apoptotic injury and promotes gastric motility by activating the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway， as manifested by the up-regulated expression of IGF-1， p-PI3K， p-Akt， and Bcl-2 and down-regulated expression of Bax.
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OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of VX765 on osteoarthritis (OA) and chondrocytes inflammation in rats.@*METHODS@#Chondrocytes were isolated from the knee joints of 4-week-old Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. The third-generation cells were subjected to cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) analysis to assess the impact of various concentrations (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 μmol/L) of VX765 on rat chondrocyte activity. An in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced cell inflammation model was employed, dividing cells into control group, LPS group, VX765 concentration 1 group and VX765 concentration 2 group without obvious cytotoxicity. Western blot, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, and ELISA were conducted to measure the expression levels of inflammatory factors-transforming growth factor β 1 (TGF-β 1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Additionally, Western blot and immunofluorescence staining were employed to assess the expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). Thirty-two SD rats were randomly assigned to sham surgery group (group A), OA group (group B), OA+VX765 (50 mg/kg) group (group C), and OA+VX765 (100 mg/kg) group (group D), with 8 rats in each group. Group A underwent a sham operation with a medial incision, while groups B to D underwent additional transverse incisions to the medial collateral ligament and anterior cruciate ligament, with removal of the medial meniscus. One week post-surgery, groups C and D were orally administered 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg VX765, respectively, while groups A and B received an equivalent volume of saline. Histopathological examination using HE and safranin-fast green staining was performed, and Mankin scoring was utilized for evaluation. Immunohistochemical staining technique was employed to analyze the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) and collagen type Ⅱ.@*RESULTS@#The CCK-8 assay indicated a significant decrease in cell viability at VX765 concentrations exceeding 10 μmol/L ( P<0.05), so 4 μmol/L and 8 μmol/L VX765 without obvious cytotoxicity were selected for subsequent experiments. Following LPS induction, the expressions of TGF-β 1, IL-6, and TNF-α in cells significantly increased when compared with the control group ( P<0.05). However, intervention with 4 μmol/L and 8 μmol/L VX765 led to a significant decrease in expression compared to the LPS group ( P<0.05). Western blot and immunofluorescence staining demonstrated a significant upregulation of Nrf2 pathway-related molecules Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expressions by VX765 ( P<0.05), indicating Nrf2 pathway activation. Histopathological examination of rat knee joint tissues and immunohistochemical staining revealed that, compared to group B, treatment with VX765 in groups C and D improved joint structural damage in rat OA, alleviated inflammatory reactions, downregulated MMP-13 expression, and increased collagen type Ⅱ expression.@*CONCLUSION@#VX765 can improve rat OA and reduce chondrocyte inflammation, possibly through the activation of the Nrf2 pathway.
Тема - темы
Rats , Animals , Chondrocytes/metabolism , Matrix Metalloproteinase 13/metabolism , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism , Collagen Type II/metabolism , Interleukin-6 , Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology , NF-E2-Related Factor 2/pharmacology , Inflammation/drug therapy , Osteoarthritis/metabolism , Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism , Dipeptides , para-AminobenzoatesРеферат
Abstract Dietary habits of bandicoot rats (bandicota bengalensis) were investigated in the agricultural crops of the Pothwar Plateau, Pakistan by analysing stomach contents. The research activities were conducted in major field crops including wheat-groundnut and in the fallow lands during non-crop season at the field boundaries. The specimens were captured from the fields using kill/snap traps, and dissected to collect their stomach samples for laboratory analysis. Light microscopic slides of the plant material were recovered from stomach samples and the reference materials were collected from the field. Results revealed that the bandicoot rat predominantly fed upon cultivated crops during cropping season but consumed wild vegetation during non-cropping season. There was no significance difference between summer and winter diets. Most frequently consumed crop food items were wheat (Triticum aestivum; 28.57%), groundnut (Arachis hypogea; 11.26%), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor; 10.17%), chickpea (Cicer arietinum; 9.52%), maize (Zea mays; 6.49%), millet (Pennisetum glaucum; 5.84%), barley (Hordeum vulgare; 4.98%) and mustard (Brassica campestris; 4.98%). Among wild vegetation were consumed khbal gha (Cynodon dactylon; 7.79%), baron dhab (Demostachya bipinnata; 7.36%) and Prickly flower (Achyranthes aspera; 3.03%). The study concludes that, in addition to consuming wheat and groundnut crops, the Lesser bandicoot rat also subsists on grasses, weeds, and some fodder crops, as important component of its diet in agro-ecosystem of the Pothwar Plateau.
Resumo Os hábitos alimentares de ratos bandicoot (Bandicota bengalensis) foram investigados nas plantações agrícolas do planalto de Pothwar, Paquistão, por meio da análise do conteúdo estomacal. As atividades da pesquisa foram conduzidas nas principais culturas de campo, incluindo trigo e amendoim, e em terras de pousio durante a estação não agrícola nos limites do campo. Os espécimes foram capturados dos campos usando armadilhas kill/snap e dissecados para coletar suas amostras de estômago para análise laboratorial. Lâminas de microscopia de luz do material vegetal foram recuperadas de amostras de estômago; os materiais de referência foram coletados no campo. Os resultados revelaram que o rato bandicoot alimentava-se predominantemente de culturas cultivadas durante a época de cultivo, mas consumia vegetação selvagem durante a época de não colheita. Não houve diferença significativa entre as dietas de verão e inverno. Os alimentos agrícolas mais frequentemente consumidos foram trigo (Triticum aestivum; 28,57%), amendoim (Arachis hypogea; 11,26%), sorgo (Sorghum bicolor; 10,17%), grão de bico (Cicer arietinum; 9,52%), milho (Zea mays; 6,49%), milheto (Pennisetum glaucum; 5,84%), cevada (Hordeum vulgare; 4,98%) e mostarda (Brassica campestris; 4,98%). Entre a vegetação silvestre foram consumidos khbal gha (Cynodon dactylon; 7,79%), barão dhab (Demostachya bipinnata; 7,36%) e flor espinhosa (Achyranthes aspera; 3,03%). O estudo conclui que, além de consumir culturas de trigo e amendoim, o rato bandicoot pequeno também subsiste de gramíneas, ervas daninhas e algumas culturas forrageiras, componentes importantes de sua dieta no agroecossistema do planalto de Pothwar.
Тема - темы
Animals , Ecosystem , Murinae , Pakistan , Crops, Agricultural , Zea mays , Feeding BehaviorРеферат
SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the effect of coenzyme q10 on cyclophosphamide-induced kidney damage in rats. METHODS: A total of 30 female Wistar-Albino rats were utilized to form three groups. In group 1 (control group) (n=10), no drugs were given. In group 2 (cyclophosphamide group) (n=10), 30 mg/kg intraperitoneal cyclophosphamide was administered for 7 days. In group 3 (cyclophosphamide+coenzyme q10 group) (n=10), 30 mg/kg cyclophosphamide and 10 mg/kg coenzyme q10 were given for 7 days via intraperitoneal route. Right kidneys were removed in all groups. Blood malondialdehyde levels and activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase were measured. Histopathological damage was evaluated by examining the slides prepared from kidney tissue using a light microscope. RESULTS: Tissue damage was significantly higher in the cyclophosphamide group than in the cyclophosphamide+coenzyme q10 group (p<0.05). The malondialdehyde levels were significantly higher and the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were lower in the cyclophosphamide group than in the cyclophosphamide+coenzyme q10 group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Coenzyme q10 may be a good option to prevent cyclophosphamide-induced kidney damage.
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Abstract Hypertensive individuals present alterations in their calcium metabolism that consequently decrease the concentration of this mineral in the bone tissue. Objectives to evaluate the morphological and functional characteristics of the peri-implant bone tissue that was formed during the healing process by the placement implants using two different surface treatments: hydrophilic Acqua™ (ACQ) and rough NeoPoros™ (NEO), in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive rats (Wistar) whether or not treated with losartan. Methodology In total, 96 male rats (48 Wistar and 48 SHR) were divided into eight subgroups: absolute control rough (COA NEO), absolute control hydrophilic (COA ACQ), losartan control rough (COL NEO), losartan control hydrophilic (COL ACQ), SHR absolute rough (SHR NEO), SHR absolute hydrophilic (SHR ACQ), SHR losartan rough (SHRL NEO), and SHR losartan hydrophilic (SHRL ACQ). The rats medicated with losartan received daily doses of the medication. NeoPoros™ and Acqua™ implants were installed in the tibiae of the rats. After 14 and 42 days of the surgery, the fluorochromes calcein and alizarin were injected in the rats. The animals were euthanized 67 days after treatment. The collected samples were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, biomechanics, microcomputerized tomography, and laser confocal scanning microscopy analysis. Results The osteocalcin (OC) and vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) proteins had moderate expression in the SHRL ACQ subgroup. The same subgroup also had the highest implant removal torque. Regarding microarchitectural characteristics, a greater number of trabeculae was noted in the control animals that were treated with losartan. In the bone mineralization activity, it was observed that the Acqua™ surface triggered higher values of MAR (mineral apposition rate) in the COA, COL, and SHRL groups (p<0.05). Conclusion the two implant surface types showed similar responses regarding the characteristics of the peri-implant bone tissue, even though the ACQ surface seems to improve the early stages of osseointegration.
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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Cisplatin, a widely used anticancer agent, induces hepatotoxicity alongside organ damage. Understanding Cisplatin's toxicity mechanism and developing preventive measures are crucial. Our study explores Myricetin, a flavonoid, for its protective effects against Cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. METHODS: In our study, a total of 32 Wistar albino male rats were utilized, which were categorized into four distinct groups: Control, Myricetin, Cisplatin, and Myricetin+Cisplatin. For the histological assessment of hepatic tissues, hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid Schiff staining were employed, alongside immunohistochemical measurements of TNF-α, interleukin-17, and interleukin-6 immunoreactivity. Additionally, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase values were examined by biochemical analysis. RESULTS: In the histological evaluation of the tissues, a normal healthy cell structure and a strong periodic acid Schiff (+) reaction were observed in the hepatocyte cells in the tissues of the Control and Myricetin groups, while intense eosinophilia, minimal vacuolization, congestion, and sinusoidal expansions were observed in the hematoxylin-eosin stainings, and a decrease in the positive reaction in the periodic acid Schiff staining was observed in the Cisplatin group. Consistent with these histological findings, an increase in TNF-α, interleukin-17, and interleukin-6 expressions (p<0.0001) and a concomitant increase in aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase values were observed in the Cisplatin group. In the group protected by Myricetin, a significant improvement was observed in all these histological and biochemical values. CONCLUSION: Cisplatin induces notable histopathological alterations in the liver. In this context, Myricetin exhibits the potential to alleviate Cisplatin-induced damage by modulating histological parameters and biochemical processes.
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AIM: To investigate the preventive effect and optimal drug dose of lipoic acid-niacin(N2L)against blue light-induced retinal damage in SD rats, and to explore its possible protective mechanism.METHODS: A total of 36 specific pathogen free-grade male SD rats of 150-200 g were selected and randomly divided into normal control group, blue light injury group, N2L low-dose group(1.0 mg/kg), N2L medium-dose group(2.5 mg/kg), N2L high-dose group(5.0 mg/kg), and physiological saline group, with 6 rats in each group. The normal control group was reared in a 12 h dark and light cycle, and the rest of the groups received 9 h of daily light exposure, 3 h of blue light irradiation with a wavelength of 455 nm and an intensity of 3000±50 lx, and 12 h of darkness to establish the injury model, and were exposed to light exposure for 14 d. For 14 consecutive durations, a 1 mL dose of the corresponding drug was injected intraperitoneally. The rats were reared for another 5 d with a regular 12 h light-dark cycle and were examined by electroretinography. Specimens were prepared by over anesthesia, HE staining, and the thickness of the outer nuclear layer was observed under a optical microscope; superoxide dismutases(SOD)activity was detected by CheKineTM SOD Activity Assay Kit; and the retinal Caspase-3, quinone oxidoreductase 1(NQO1), glutathione S transferase(GST), Bcl-2, and Bax protein expression in rat retina were detected by Western blot.RESULTS: The amplitude of b-wave in dark-vision ERG 3.0 and 10.0(cd·s)/m2 stimulated light, b-wave in bright-vision ERG 3.0(cd·s)/m2 stimulated light, and the amplitude of the 2nd wave peak of oscillatory potential were significantly lower in blue light injury group than that in the normal control group(all P&#x003C;0.01), while the amplitude was significantly higher in the N2L medium-dose group than in the blue light injury group(all P&#x003C;0.05), and was not statistically different from that of the normal control group; the thickness of the retina in the blue light injury group was decreased in the ONL compared with that of the normal control group(P&#x003C;0.001), while in the N2L medium dose group, it was thicker than that of the blue light injury group(P&#x003C;0.001), and there was no statistically significant difference from the normal control group; SOD activity was significantly higher in the N2L medium-dose group than in the remaining 5 groups(P&#x003C;0.05); the expression of Caspase-3, Bax, and NQO1 in the blue light injury group was higher than that of the normal control group(all P&#x003C;0.01), and expression of Bax and Caspase-3 was significantly lower in the N2L medium-dose group compared with the blue light injury group(all P&#x003C;0.001), whereas GST, NQO1 and Bcl-2 were significantly increased(all P&#x003C;0.01).CONCLUSION:A concentration of 2.5 mg/kg N2L can effectively antagonize the damaging effect of blue light on the retina of SD rats, and it is expected to be a preventive and curative drug for it.
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@#Objective To investigate the optimal administration combination of β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) and Angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang-Ⅱ) in the establishment of SD rat aortic dissection (AD) model and the related complications. Methods Forty-two three-week-old male SD rats were randomly divided into 7 groups: a group A (0.25% BAPN), a group B (0.40% BAPN), a group C (0.80% BAPN), a group D [1 g/(kg·d) BAPN], a group E [1 g/(kg·d) BAPN+ 1 μg/(kg·min) saline], a group F [1 g/(kg·d) BAPN+1 μg/(kg·min) Ang-Ⅱ] and a group G (control group). There were 6 rats in each group. The intervention period was 4 weeks (groups E and F were 4 weeks+5 days). Rats were dissected immediately if they died during the experiment. After the intervention, the surviving rats were sacrificed by pentobarbital sodium, and the whole aorta was separated and retained. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the changes of aorta from the pathological morphology. Results There was no statistical difference in the survival rate among the groups after 4 weeks of BAPN intervention (P>0.05). After 5 days of mini-osmotic pumps implantation, the survival rate of rats was higher in the group E than that in the group F (P=0.008), and the incidence of AD in the group E was lower than that in the group F (P=0.001). BAPN could affect the food and water intake of rats. After BAPN intervention for 4 weeks, the body weight of rats in the group G was higher than those in the intervention groups (P<0.05). BAPN combined with Ang-Ⅱ could make the aortic intima thick, elastic fiber breakage, arrangement disorder, and inflammatory cell infiltration in rats, which conformed to the pathological and morphological changes of AD. BAPN could also affect mental state and gastrointestinal tract. Conclusion The combination of BAPN [1 g/(kg·d)] and Ang-Ⅱ [1 μg/(kg·min)] can stably establish AD model in rats, which will provide a stable carrier for further study of the pathogenesis and therapeutic targets of AD. However, the complications in this process are an unstable factor. How to balance the influence of BAPN on other tissues and organs in the process of AD model establishment remains to be further studied.
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Objective:To investigate the correlation between liver stiffness and histopathological changes in a rat model of acute hepatitis using virtual touch tissue imaging quantification (VTIQ) technology.Methods:A total of 100 SPF-grade SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control ( n=30), low-dose ( n=35), and high-dose ( n=35) groups. Acute hepatitis models were induced in the low-dose and high-dose groups using 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg of Thioacetamide (TAA), respectively. Liver stiffness parameters of the right median lobe and right lobe were measured using VTIQ technology, Mean-H and Mean-L represent the liver lobes with higher and lower liver stiffness measurments, respectively, while Mean represent the average of the measurements from both liver lobes. Comparative analyses of liver stiffness parameters were performed across three groups and between the two lobes of the liver. The correlations between the Mean values of liver stiffness and semi-quantitative histopathological data were investigated. Ten rats were randomly selected from each of the 3 groups to test the repeatability of VTIQ values before and after euthanasia with intraperitoneal anesthesia. Subsequently, 10 rats after euthanasia from each 3 group were randomly chosen to assess the repeatability of VTIQ measurements for inter-observer and intra-observer variabilities. Results:VTIQ results showed statistically significant differences in Mean, Mean-H, and Mean-L among the 3 groups (all P<0.01). The high-dose group had higher measurements compared to the low-dose and control groups, with significant intergroup differences (all P<0.01). Significant differences in Mean-H and Mean-L were observed between the two liver lobes in both low and high-dose groups (all P<0.01). The Mean value showed significant positive correlations with semi-quantitative histopathological data of hepatocellular edema, periportal inflammatory cell infiltration, macrophage proliferation, and bile duct proliferation ( r=0.391, 0.648, 0.577, 0.542; all P<0.01). Multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that hepatocellular edema, eosinophilic change, and bile duct proliferation significantly and positively predicted the Mean value (β=-0.278, -0.196, -0.333; all P<0.05). There were no significant differences of VTIQ measurements befor and after euthanasia (all P>0.05), with repeatability coefficients of 0.166, 0.182, 0.185 for Mean, Mean-H, and Mean-L, respectively. Post-euthanasia, inter- and intra-observer VTIQ differences remained non-significant (all P>0.05), with Mean, Mean-H, Mean-L coefficients of 0.114, 0.194, 0.165 and 0.206, 0.322, 0.268, respectively. Conclusions:VTIQ technology demonstrates potential clinical value in assessing a rat model of acute hepatitis, offering a new perspective for non-invasive evaluation of acute hepatitis. However, its clinical application requires further validation.
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Objective To investigate the effect of YTH domain family protein 2(YTHDF2)on an-giotensin Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ)-induced hypertrophy and apoptosis of primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes.Methods The expression level of YTHDF2 was detected in the primary neonatal rat cardiomyo-cytes with or without Ang Ⅱ stimulation(AngⅡ group and normal group).The cells were divid-ed into blank group(transfected with siRNA+PBS),siYTHDF2 group(transfected with siYTHDF2+PBS),model group(siRNA+Ang Ⅱ)and experimental group(siYTHDF2+Ang Ⅱ)to investi-gate the effects of silencing YTHDF2 on the hypertrophy and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes.West-ern blotting and RT-qPCR were used to detect the expression of YTHDF2 at protein and mRNA levels,and RT-qPCR was employed to measure the mRNA levels of myocardial hypertrophic related genes atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP),brain natriuretic peptide(BNP)and beta-myosin heavy chain(β-MHC),and cardiomyocyte apoptosis related genes Bax and B lymphocytoma 2 gene(Bcl-2).The surface area of cardiomyocytes was observed by α-actin immunofluorescence staining.Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was observed by TUNEL staining,and the binding relationship between YTHDF2 and Bcl-2 was verified by immunoprecipitation.Results The expression of YTHDF2 at protein and mRNA levels were significantly higher in the AngⅡ group than the nor-mal group(1.49±0.03 vs 0.97±0.09,1.50±0.08 vs 1.00±0.07,P＜0.05).Compared with the blank group,the surface area of cardiomyocytes was notably enlarged,apoptotic rate was obvi-ously increased,the mRNA levels of ANP,BNP,β-MHC and Bax were significantly increased,and that of Bcl-2 was remarkably decreased in the model group(P＜0.05).The experimental group obtained decreased surface area and apoptotic rate of cardiomyocytes,lower mRNA levels of ANP,BNP,β-MHC and Bax,and increased mRNA expression of Bcl-2(P＜0.05).Conclusion Silencing YTHDF2 can alleviate Ang Ⅱ-induced hypertrophy and apoptosis in primary neonatal rat cardiomyocyte,and YTHDF2 inhibits the expression of Bcl-2 by binding to it.
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@#Objective To use the ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS)to authenticate the chemical composition of Morinda citrifolia,and further experiments verify that Morinda citrifolia regulate miR-223-3p/NLRP3 signaling pathway to inhibit the inflammatory response in rats with polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS).Methods Use UPLC-MS/MS analyze the chemical composition of Morinda citrifolia.SD female rats were randomly divided into three groups:normal control group(n=5),PCOS model group(n=5)and Morinda citrifolia gavage group(n=5).HE staining observe the morphology of ovarian histology,ELISA method detect the expression levels of testosterone(T),luteinizing hormone(LH),follicle stimulating hormone(FSH),interleukin(IL)-1βand IL-18,RT-qPCR detect the mRNA expression of miR-223-3p and NLRP3,and Western blot detect the protein expression of NLRP3.Results UPLC-MS/MS identify 641 chemical composition of Morinda citrifolia,including luteolin,Apigenin,emodin and other composition.Compared with the normal control group,the number of cell layers of ovarian granule in the PCOS model group is reduced,and follicular cystic dilation,atresia follicles increased,T and LH levels increased(P<0.05),FSH levels decreased(P<0.05),IL-18 and IL-1β levels increased(P<0.05),and ovarian tissue miR-223-3p mRNA expression decreased(P<0.01),NLRP3 mRNA and protein expression increased(P<0.01)in PCOS model group.Compared with the PCOS model group,the proportion of follicles at all levels is normal,the number of granule cell layers increased,T and LH levels decreased(P<0.05),FSH levels increased(P<0.05),IL-18 and IL-1β levels decreased(P<0.05),miR-223-3p mRNA expression in ovarian tissue increased((P<0.05),NLRP3 mRNA and protein expression decreased(P<0.05)in Morinda citrifolia gavage group.Conclusion Morinda citrifolia can improve the ovary pathological state of PCOS rats,change the abnormal sex hormones and reduce the levels of inflammatory factors IL-18 and IL-1β.The mechanism maybe regulate the miR-223-3p/NLRP3 signaling pathway to inhibit the inflammatory response in PCOS rats.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the role and mechanism of Hei Xiaoyaosan in intervening in oxidative stress in the rat model of Alzheimer's disease （AD） via modulating the rat sarcoma （RAS）/rapidly accelerating fibrosarcoma （RAF）/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase （MEK）/extracellular signal-regulated kinase （ERK） signaling pathway. MethodOne hundred 4-month-old SPF-grade Wistar male rats were randomly grouped as follows： 10 in the blank group， 10 in the sham group （bilateral hippocampus injected with 1 μL normal saline）， and 80 in the modeling group ［bilateral hippocampus injected with 1 μL amyloid beta protein 1-42 （Aβ1-42） solution for the modeling of AD］. Fifty rats qualified for modeling were selected and randomized into the model， donepezil hydrochloride （0.5 mg·kg-1）， and high-， medium-， and low-dose （15.30， 7.65， 3.82 g·kg-1， respectively） Hei Xiaoyaosan groups. The rats were administrated with corresponding drugs by gavage once a day for 42 consecutive days. At the end of gavage， Morris water maze test was performed to examine the learning and memory abilities of the rats， and Nissl staining was used to observe the pathological changes of neurons in CA3 region of the hippocampus. The immunofluorescence assay was used to observe Aβ deposition and tau phosphorylation. Western blot was employed to determine the protein levels of RAS， RAF， phosphorylated （p）-RAF， MEK， p-MEK， ERK， and p-ERK in the hippocampal tissue. Biochemical methods were used to determine the levels of reactive oxygen species （ROS）， malondialdehyde （MDA）， and superoxide dismutase （SOD） in the hippocampal tissue. ResultCompared with the sham group， the model group showed prolonged escape latency （P<0.01）， shortened swimming distance in the target quadrant （P<0.01）， reduced and uneven stained Nissl bodies， enhanced fluorescence intensity of Aβ and p-tau （P<0.01）， up-regulated protein levels of RAS， p-RAF， p-MEK， and p-ERK in the hippocampal tissue （P<0.01）， increased ROS and MDA content （P<0.01）， and decreased SOD activity （P<0.01） on day 5. Compared with the model group， donepezil hydrochloride and high-， medium-， and low-dose Hei Xiaoyaosan shortened the escape latency （P<0.01）， increased the swimming distance in the target quadrant （P<0.01）， improved the arrangement， morphology， and structures of neurons and the number and distribution of Nissl bodies， decreased the fluorescence intensity of Aβ and p-tau （P<0.01）， up-regulated the protein levels of RAS， p-RAF， p-MEK， and p-ERK （P<0.05， P<0.01）， decreased the ROS and MDA content （P<0.01）， and increased the SOD activity （P<0.01） on day 5. ConclusionHei Xiaoyaosan may ameliorate oxidative stress， reduce Aβ and p-tau levels， and inhibit hippocampal neuronal damage by regulating the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway， thus improving learning and memory abilities.
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Establishment of rat models of liver transplantation provides an ideal animal model for resolving the problems of postoperative complications and perioperative treatment of liver transplantation. With in-depth study of the establishment of rat models of liver transplantation, classic "two-cuff" technique has been gradually employed. However, poor surgical field, vascular torsion, biliary tract injury and long anhepatic phase remain unresolved in the process of liver transplantation using traditional techniques. At present, the rat models of liver transplantation at home and abroad are modified mainly from the reconstruction of four vital anatomic structures including the suprahepatic inferior vena cava, portal vein, infrahepatic inferior vena cava and bile duct. Therefore, the latest progress in the reconstruction of the suprahepatic inferior vena cava, portal vein, infrahepatic inferior vena cava and bile duct was reviewed, aiming to provide reference for the establishment of rat models of liver transplantation and promote further development of liver transplantation techniques.