Aspectos económicos del aprovechamiento de los huevos de parlama Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829): de las cuotas de conservación hacia la sostenibilidad / Economic aspects of the use of olive ridley eggs Lepidochelys olivaceae (Eschscholtz, 1829): from conservation quotas towards sustainability

En Guatemala, los huevos de tortuga parlama son aprovechados para su comercialización. El esquema de conservación se basa en un sistema de cuotas, en la que se establece que el 20% de los huevos recolectados deberán ser entregados a un tortugario registrado. Se estima que alrededor de 673,304 huevos son puestos por año en la Costa Pacífica con un valor en playa aproximado de Q1,124,869.00. En Guatemala, el aprovechamiento de huevos de tortuga funciona como un amortiguador clave en las economías de las comunidades. En los últimos años, la compra de huevos por parte de los tortugarios ha aumentado. Estos criaderos, además de recibir la cuota de conservación, compran el resto de la carga de huevos del nido. Como resultado, el número de nidos plantados en los tortugarios también ha aumentado. Sin embargo, esto también ha provocado que haya un mercado mas grande para los huevos de tortuga. La venta de huevos se ha convertido en una fuente de ingresos muy exitosa con menos riesgo y costos que la pesca. Esto ha llevado a algunos pescadores artesanales a cambiar a la recolección de huevos como su actividad principal. Es necesario evaluar los esquemas de conservación actuales y la efectividad de los incentivos de manera integral, tomando en cuenta impactos ambientales, rentabilidad y efectos sociales. El presente análisis aporta información útil para identificar la calidad de los incentivos, para poder reformar o eliminar los incentivos ineficientes o perversos, de manera que los escasos recursos de conservación se puedan invertir de la manera más efectiva

In Guatemala, olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) eggs are harvested. The conservation scheme is based Modelo de publicación sin fines de lucro para conservar la naturaleza académica y abierta de la comunicación científica on a quota system, which requires that 20% of the collected eggs be delivered to a registered turtle nursery. It is estimated that approximately 673,304 eggs are laid annually on the Pacific coast, with an approximate beach value of Q1,124,869.00. In Guatemala, the harvesting of turtle eggs serves as a key buffer in the economies of coastal communities. In recent years, the purchase of eggs by turtle nurseries has increased. These nurseries, in addition to receiving the conservation fee, buy the rest of the load of eggs from the nest. As a result, the number of planted nests in nurseries has also increased. However, this has also led to a larger market for turtle eggs. The sale of eggs. The sale of eggs has become a highly successful source of income, with fewer risks and costs than fishing. This has led some artisanal fishermen to switch to egg collection as their main activity. This analysis provides useful infromation for identifying the quality of incentives, in order to reform or elinate inefficient or perverse incentives, so that scarce conservation resource will allow for the identification of the quality of the incentives, aiming to reform or eliminate inefficient or perverse incentives so that scarce conservation resources can be invested in the most effective way

Does the righting behaviour effectively reflect stress in Arbacia dufresnii Arbacioida: Arbaciidae)? / ¿El comportamiento de enderezamiento refleja efectivamente el estrés en Arbacia dufresnii (Arbacioida: Arbaciidae)?

Resumen Introducción: El comportamiento de enderezamiento se ha utilizado como indicador de salud en respuesta a variables estresantes. La aplicación de este parámetro en acuicultura podría ser beneficiosa para reducir la mortalidad y mejorar el bienestar en el cultivo del erizo de mar Arbacia dufresnii. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del sexo, el diámetro y tres factores estresantes sobre el comportamiento de enderezamiento del erizo de mar A. dufresnii. Métodos: Se midieron un total de 300 animales para evaluar el tiempo de comportamiento de enderezamiento completo (CRB) y 100 de ellos también registraron el tiempo de comportamiento de enderezamiento medio (HRB). Se aplicaron tres factores estresantes a los animales: repeticiones seriadas (tres giros sucesivos), temperatura (shock de 24 horas) e inducción del desove con inyección de KCl. El tiempo se midió con un cronómetro y el diámetro con un calibre de precisión. Resultados: El tiempo de enderezamiento resultó ser dependiente del diámetro, pero independiente del sexo. El límite superior de temperatura de 19 °C tuvo un efecto significativo en el comportamiento de enderezamiento en comparación con las temperaturas de 16 °C y 13 °C, con tiempos de CRB de hasta 150 segundos. Las repeticiones seriadas y el desove no tuvieron un efecto significativo. Sin embargo, con base en los tiempos registrados, se puede deducir que el desove tuvo un impacto en la salud de los animales con tiempos de CRB de hasta 150 segundos en comparación con el control, con tiempos inferiores. Conclusiones: El comportamiento de enderezamiento completo (CRB) parece ser un indicador óptimo para evaluar la salud y condición del erizo de mar A. dufresnii, sin embargo sería óptimo realizar más ensayos para corroborar el efecto del tratamiento control con respecto al desove.

Fatty acid composition and metabolic pathways in Arbacia dufresnii (Arbaciidae: Arbacioida) gametes: implications of shrimp byproducts in aquaculture feeds / Composición de ácidos grasos y vías metabólicas en los gametos de Arbacia dufresnii (Arbaciidae: Arbacioida) implicaciones de los subproductos de langostinos en los alimentos de acuicultura

Abstract Introduction: Care towards nutrition is essential for the quality of a sustainable aquaculture product. Since the balance in food affects the growth and production of gametes. The circular economy is made possible through the use of discarded materials. Objective: The aim of this research was to study the fatty acid composition and metabolic pathways in the gametes of Arbacia dufresnii, with a focus on the implications of incorporating shrimp byproducts into aquaculture feeds. Methods: Four different treatments were designed to maintain optimal nutritional quality, particularly in lipids and proteins, based on previous studies. The fatty acid profiles of the feeds and gametes were analyzed by using gas-chromatography, and statistical analyses were conducted to determine significant differences. Results: Significant differences were observed in the abundance (%) of omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) fatty acids. The (ω-3) metabolic pathway was more pronounced in the gametes of wild animals and those fed with the experimental feeds. In contrast, the (ω-6) metabolic pathway was less relevant in these groups. The (ω-3) /(ω-6) ratio was highest in the gametes of wild animals. Feeds enriched in fatty acids enhanced their bioaccumulation in the gametes reaching higher concentrations than wild animals. The availability of fatty acids in foods allowed their bioaccumulation in gametes, with concentrations equal to or higher than those observed in animals in their natural environment for certain fatty acids. Conclusions: Incorporating shrimp byproducts in aquaculture feeds demonstrated a promising strategy for resource utilization and organic input generation. The fatty acid composition in the gametes of A. dufresnii was influenced by the diet, highlighting the potential of balanced feeds to enhance the bioaccumulation of essential fatty acids. These findings provide valuable insights for the development of sustainable aquaculture practices and the production of nutritionally enriched seafood products.

Resumen Introducción: El cuidado hacia la nutrición es fundamental para la calidad de un producto acuícola sostenible. Ya que el balance en los alimentos afecta el crecimiento y producción de los gametos. A partir del aprovechamiento de materias de descarte se posibilita la economía circular. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la composición de ácidos grasos y las vías metabólicas en los gametos de Arbacia dufresnii, centrándose en las implicaciones de la incorporación de subproductos de camarones en los alimentos de acuicultura. Métodos: Se diseñaron cuatro tratamientos diferentes para mantener una calidad nutricional óptima, especialmente en lípidos y proteínas, basándose en estudios previos. Se analizaron los perfiles de ácidos grasos de los alimentos y los gametos mediante cromatografía de gases, y se realizaron análisis estadísticos para determinar diferencias significativas. Resultados: Se observaron diferencias significativas en la abundancia (%) de ácidos grasos omega-3 (ω-3) y omega-6 (ω-6). La vía metabólica de (ω-3) fue más pronunciada en los gametos de los animales en su entorno natural y aquellos alimentados con los piensos experimentales. Por el contrario, la vía metabólica de (ω-6) tuvo menos relevancia en estos grupos. La relación (ω-3) /(ω-6) fue más alta en los gametos de los animales en su entorno natural. La disponibilidad de ácidos grasos en los alimentos permitió su bioacumulación en los gametos, con concentraciones iguales o superiores a las observadas en los animales en su entorno natural para ciertos ácidos grasos. Conclusiones: La incorporación de subproductos de camarones en los alimentos de acuicultura demostró ser una estrategia prometedora para la utilización de recursos y la generación de insumos orgánicos. La composición de ácidos grasos en los gametos de A. dufresnii fue influenciada por la dieta, destacando el potencial de los alimentos balanceados para mejorar la bioacumulación de ácidos grasos esenciales. Estos hallazgos brindan información valiosa para el desarrollo de prácticas sostenibles en acuicultura y la producción de productos marinos enriquecidos nutricionalmente.

Study of histopathology on Arbacia lixula (Arbaciidae: Arbacioida) and Paracentrotus lividus (Parachinidae: Camarodonta) with bald sea urchin disease symptoms in Gran Canaria Island, Spain / Estudio de histopatología en Arbacia lixula (Arbaciidae: Arbacioida) y Paracentrotus lividus (Parachinidae: Camarodonta) con síntomas de la enfermedad del erizo desnudo en la Isla de Gran Canaria, España

Abstract Introduction: Sea urchin diseases have been documented in several locations worldwide, with reported occurrences of bacterial, protozoan, fungal, and algal infections. Objective: This study aimed to investigate pathogen agents in populations of Arbacia lixula and Paracentrotus lividus along the coast of Gran Canaria Island (Central-East Atlantic, Spain). Methods: Sampling was conducted at San Cristobal beach, on the Northeast side of the island, where sea urchins were manually collected from depths of 1-3 m during June, July, and October 2022. Swab samples were taken from the external and internal areas of the lesions and cultured on various media plates. Results: Eight different pathogen agents, including bacteria and fungi, were identified, with Vibrio alginolyticus being the most frequently observed bacteria in all diseased sea urchin samples. Additionally, ciliated protozoans were found within the tests, potentially acting as opportunistic parasites. Conclusions: This research provides a unique perspective on bald sea urchin disease by identifying a significant number of associated pathogens, including Candida, previously unreported in diseased organisms. Furthermore, the study highlights the presence of an inflammatory response in tissues with bacterial colonies, offering crucial insights into understanding this sea urchin disease.

Resumen Introducción: Las enfermedades en los erizos de mar han sido descritas en muchas localidades alrededor del mundo, y se han asociado con la presencia de infecciones por bacterias, protozoarios, hongos y algas. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como finalidad investigar sobre los agentes patógenos que afectan a las poblaciones de Arbacia lixula y Paracentrotus lividus a lo largo de la costa de la Isla de Gran Canaria (Atlántico Centro-Oriental, España). Métodos: El muestreo fue llevado a cabo en la playa de San Cristóbal, al noreste de la isla, dónde los organismos fueron capturados entre 1-3 metros de profundidad, durante junio, julio y octubre del año 2022. Se tomaron muestras en la zona interna y externa de la lesión en cada organismo, y se cultivaron en varios medios de cultivo. Resultados: Fueron identificados ocho agentes patógenos diferentes, incluyendo bacterias y hongos, y siendo Vibrio alginolyticus la bacteria más frecuentemente observada en todas las muestras de erizos enfermos. Además, se observaron protozoarios ciliados dentro de los caparazones, actuando potencialmente como parásitos oportunistas. Conclusiones: Esta investigación proporciona una perspectiva única sobre la enfermedad del erizo desnudo al identificar un número significativo de patógenos asociados, incluida Candida, que no se había reportado previamente en organismos enfermos. Además, el estudio destaca la presencia de una respuesta inflamatoria en tejidos con colonias bacterianas, lo que ofrece información crucial para comprender esta enfermedad de los erizos de mar.

Ethics and Welfare in invertebrates: a stepping-stone to research and animal production / Ética y bienestar en invertebrados: una piedra fundamental en investigación y producción animal

Abstract Introduction: Even though only a few species are considered to be dangerous, pests or vectors, the majority of invertebrates produce a feeling of aversion in humans. This has contributed to the delay in the development of ethical considerations as regards this group in contrast with vertebrates, with the exception of cephalopods. Objective: In the present study, we provide an overview of the current situation on animal ethics and welfare in order to contribute to the development of a framework for ensuring invertebrate welfare. Methods: Today, animal welfare is multidisciplinary in nature to a very high degree as it includes ethology, physiology, pathology, biochemistry, genetics, immunology, nutrition, cognitive-neural, veterinary medicine, and ethics. Animal welfare is a complex concept, difficult to achieve successfully from one perspective. Results: As a consequence, we propose to include the five domains (nutrition, environment, health, behaviour and mental state) along with the three conceptions (basic health and functioning, affective state and natural living), as well as the 5R Principle (Replace, Reduction, Refinement, Respect and Responsibility) in seeking to achieve a comprehensive welfare state. Conclusions: We consider that in both research and animal production, the individual and collective ethical concerns coexist and, in fact, the main moral concern to account for is the collective one and that, within that collective view, the individual moral concern should be applied with responsibility and respect for the individual. Finally, we propose a practical example of invertebrate welfare production in sea urchin aquaculture with the aim of including animal production of invertebrates in this important discussion.

Resumen Introducción: Aunque sólo unas pocas especies son consideradas peligrosas, plagas o vectores, la mayoría de los invertebrados producen un sentimiento de aversión en el ser humano. Esto ha contribuido al retraso en el desarrollo de consideraciones éticas respecto a este grupo en comparación con los vertebrados, a excepción de los cefalópodos. Objetivo: En el presente trabajo, proporcionamos una visión general de la situación actual en materia de ética y bienestar animal con el fin de contribuir al desarrollo de un marco para garantizar el bienestar de los invertebrados. Métodos: Hoy en día, el bienestar animal es de naturaleza multidisciplinaria en un grado muy alto, ya que incluye etología, fisiología, patología, bioquímica, genética, inmunología, nutrición, cognitivo-neural, medicina veterinaria y ética. El bienestar animal es un concepto complejo, difícil de lograr con éxito desde una sola perspectiva. Resultados: Como consecuencia, proponemos incluir los cinco dominios (nutrición, ambiente, salud, comportamiento y estado mental) junto con las tres concepciones (Salud básica y funcionamiento, estado afectivo y vida natural), así como el Principio 5R (Reemplazar, Reducir, Refinar, Respetar y Responsabilidad) en la búsqueda de alcanzar un estado de bienestar integral. Conclusiones: Consideramos que tanto en la investigación como en la producción animal coexisten las preocupaciones éticas individuales y colectivas y, de hecho, la principal preocupación moral a dar cuenta es la colectiva y que, dentro de esa visión colectiva, se debe aplicar la preocupación moral individual. con responsabilidad y respeto por la persona. Finalmente, proponemos un ejemplo práctico de producción de bienestar de invertebrados en la acuicultura de erizos de mar con el objetivo de incluir la producción animal de invertebrados en esta importante discusión.

Prediction and validation of potential targets for the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:In the process of exploring the mechanism of Alzheimer's disease,the important role of bioinformatics for common target screening has been revealed,enabling the use of its screening results as a basis for exploring the therapeutic effects of drugs on the disease. OBJECTIVE:To predict the targets of liraglutide,a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist,in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease by bioinformatics and molecular biology. METHODS:DisGeNET database and SEA database were used to obtain the common genes of Alzheimer's disease and liraglutide.GO/KEGG enrichment analysis of common targets was conducted using DAVID online database.Protein-protein interaction networks were constructed using STRING database.The optimal dosage of liraglutide was determined using cell counting kit-8 assay.Expression of key proteins was analyzed using immunofluorescence and immunoblotting techniques.The mouse hippocampal neuron HT22 cell line was used for ex vivo experiments,and the cells were randomly divided into three groups:HT22 group,HT22+Aβ group,and HT22+Aβ+Lir group.No special treatment was done in the HT22 group,while Aβ1-42 was used to intervene in the HT22 cell line for 24 hours to construct an Aβ injury cell model in the HT22+Aβ group.In additional to modeling,liraglutide was added to the HT22+Aβ+Lir group for 12 hours. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:A total of 3 333 genes associated with Alzheimer's disease were screened from DisGeNET database.Then 147 potential targets of liraglutide were obtained from SEA database.Finally,64 common targets of Alzheimer's disease and Liraglutide were determined using R packets.GO/KEGG analysis of common targets using DAVID online database suggested that common targets were mainly enriched in the following biological processes:neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction,renin-angiotensin system,bladder cancer,endopeptidase activity,peptide receptor activity,G protein-coupled peptide receptor activity,and transport vesicles.The obtained 64 common target proteins were imported into SRTING online database for protein-protein interaction network construction,and the top three genes,matrix metalloproteinases 2,9 and interleukin 1β,were obtained.The activity of cultured cells was detected by the cell counting kit-8 kit.Liraglutide at 100 nmol/L was the optimal concentration for antagonizing Aβ1-42.In the western blot and immunofluorescence assays,the expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2,9 and interleukin 1β was significantly increased in the HT22+Aβ group compared with the HT22 group(P＜0.05)but significantly decreased in the HT22+Aβ+Lir group compared with the HT22+Aβ group(P＜0.05).To conclude,the above bioinformatics data and secondary validation of differential genes in the GEO database suggest that both matrix metalloproteinases 2,9 and interleukin 1β could be potential targets of liraglutide in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

A obra from sea-bathing to beach-going: a social history of the beach in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil e a contribuição de seu autor, Bert J. Barickman, para a história do lazer / The book from sea-bathing to beach-going: a social history of the beach in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and the contribution of its author, Bert J. Barickman, to the history of leisure

Este texto resenha a obra póstuma From Sea-Bathing to Beach-Going: A Social History of The Beach in Rio de Janeiro, de autoria de Bert J. Barickman e edição de Hendrik Kraay e Bryan McCann. Discute o teor dos capítulos da obra, assim como as contribuições desta para a história do Rio de Janeiro, da praia, da cidade e do desenvolvimento urbano, do turismo e, evidentemente, do lazer. Para tanto, associa o livro e suas discussões a obras históricas sobre alguns desses assuntos. Da mesma forma, explora o quanto o fazer história do autor é uma relevante contribuição para a história do lazer.

This text reviews the posthumous work From Sea-Bathing to BeachGoing: A Social History of The Beach in Rio de Janeiro, authored by Bert J. Barickman and edited by Hendrik Kraay and Bryan McCann. It gives an overview the book's chapters content, as well as its contributions to the history of Rio de Janeiro, the beach, the city and urban development, tourism and, of course, leisure. To this end, it associates the book and its discussions with historical works on some of these subjects. Likewise, it explores how much the author's historical approach is a relevant contribution to the history of leisure.

Determination of ABO Blood Grouping from Dentin and Pulp from Freshly Extracted Teeth and Teeth Stored in Sea Water Using Absorption Elution and Absorption Inhibition Method

Introduction: Forensic Odontology plays a role in discerning a deceased individual in any disaster condition. In highly necrotised bodies, ABO blood group antigens can be found from teeth. Aim: We studied ABO blood grouping from dentin and pulp in freshly extracted teeth and also from the teeth stored in sea water. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 samples were selected & divided into 3 groups with 20 samples each. Group I analyzed within period of a week without any storage medium, group II, III were analyzed after 1 and 2 month of storage in sea water. Results: Statistical analysis was done using chi square test. By Absorption –Elution, pulp in group I, II, III, gave 90%,75%,75% of positivity. In dentin, Group I, II, III showed 55%, 45%, 20% of positivity. By Absorption -Inhibition method pulp in group I, II, III showed 45%, 20%, 0% of positivity. In dentin, group I, II, III showed 20%,5%,5% of positivity. Conclusion: This study concluded that pulp is most reliable than dentin even in sea water storage and absorption elution is most effective method in blood group identification in teeth than absorption inhibition method. ==================================== Introduction: Oral cancer (OC) is associated with various risk factors and high mortality rates, and contributes significantly to the worldwide cancer burden. Objectives: To assess and evaluate patients’ current knowledge, awareness, and behavior regarding OC risk in a cancer trust hospital. Materials and Methods: The study involved 600 patients who attended cancer trust hospital, East Godavari district, from September 2021 to October 2021. A self- administered questionnaire of 20-questions was given to each patient that included socio-demographic and disease-specific information and their answers evaluated. Results: The data was examined using descriptive statistics, and the connection between the variables, education, family income, and other factors was assessed using a chi-square test (with a 5% significance threshold). The results were analysed with reference to their implications for interventions aimed at patient’s awareness for oral cancer symptoms. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, people lacked information and awareness about identified risk factors for oral cancer. Knowledge of maintaining a healthy lifestyle that eliminates the consumption of established oral cancer risk factors was low. At the community and individual levels, health education linked to primary prevention of oral cancer must be improved.

The effect of extraction methods on total phenolics and antioxidant activities in Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh extracts / Efecto de los métodos de extracción sobre los fenoles totales y las actividades antioxidantes de los extractos de Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh

Background: The edible green algae Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh (Caulerpaceae), also known as "sea grape", is an excellent source of phenolic compounds known for their activity to reduce free radicals. Objectives: The research aims to evaluate the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of C. racemosa (70% ethanol extracts) obtained from different extraction methods, such as maceration, Soxhlet, and ultrasound. Methods: Total phenolics of the extracts were determined by the colorimetry method using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Total phenol content was expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per g extract. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical was used to assess the antioxidant activity of the extracts. Results: the ethanol extract of C. racemosa obtained from the ultrasonic methods had the highest phenolic content (39.38 mg GAE/g) compared to other extraction methods (Soxhlet was 36.88 mg GAE/g and maceration was 22.05 mg GAE/g). The IC50 value against DPPH of the C. racemosa ethanol extracts using ultrasonic, Soxhlet, and maceration was 352.95, 365.73, and 375.84 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: the variation of the extraction methods affected the total phenolics content of C. racemosa ethanol extracts and their antioxidant activity. We reported here the potential of C. racemosa extracts as an antioxidant raw material from marine plants for medicinal, nutraceutical, cosmetics, and food products; however, more research is needed.

Antecedentes: El alga verde comestible Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh (Caulerpaceae), también conocida como "uva de mar", es una excelente fuente de compuestos fenólicos conocidos por su actividad para reducir los radicales libres. Objetivos: La investigación pretende evaluar el contenido fenólico total y la actividad antioxidante de C. racemosa (extractos de etanol al 70%) obtenidos a partir de diferentes métodos de extracción, como maceración, Soxhlet y ultrasonido. Métodos: Los fenoles totales de los extractos se determinaron por el método colorimétrico utilizando el reactivo de Folin-Ciocalteu. El contenido total de fenoles se expresó como mg de ácido gálico equivalente (GAE) por g de extracto. Para evaluar la actividad antioxidante de los extractos se utilizó el radical libre 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazilo (DPPH). Resultados: el extracto etanólico de C. racemosa obtenido por ultrasonido presentó el mayor contenido fenólico (39,38 mg GAE/g) en comparación con otros métodos de extracción (Soxhlet fue de 36,88 mg GAE/g y maceración fue de 22,05 mg GAE/g). El valor IC50 frente a DPPH de los extractos etanólicos de C. racemosa mediante ultrasonido, Soxhlet y maceración fue de 352,95, 365,73 y 375,84 µg/mL, respectivamente. Conclusiones: la variación de los métodos de extracción afectó al contenido total de fenoles de los extractos etanólicos de C. racemosa y a su actividad antioxidante. Aquí reportamos el potencial de los extractos de C. racemosa como materia prima antioxidante a partir de plantas marinas para productos medicinales, nutracéuticos, cosméticos y alimenticios; sin embargo, se necesita más investigación.

The infection control of post-and-core crown restoration / 华西口腔医学杂志

Post-and-core crown is one of the most common forms of restoration of tooth after root canal therapy (RCT). Infection control is the core objective of RCT, which is usually well realized by endodontists. However, many prosthodontists often neglect the infection control of the tooth and the maintenance of the curative effect of RCT during the process of post-and-core crown, which may lead to the failure of the final restoration. The concept of integrated crown-root treatment advocated recently requires clinicians to consider the RCT and final restoration as a whole, rather than simply divided into two parts-endodontic treatment and restorative treatment. As the core content of integrated crown-root treatment, infection control should be taken seriously by clinicians and implemented throughout the whole treatment process, especially in the restorative treatment that is easily overlooked after RCT. Therefore, this article describes the infection control of post-and-core crown restoration, classifies the tooth requiring post-and-core crown restoration, and puts forward the measures of infection control before and during post-and-core crown restoration, in order to provide reference and guidance for clinical practice.

Effects of staged acupuncture on endometrial receptivity and anxiety in patients with recurrent implantation failure of thin endometrium based on "thoroughfare vessel is the sea of blood" theory / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the clinical efficacy between staged acupuncture based on "thoroughfare vessel is the sea of blood" theory combined with routine hormone replacement cycle treatment and routine hormone replacement cycle treatment for patients with recurrent implantation failure (RIF) of thin endometrium.@*METHODS@#A total of 72 RIF patients with thin endometrium were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 36 cases in each group. The patients in the control group were treated with routine hormone replacement cycle treatment. Based on the treatment of the control group, the patients in the observation group were treated with staged acupuncture based on "thoroughfare vessel is the sea of blood" theory. The main acupoints were Neiguan (PC 6) and Gongsun (SP 4), and the supplementary acupoints were selected according to the menstrual cycle and syndrome differentiation; the acupuncture was given once every other day, 3 times a week, for 3 consecutive menstrual cycles. The thickness and shape of endometrium, and Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA) score were observed at implantation window before and after treatment; the clinical pregnancy rate, live birth rate and cycle cancellation rate were compared between the two groups; the correlation between endometrial thickness and HAMA score was analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Compared before treatment, the endometrial thickness in the two groups and the proportion of type A+B endometrium in the observation group were increased (P<0.05), and the HAMA scores in the two groups were decreased (P<0.05) after treatment. The above indexes in the observation group were superior to those in the control group (P<0.05). The clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05), and the cycle cancellation rate was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). There was a negative correlation between endometrial thickness and HAMA score (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Based on the routine hormone replacement cycle treatment, the addition use of staged acupuncture based on "thoroughfare vessel is the sea of blood" theory could improve the thickness and shape of endometrium, relieve anxiety, increase the clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate, and reduce the cycle cancellation rate in RIF patients with thin endometrium. The curative effect is superior to the routine hormone replacement cycle treatment alone.

Clinical Application of Supplementing Essence and Boosting Marrow Method in the Treatment of Encephalopathy Based on the Marrow Sea Theory / 中医杂志

As the guiding theory for the diagnosis and treatment of encephalopathy in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， The marrow sea theory has important theoretical connotation and clinical value. This paper summarized the clinical research literature on the differentiation and treatment of common encephalopathy based on the marrow sea theory published in recent years， analyzed the treatment method and effects from eight aspects in terms of stroke， dizziness， insomnia， headache， constraint syndrome， dementia， tremor syndrome， and atrophy syndrome， and discussed the possible mechanism based on the relevant basic research. It is believed that marrow sea depletion is the common pathogenesis of encephalopathy in TCM. Guided by the method of supplementing essence and boosting marrow， the corresponding formulas and medicinals are recommended in accordance with differentiated syndromes， which can effectively improve the symptoms of the disease， delay the progression， increase the daily life ability of the patients， and improve the quality of life. Based on the marrow sea theory， the method of supplementing essence and boosting marrow， rectifying healthy qi and dispelling pathogen can be used to highlight the advantages of TCM and provide ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of encephalopathy in TCM.

Infection status of Anisakis larvae in the major economic marine products in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea from 2016 to 2020 / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective:To learn about the infection status of Anisakis larvae in the major economic marine products in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, and provide baseline data for systematic monitoring of Anisakis and prevention and control of related diseases. Methods:From April 2016 to September 2020, the samples of marine products collected in the surrounding waters of 9 fishing sites in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea (Bohai Bay, the middle part of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea junction, the southern part of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea junction, the northern part of the Yellow Sea and the southern part of the Yellow Sea) in the coastal areas of Yantai City and Weihai City, Shandong Province were dissected and tested for worms. The infection and distribution of Anisakis larvae in different types of samples and different organs in the samples were compared, and the differences of the infection level of Anisakis larvae in marine fish among the surrounding waters of different fishing sites and different sampling sites in China were compared. At the same time, a survey on the awareness of health knowledge of anisakiasis was carried out among the residents near each fishing sites. Results:A total of 708 cases of 5 types of marine products were tested in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, including 581 cases of marine fish, 22 cases of mollusks, 20 cases of echinodermata, 75 cases of crustaceans and 10 cases of shellfish. Anisakis larvae infection was detected only in marine fish (191 cases), and 4 723 Anisakis larvae were found. The infection rate was 32.87% (191/581) and the infection intensity was 24.73(4 723/191) larvae/case. They were mainly distributed in mesentery and intestinal wall (38.96%, 1 840/4 723), coelom (22.04%, 1 041/4 723) and gastric wall (17.95%, 848/4 723). The infection levels of Anisakis larvae in marine fish among the surrounding waters of different fishing sites were compared, the infection rate in the southern part of the Yellow Sea was the highest, and its infection intensity was significantly higher than that in the middle and southern part of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea junction ( P < 0.05). The infection levels of Anisakis larvae in marine fish among different sampling sites in China were compared, the infection rates of Zhoushan Port, the fish sold in Jinzhou, Yantai and Shantou were significantly higher than those in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea ( P < 0.05), and the infection rates of the fish sold in Dandong and Qingdao were significantly lower than those in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea ( P < 0.05). A total of 1 805 residents living near the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea were investigated on the health knowledge of anisakiasis. Among them, 20.78% (375/1 805) residents had heard of anisakiasis, 15.73% (284/1 805) residents knew how to get it, 12.30% (222/1 805) residents knew the harm of anisakiasis to human body, and 16.68% (301/1 805) residents knew how to prevent it. Conclusions:The marine fish in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea are infected by the Anisakis larvae, and the level of infection is relatively high. In the future, we should strengthen the popularization of knowledge on prevention and control of anisakiasis.

Efficacy of galantamine combined with Fufang Haishe Jiaonang in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease in 52 patients / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the efficacy of galantamine combined with Fufang Haishe Jiaonang in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and its effects on serum levels of inflammatory factors, Aβ1-42 protein, and Tau protein. Methods:A total of 104 patients with Alzheimer's disease who received treatment in Jiaozhou People's Hospital from January 2019 to January 2021 were included in this study. They were randomly divided into a control group and an observation group ( n = 52/group). The control group was given galantamine treatment. The observation group was given galantamine combined with Fufang Haishe Jiaonang. All patients were treated for 3 months. Clinical efficacy was compared between the two groups. Before and after treatment, serum inflammatory factor, Aβ1-42 protein, Tau protein, Mini-Mental State Examination score, and The Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease Seale score were compared between the two groups. Adverse reactions were observed during the treatment. Results:Total response rate in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group [92.31% (48/52) vs. 76.92% (40/52), χ2 = 4.73, P < 0.05]. After treatment, serum levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and Tau protein in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group, and Aβ1-42 protein level in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group ( t = 16.78, 6.94, 5.16, 2.91, 2.55, all P < 0.05). After treatment, Mini-Mental State Examination score and The Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (QOL-AD) Seale score were increased in each group ( t = 13.48, 6.34, 18.58, 14.45, all P < 0.001), and they were significantly higher in the observation group than the control group ( t = 5.86, 7.25, both P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups ( P > 0.05). Conclusion:Galantamine combined with Fufang Haishe Jiaonang for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease can better reduce clinical symptoms and signs, regulate serum levels of inflammatory factors, Aβ1-42 protein, and Tau protein, and improve the mental state and quality of life.

Isolation and characterization of Carnobacterium maltaromaticum from the intestine of sea cucumber Acaudina molpadioides

Aims@#Acaudina molpadioides is a highly valued sea cucumber that is distributed on the muddy shores on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and is considered a local delicacy. Carnobacterium maltaromaticum is a type of lactic acid bacteria commonly found in meat, fish and dairy products and is usually isolated from the intestine of aquatic animals. It is scarcely reported from the intestine of A. molpadioides. This species is known to be pathogenic in fish but unknown in humans. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize C. maltaromaticum from the intestine of A. molpadioides.@*Methodology and results@#Using standard methods, the strains were tested for their biochemical and carbohydrate properties, antibiotic sensitivity tests, temperature sensitivity tests and molecular identification. A total of 1642 isolates were obtained, out of which three strains were chosen as they were catalase-negative, Gram-positive bacilli, negative to IMViC tests, γ-hemolysis, and positive to lactose and glucose tests. Molecular identification was made to strain AM47e and 16S rRNA genes sequence showed 99.93% similar to C. maltaromaticum. The sequence was submitted to GenBank as Carnobacterium maltaromaticum (Accession No: MZ 934727). The optimum growth temperature for the strains was 37°C and the antibiotic susceptibility showed they were sensitive to tetracycline, ampicillin and meropenem.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#In conclusion, C. maltaromaticum can be isolated from the intestine of A. molpadioides with the potential of the probiotic applications and less potential vulnerability for consumers.

Effect of Sea Cucumber Enzymolysis Fermentation Liquid on immunosuppressed mice based on metabonomics / 中国药理学通报

Aim To prepare the sea cucumber enzy¬molysis fermentation liquid (SCEFL) by enzymatic hydrolysis of protease and fermentation of probiotics and to investigate the effect of SCEFL on the immunosup-pression induced by cyclophosphamide in mice and to explore its mechanism by metabomic method. Methods The immunosuppressive model was induced by in-traperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide. C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into normal group, model group, Levamisole group, SCEFL groups (at low, medium and high doses). The pathological changes of spleen were observed by HE staining. The proportion of CD4

The chemical constituents and hypoglycemic activity of alcoholic extract of sea buckthorn leaves / 药学学报

The purpose of this research is to identify the chemical constituents of sea buckthorn leaves extract (SBLE) and explore its hypoglycemic biological activity. SBLE was prepared by hot reflux extraction with 65% ethanol, and its chemical composition was analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UHPLC-PDA-MS/MS) system. The animal experiments were compliant with ethical principles for animal use and had been approved by the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of Jinan University. Mice were injected with streptozocin (STZ) to establish a hyperglycemic animal model, and SBLE (1.5 g·kg-1) was administered by gavage for 5 weeks. The fasting blood glucose (FBG) and oral glucose tolerance were detected. Normal mice were given SBLE (1.5 g·kg-1) by intragastric administration for 10 days, and blood was collected from the tail vein to detect the changes in blood glucose within 120 min after sucrose or starch loading. The mucous membrane of the small intestine of mice was taken to detect the activity of α-glucosidase (AG), and the activity of yeast-derived AG incubated with SBLE was evaluated. The glucose uptake by Caco-2 cells treated with SBLE was detected by fluorescence microscopy and cytometry, and the gene expression of sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) in Caco-2 cells were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). A total of 18 compounds were identified, mainly including tannins and flavonoids. SBLE reduced FBG and increased oral glucose tolerance in STZ hyperglycemic mice. SBLE effectively inhibited the increase of blood glucose caused by starch intake in normal mice. SBLE exerted good inhibitory activity on yeast-derived AG (IC50 = 16.94 μg·mL-1) and small intestinal mucosa AG with an inhibition rate of 15.48%. SBLE (25-100 μg·mL-1) dose-dependently inhibited glucose uptake by Caco-2 cells, and SBLE significantly reduced the mRNA level of SGLT1 without changing the expression of GLUT2. In conclusion, the UHPLC characteristic fingerprint of SBLE is established with 18 chemical components identified by mass spectrometry, and SBLE exerts hypoglycemic effect by inhibiting the activity of AG and the absorption of glucose by intestinal epithelial cells.

Effect of electroacupuncture on enteric neuronal autophagy in functional constipation mice / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVES@#To explore the effect mechanism of electroacupuncture (EA) on functional constipation (FC) at the combined lower he-sea and front-mu points of large intestine based on enteric neuronal autophagy.@*METHODS@#A total of 40 SPF Kunming mice were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 8), i.e. a control group, a model group, an acupuncture group, a 3-methyl adenine (3-MA) group, and a 3-MA + acupuncture group. Except the control group, the FC model was established by gavage with compound diphenoxylate suspension for 14 days in the other 4 groups. After successful modeling, the mice of the acupuncture group and the 3-MA + acupuncture group received EA at bilateral "Tianshu" (ST 25) and "Shangjuxu" (ST 37), stimulated for 30 min with disperse-dense wave, 2 Hz/15 Hz of frequency, 1 mA of intensity. EA was delivered once daily. One course of treatment was composed of 5 days and 2 courses were needed, with an interval of 2 days. An intraperitoneal injection of 3-MA (15 mg/kg) was administered 30 min before EA in the mice of the 3-MA group and the 3-MA + acupuncture group, once daily. Before and after intervention, the time of the first black stool defecation and defecation behaviors in 6 h were observed in each group. After intervention, in every group, the small intestine propulsion rate was calculated, the colon tissue morphology was observed using HE staining, the ultrastructure of enteric neuronal autophagy was observed under transmission electron microscope, and the expressions of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), Beclin-1 and neuronal nuclear antigen protein (NeuN) in neurons of colonic muscularis were determined by immunohistochemistry.@*RESULTS@#Before intervention, when compared with those in the control group, the time of the first black stool defecation was prolonged (P<0.01, P<0.05), and numbers (P<0.01), wet weight (P<0.01, P<0.05) and water content (P<0.05, P<0.01) of stool in 6 h were reduced in the model, acupuncture, 3-MA and 3-MA + acupuncture groups. After intervention, compared with those in the control group, the time of the first black stool defecation was longer (P<0.05), and numbers (P<0.01), wet weight (P<0.01) and water content (P<0.01) of stool in 6 h were decreased in the model group. The time of the first black stool defecation was shortened (P<0.01), and numbers (P<0.01), wet weight (P<0.01) and water content (P<0.01) of stool in 6 h were increased in the acupuncture group when compared with those in the model group. The time of the first black stool defecation was extended (P<0.01), and numbers (P<0.01), wet weight (P<0.01) and water content (P<0.01) of stool in 6 h were declined in the 3-MA + acupuncture group in comparison with those in the acupuncture group. All layers of colon tissue were normal and intact in each group. When compared with the control group, the small intestine propulsion rate and the average optical density (OD) values of LC3, Beclin-1 and NeuN in neurons of colonic muscularis were decreased (P<0.01), and autophagosomes were dropped in the model group. In the acupuncture group, the small intestine propulsion rate and the average OD values of NeuN, LC3 and Beclin-1 in neurons of colonic muscularis increased (P<0.01,P<0.05), and autophagosomes were elevated when compared with those in the model group. The small intestine propulsion rate and the average OD values of NeuN, LC3 and Beclin-1 in neurons of colonic muscularis were dropped (P<0.05,P<0.01) in the 3-MA + acupuncture group in comparison with those in the acupuncture group.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Electroacupuncture may promote enteric neuronal autophagy and increase the number of neurons so that the intestinal motility can be improved and constipation symptoms can be relieved in FC mice.

Prediction of quality markers and medicinal value of sea buckthorn leaves based on network pharmacology, content determination, and activity evaluation / 中国中药杂志

The leaves of sea buckthorn(Hippophae rhamnoides), considered as common food raw materials, have records of medicinal use and diverse pharmacological activities, showing a potential medicinal value. However, the active substances in the sea buckthorn leaves and their mechanisms of action remain unclear. In addition, due to the extensive source and large variety variations, the quality evaluation criteria of sea buckthorn leaves remain to be developed. To solve the problems, this study predicted the main active components, core targets, key pathways, and potential pharmacological effects of sea buckthorn leaves by network pharmacology and molecular docking. Furthermore, ultra-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection(UPLC-DAD) was employed to determine the content of active components and establish the chemical fingerprint, on the basis of which the quality markers of sea buckthorn leaves were predicted and then verified by the enzyme activity inhibition method. The results indicated that sea buckthorn leaves had potential therapeutic effects on a variety of digestive tract diseases, metabolic diseases, tumors, and autoimmune diseases, which were consistent with the ancient records and the results of modern pharmacological studies. The core targets of sea buckthorn leaves included PTPN11, AKT1, PIK3R1, ESR1, and SRC, which were mainly involved in the PI3K-AKT, MAPK, and HIF-1 signaling pathways. In conclusion, the active components of sea buckthorn leaves are associated with the rich flavonoids and tannins, among which quercitrin, narcissoside, and ellagic acid can be used as the quality markers of sea buckthorn leaves. The findings provide a reference for the quality control and further development and utilization of sea buckthorn leaves as medicinal materials.

Sea-buckthorn slows down-regulation of CYP 2C in mice with liver injury by BCG-induced via PXR/NF-κB pathway / 中国药理学通报

Aim To explore whether sea-buckthorn slows down-regulation of hepatic cytochrome P450 2C(CYP 2C)in mice with liver injury by BCG vaccine(BCG)-induced via PXR/NF-κB pathway.Methods The mouse model of liver injury was induced by a single tail vein injection of BCG 125 mg·kg-1 for hepatitis B research,and the mice were randomly di-vided into control group,BCG group,BCG+sea-buckthorn granules(SG)group(gavage 50,100,200 mg·kg-1,twice a day),BCG+PCN group(intraper-itoneal injection 100 mg·kg-1,once a day).The levels of serum transaminase and TNF-α and IL-1β in liver tissue were detected by ELISA.The nuclear pro-tein expression NF-κB p65 and the total protein expres-sion of pregnane X receptor(PXR),CYP2C in liver were detected by Western blot.Liver pathological changes were observed by HE staining.Results Sea-buckthorn inhibited overexpression of TNF-α,IL-1βand NF-κB p65,alleviated the down-regulation of CYP2C and PXR protein expression,and improved liv-er pathology and serum transaminase in a dose-depend-ent manner.After intervention with PCN,a mouse specific agonist of PXR,it was similar to the high dose group of SG.Conclusion Sea-buckthorn slows down-regulation of CYP2C in mice with liver injury by BCG-induced via PXR/NF-κB pathway.