Comparative Anatomy of the Vomeronasal Organ (VNO) in Sheep (Ovis aries) and Dogs (Canis familiaris) with Simple Reference to its Histological Structure and Vasculature Supply

SUMMARY: The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is located in the anteroinferior part of the nose and the accessory olfactory organ in mammals which is responsible of sense of smell. This study aims to compare the macro and microanatomical structure of the VNO between sheep and dogs. In the current study, we used ten adult slaughtered sheep and ten adult synchronized dogs with different sexes ages 1-2 years. The head of both animals were preserved in 10 % formalin for one week. This study shows in both animals, the VNO occupies the same position in the cavity of the vomer bone and the same relationship in the cranial part of the nasal cavity. Furthermore, the VNO is divided into three parts based on shape that are the rostral, central, and caudal part. The results show the VNO in sheep has a (U) shape and is opened dorsolaterally. It has a small and narrow cavity. It is long 6 cm long, and it has different diameters on its course. In comparison, the vomeronasal organ in dogs is very developed and has a (J) shape. It has a large and long cavity and ends at the fourth molar. Its length is about 10 cm, and it has one diameter on its course. The VNO receives the blood supply from the sphenopalatine and caudal palatine arteries. The present study shows main differences between sheep and dogs VNO in which the structure of vomeronasal bone between the sheep and dog is completely different. The finding will illustrate fundamental differences and provide specific structural differences between the two species.

El órgano vomeronasal (OVN) se encuentra en la parte anteroinferior de la nariz y el órgano olfativo accesorio en los mamíferos es responsable del sentido del olfato. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comparar la estructura macro y microanatómica del OVN entre ovejas y perros. En el estudio utilizamos diez ovejas adultas y diez perros adultos de diferentes sexos con edades de 1 a 2 años. Las cabezas de ambos animales se conservaron en formol al 10 % durante una semana. Este estudio mostró que en ambos animales, el OVN ocupa la misma posición en la cavidad del hueso vómer y la misma relación en la parte craneal de la cavidad nasal. Según su forma el OVN se divide en tres partes: rostral, central y caudal. Los resultados mostraron que el OVN en las ovejas tiene forma de (U) y está abierto dorsolateralmente. Presenta una cavidad pequeña y estrecha. Además, tiene una longitud de 6 cm y tiene diferentes diámetros en su recorrido. En comparación, el órgano vomeronasal en los perros está muy desarrollado y tiene forma de (J). Presenta una cavidad grande y larga y termina en el cuarto molar. Su longitud es de unos 10 cm y tiene un diámetro distinto en su recorrido. El OVN recibe el suministro de sangre de las arterias esfenopalatina y palatina caudal. El presente estudio muestra las principales diferencias entre el OVN de ovejas y perros en el que la estructura del hueso vomeronasal entre estos dos animales es completamente diferente. Además, los hallazgos ilustran diferencias fundamentales y determinan diferencias estructurales específicas entre las dos especies.

Infección tras mordedura de perro por Neisseria weaveri / Infection after dog bite by Neisseria weaveri / Infecção após mordedura canina por Neisseria weaveri

Resumen Las infecciones por mordeduras de perros y gatos presentan una etiología bacteriana mixta con microorganismos aerobios y anaerobios que provienen de la cavidad oral del agresor y, en menor medida, de la piel del agredido y el medio ambiente. Con mayor frecuencia se aíslan Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella canis, Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Capnocytophaga canimorsus y anaerobios. Si bien las infecciones por mordeduras de animales no son infrecuentes, algunos de los microorganismos implicados son excepcionales. Neisseria weaveri forma parte de la microbiota orofaríngea de perros y gatos; sin embargo, los casos comunicados debidos a mordeduras son escasos.

Abstract Infections caused by dog and cat bites have a mixed bacterial etiology with aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms that come from the mouth of the offender and, to a lesser extent, from the skin of the victim and the environment. Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella canis, Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Capnocytophaga canimorsus and anaerobes can be frequently isolated. Although animal bite infections are not uncommon, some of the microorganisms involved are rare. Neisseria weaveri is part of the oropharyngeal microbiota of dogs and cats; however, reported cases due to bites are rare.

Resumo As infecções causadas por mordeduras de cães e gatos têm etiologia bacteriana mista com microrganismos aeróbicos e anaeróbicos que provêm da cavidade bucal do agressor e, em menor grau, da pele da vítima e do meio ambiente. Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella canis, Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Capnocytophaga canimorsus e aneróbios podem ser isoladas mais frequentemente. Embora as infecções por mordeduras de animais não sejam incomuns, alguns dos microorganismos envolvidos são raros. A Neisseria weaveri faz parte da microbiota orofaríngea de cães e gatos, porém são escassos os casos relatados como consequência de mordeduras.

Virología molecular de la rabia: un enfoque clínico / Rabies molecular virology: a clinical approach

Introducción: La rabia es una enfermedad zoonótica asociada al virus RABV, el cual tiene características neurotrópicas. El virus se transmite por el contacto con saliva de animales infectados; la mordedura de un perro es la causa más común. Es un virus que causa la muerte de miles de personas cada año. Objetivo: Describir a profundidad los principios moleculares de la infección por rabia, así como su patogenia, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de bibliografía en PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, Researchgate; se consultaron 163 referencias y se seleccionaron 51 fuentes que contenían la información más relevante para cumplir con el objetivo del trabajo. Conclusión: Actualmente es posible entender de mejor manera los mecanismos de transmisión y propagación del virus en el organismo; existe nuevo conocimiento sobre los receptores involucrados, así como la función de estos en la replicación viral. Sin embargo, el objetivo de la erradicación de la rabia a corto plazo es complejo. La invasión de territorios selváticos vuelve a la rabia un posible patógeno reemergente; la vacunación de especies transmisoras es el medio ideal para conseguir el control de la enfermedad.

Introduction: Rabies is a zoonotic disease associated with the RABV virus, which has neurotropic characteristics. The virus is transmitted by contact with saliva from infected animals; a dog's bite is the most common cause. This virus causes the death of thousands of people every year. Objective: To describe in depth the molecular principles of rabies infection, as well as its pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, and Researchgate. A total of 163 references were consulted, and 51 sources containing the most relevant information were selected to fulfill the objective of the work. Conclusions: It is currently possible to better understand the mechanisms of transmission and spread of the virus in the organism; there is new knowledge about the receptors involved, as well as their function in viral replication. However, the goal of eradicating rabies in the short term is complex. The invasion of wild territories makes rabies a possible re-emerging pathogen; vaccination of transmitting species is the ideal means to achieve disease control.

Lesões reabsortivas múltiplas em cão: relato de caso / Multiple resorptive lesions in dogs: case report

A lesão de reabsorção dentária consiste em um processo patológico que acomete elementos dentários permanentes, principalmente de animais adultos e idosos, e sua expressão na espécie canina vem aumentando. Etiologias diversas e não esclarecidas, associada ao subdiagnóstico por falta da realização de exames radiográficos na rotina e profissionais não especializados na área odontológica, tem permitido que injúrias na estrutura externa e interna do dente sofram processo reabsortivo por células clásticas. Frequentemente se confunde com a doença periodontal ou a ela está associada. O diagnóstico baseia-se nos achados clínicos e na radiografia intraoral. O tratamento depende do estágio da doença, sendo a exodontia a opção que devolve a qualidade de vida natural ao animal no longo prazo. O presente relato tem como objetivo descrever o caso de um cão da raça Dachshund, com seis anos de idade, inteiro, com queixa de halitose, disfagia, ptialismo, anorexia, desidratação, perda de peso, letargia, meneios de cabeça e espirros, e ao exame de imagem apresentava diversas lesões de reabsortivas, cujo tratamento periodontal promoveu remissão de todos os sinais clínicos e bem-estar ao paciente.

Tooth resorption injury consists of a pathological process that affects permanent dental elements, especially in adult and elderly animals, and its expression in the canine species has been increasing. Several and unclear etiologies, associated with underdiagnosis due to lack of routine radiographic examinations and professionals not specialized in the dental area, have allowed injuries to the external and internal structure of the tooth to undergo a resorptive process by cells clastic. It is often confused with or associated with periodontal disease. Diagnosis is based on clinical findings and intraoral radiography. The treatment depends on the stage of the disease, and tooth extraction is the option that returns the natural quality of life to the animal in the long term. The present report aims to describe the case of a six-year-old Dachshund dog, whole, complaining of halitosis, dysphagia, ptyalism, anorexia, dehydration, weight loss, lethargy, head sneezing and sneezing, and the imaging exam presented several resorptive lesions, whose periodontal treatment promoted remission of all clinical signs and well-being to the patient.

Estudo soro-epidemiológico da leptospirose canina de amostras coletadas em bairros residenciais de Cruz das Almas-BA, Brasil / Seroepidemiologic study of canine leptospirosis from samples collected in residensial neighbothoods in Cruz das Almas ­ BA, Brazil

A leptospirose é uma doença infectocontagiosa, causada por espiroquetas antigenicamente distintas da bactéria Leptospira interrogans. Os cães representam um importante elo na transmissão da leptospirose, visto que, aparentemente sadios, podem albergar leptospiras e eliminá-las no meio ambiente. Com o objetivo de se conhecer a prevalência sorológica anti-leptospírica em cães de Cruz das Almas - BA e os fatores de risco para essa zoonose, foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 200 cães. A prova diagnóstica utilizada foi a Soroaglutinação Microscópica, testando-se 19 sorovares. Das 200 amostras testadas, 60 foram reagentes. Os resultados demonstram que a sororeatividade dos cães representam risco de disseminação da leptospirose para outros animais e para o ser humano.

Leptospirosis is an infectious disease, caused by spirochetes antigenically distinct from the bacteria Leptospira interrogans. Dogs represent an important link in the transmission of leptospirosis, since, apparently healthy, they can house leptospires and eliminate them in the environment. In order to know the anti-leptospiric serological prevalence in dogs from Cruz das Almas - BA and the risk factors for this zoonosis, blood samples were collected from 200 dogs. The diagnostic test used was Microscopic Soroagglutination, testing 19 serovars. Of the 200 samples tested, 60 were reagents. The results demonstrate that the seroreactivity of dogs represents a risk of spreading leptospirosis to other animals and to humans.

Expression and distribution of kallikrein-related peptidases 5, 7, 8 and 10 in normal apocrine gland of canine skin / Expresión y distribución de péptidos relacionados con la calicreína 5, 7, 8 y 10 en glándula apocrina normal de piel canina

SUMMARY: Apocrine glands are sweat glands that are located in the skin of the dog. Anal sac apocrine, circunanal apocrine, and mammary glands are considered modified apocrine structures, and there are about nine possible types of neoplasms and other tumors in the apocrine glands of the dog and cat, including cysts, adenoma, carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. Thus, it is important to provide new markers to characterize these glands to improve the histopathological diagnosis. In this article, we describe the distribution of kallikrein- related peptidases 5, 7, 8, and 10 in the normal apocrine glands of the dog's skin. These proteases have been shown to play a fundamental role in the homeostasis of the human skin barrier but have been scarcely studied in canine skin.

Las glándulas apocrinas son glándulas sudoríparas que se encuentran en la piel del perro. Las glándulas apocrinas del saco anal, apocrinas circunanales y mamarias se consideran estructuras apocrinas modificadas, y existen alrededor de nueve tipos posibles de neoplasias y otros tumores en las glándulas apocrinas del perro y el gato, incluidos quistes, adenoma, carcinoma y adenocarcinoma. Por lo tanto, es importante proporcionar nuevos marcadores para caracterizar estas glándulas para mejorar el diagnóstico histopatológico. En este artículo, describimos la distribución de las peptidasas 5, 7, 8 y 10 relacionadas con la calicreína en las glándulas apocrinas normales de la piel del perro. Se ha demostrado que estas proteasas desempeñan un papel fundamental en la homeostasis de la barrera de la piel humana, pero apenas se han estudiado en la piel canina.

Canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca therapeutics: literature review / Terapêutica da ceratoconjuntivite seca canina: revisão bibliográfica

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is a disease commonly seen in dogs that is characterized by the reduction or absence of lacrimal secretions. It can be classified as qualitative or quantitative, and both categories are able to elicit conjunctival and corneal inflammation, ocular pain, progressive corneal disease, and vision impairment. This disease's treatment is based on reestablishing and maintaining ocular surface homeostasis. Patients may benefit from different therapeutic protocols, such as the use of lacrimomimetics, that increase lacrimal stability, helping to retain ocular humidity; lacrimostimulants, that promote lacrimal secretion; fatty acids, which play a role on meibum synthesis and block pro-inflammatory cytokine genic expression; blood products, based on promotion of epithelial growth factors; and stem cells, due to their self-renewing capabilities. Stable cases may benefit from the use of steroidal or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents on the control of clinical signs. Refractory cases may eventually benefit from surgical therapies, which include techniques for parotid duct transposition, gland transplants, and lacrimal puncta occlusion.

A ceratoconjuntivite seca (CCS) é uma doença comumente observada em cães caracterizada pela ausência ou redução das secreções lacrimais. Pode ser classificada como qualitativa ou quantitativa, sendo que ambas as categorias são capazes de desencadear inflamação da conjuntiva e da córnea, dor ocular, doença corneana progressiva e redução da visão. O tratamento desta doença é contínuo e se baseia no restabelecimento e manutenção da homeostase do sistema da superfície ocular. Os pacientes podem se beneficiar de diferentes protocolos terapêuticos, tais como o uso de lacrimomiméticos, que aumentam a estabilidade lacrimal ajudando na retenção da umidade ocular; lacrimoestimulantes para a promoção de secreção de lágrimas; ácidos graxos, que desempenham papel na síntese de meibum e bloqueiam a expressão gênica de citocinas pró-inflamatórias; produtos derivados do sangue, baseando-se nos fatores de crescimento de promoção epitelial; e células tronco, devido à sua capacidade de auto renovação. Em casos estáveis, o uso de anti-inflamatórios esteroidais ou não esteroidais pode ser benéfico no controle de sinais clínicos. Casos refratários ao tratamento podem eventualmente se beneficiar de terapias cirúrgicas, que incluem as técnicas de transposição de ducto parotídeo, transplantes glandulares e oclusão da puncta lacrimal.

Characteristics of populations exposed to rabies in Anji County / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of rabies-exposed populations in Anji County, Zhejiang Province from 2017 to 2021, so as to provide insights into rabies control in the county.@*Methods@#All data pertaining to rabies were captured from Monthly Report of Rabies-exposed Populations in Huzhou City and Investigation Form of Multiple Dog Injuries reported by dog injury clinics in Anji County from 2017 to 2021, and the species of animals causing dog injuries, duration, degree and site of exposure, and post-exposure treatment of rabies-exposed populations were descriptively analyzed. @*Results@#Totally 46 186 cases with rabies exposure were reported in dog injury clinics in Anji County from 2017 to 2021, and the rate of exposure appeared a tendency towards a decline year by year (Z=-23.249, P<0.001), with an annual mean exposure rate of 1 739.59/105. The number of cases with exposure to rabies peaked in July and August (10 066 cases, 21.79%). Dogs were predominant animals causing injuries (31 732 cases, 68.70%), and the rate of exposure to dog bites appeared a tendency towards a decline year by year (Z=-35.541, P<0.001). There were 11 350 cases with cat-causing injuries (24.57%), and the rate of exposure to cat bites appeared a tendency towards a rise (Z=14.834, P<0.001). Lower extremity was the main site of exposure (22 364 cases, 48.42%), and the proportions of grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ exposure to rabies were 72.85% and 25.23%, the rates of exposure both appeared a tendency towards a decline (Z=-14.522, P<0.001; Z=-21.820, P<0.001). The proportion of using human rabies immune globulin was 25.72% among populations with grade Ⅲ exposure, which appeared a tendency towards a rise (Z=6.636, P<0.001). @*Conclusions@#The rate of exposure to rabies appeared a tendency towards a decline in Anji County from 2017 to 2021. Dogs were predominant animals causing injuries, and the rate of cat bites appeared a tendency towards a rise from 2017 to 2021; however, the proportion of using human rabies immune globulin remains to be improved among populations with grade Ⅲ exposure.

Insuficiência cardíaca em cão / Congestive heart failure in a dog / Insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva en un perro

A insuficiência cardíaca congestiva é considerada, atualmente, a principal causa de óbitos em cães, sendo resultante da degeneração mixomatosa da válvula mitral, processo que inviabiliza o fechamento total da mesma durante a sístole. Apesar de se tratar de uma doença progressiva, os efeitos patológicos podem ser reduzidos significativamente e concomitantemente prolongar a vida do animal, desde que haja protocolos de tratamentos específicos e descritos por profissionais capacitados na área médica animal. Esse estudo teve como objetivo relatar um caso de insuficiência congestiva em um animal da espécie canina, sem raça definida, sexo masculino resgatado pela prefeitura do município de Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. Durante a necropsia foi observado os seguintes achados macroscópicos: neoplasias cutâneas aderidas ao tecido, tártaro dentário, pneumonia intersticial hemorrágica, companhias de fibrose e enfisema pulmonar hemorrágico, metástase calcificada circular em lobo pulmonar direito, necrose pulmonar, cardiomiopatia hipertrófica concêntrica, insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, aderência de pericárdio na cavidade torácica, fígado em aspecto de noz moscada, metástase hepática, hepatite, esplenomegalia, dilatação entérica multifocal, intussuscepção, necrose intestinal, hipertrofia de pelve renal e aderência de cápsula renal. Esses achados demonstram o comprometimento de todos os órgãos do animal, demonstrando que a causa mortis foi em decorrência de uma insuficiência respiratória de origem infecciosa que ocasionou a insuficiência cardíaca congestiva.(AU)

Congestive heart failure is currently considered the main cause of death in dogs, resulting from myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve, a process that prevents its total closure during systole. Despite being a progressive disease, the pathological effects can be significantly reduced and, at the same time, prolong the animal's life, as long as there are specific treatment protocols described by trained professionals in the field of animal medicine. This study aimed to report a case of congestive insufficiency in an animal of the canine species, mixed breed, male, rescued by the municipality of Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil. During the necropsy, the following macroscopic findings were observed: skin neoplasms adhered to the tissue, dental tartar, hemorrhagic interstitial pneumonia, fibrosis and hemorrhagic pulmonary emphysema, circular calcified metastasis in the right pulmonary lobe, pulmonary necrosis, concentric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, adherence of pericardium in the thoracic cavity, nutmeg liver, liver metastasis, hepatitis, splenomegaly, multifocal enteric dilation, intussusception, intestinal necrosis, renal pelvis hypertrophy and renal capsule adherence. These findings showed the involvement of all tissues, demonstrating that the cause of death was due to respiratory failure of infectious origin that caused congestive heart failure.(AU)

Actualmente se considera la insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva como la principal causa de muerte en perros, resultante de la degeneración mixomatosa de la válvula mitral, proceso que impide su cierre total durante la sístole. A pesar de ser una enfermedad progresiva, los efectos patológicos pueden reducirse significativamente y, al mismo tiempo, prolongar la vida del animal, siempre y cuando existan protocolos de tratamiento específicos descritos por profesionales capacitados en el campo de la medicina animal. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo reportar un caso de insuficiencia congestiva en un animal canino, mestizo, macho, rescatado por el municipio de Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. Durante la necropsia se observaron los siguientes hallazgos macroscópicos: neoplasias cutáneas adheridas al tejido, sarro dental, neumonía intersticial hemorrágica, compañías de fibrosis y enfisema pulmonar hemorrágico, metástasis circular calcificada en lóbulo pulmonar derecho, necrosis pulmonar, miocardiopatía hipertrófica concéntrica, insuficiencia cardíaca, adherencia del pericardio en la cavidad torácica, hígado de nuez moscada, metástasis hepática, hepatitis, esplenomegalia, dilatación entérica multifocal, intususcepción, necrosis intestinal, hipertrofia de la pelvis renal y adherencia de la cápsula renal. Estos hallazgos demuestran la afectación de todos los órganos del animal, demostrando que la causa de la muerte se debió a una insuficiencia respiratoria de origen infeccioso que provocó una insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva.(AU)

Electrocardiographic changes and changes in cardiac lactate and troponin I levels associated with search and rescue physical activity in military dogs / Alterações eletrocardiográficas e nos níveis de lactato e troponina I cardíaca associadas à atividade física de busca e salvamento em cães militares

Rescue and recovery dogs intercalate the activity intensity developed, which also triggers significant metabolic changes in cardiac physiology. Thus, we evaluated the changes that search simulation causes in glucose, lactate, and cardiac troponin I level (cTnI) and the electrocardiographic and heart rate during the activity and recovery phase to predict the physiological adaptation to the exercise. Five healthy adult dogs from the Rescue and Recovery Service of Military Firefighters Corps were submitted to 60 minutes search operation simulation in the woods. They covered a forest area of approximately 50,000 m2. The dogs were loose and accompanied by their driver, and they could perform any physical activity. Were evaluated serum biochemical analysis of glucose, lactate, cardiac troponin I, electrocardiographic, and heart rate (rest, exercise phase, and recovery time). No changes in glucose levels, heart rate, and cardiac rhythm were detected. In comparison to baseline values, there is an increase: in lactate at the end of the exercise phase [EXER] (60'EXER), and in the recovery phase [RCT] at 30'RCT and 60'RCT, and cTnI at 60'RCT, 120'RCT, and 4hRCT. P wave duration was significantly higher at 60'EXER, 15'RCT, and 30'RCT, with no alterations in wave amplitude. QRS interval duration significantly increased at 30'RCT, and the ST segment presented a significant difference at 60'EXER, 15'RCT, and 60'RCT compared to the rest moment. The moderate alterations in lactate and cTnI and few alterations in the electrocardiographic and heart rate maintenance suggest the adaptation of rescue and recovery dogs to the type, intensity, and duration of search operation simulation performed.(AU)

Cães de busca e resgate intercalam a intensidade da atividade desenvolvida que desencadeia alterações metabólicas significativas, bem como na fisiologia cardíaca. Assim, foram avaliadas as alterações que a simulação de busca produz nos níveis de glicose, lactato, troponina I cardíaca (cTnI), bem como na frequência cardíaca e atividade eletrocardiográfica durante a fase de atividade e recuperação, a fim de predizer a adaptação fisiológica ao exercício. Cinco cães adultos saudáveis do Serviço de Resgate e Salvamento do Corpo de Bombeiros Militares foram submetidos à simulação de operação de busca de 60 minutos na mata e cobriram uma área florestal de aproximadamente 50.000 m2. Os cães estavam soltos, acompanhados pelo condutor e estavam livres para realizar qualquer tipo de atividade física. Foram avaliados os níveis séricos de glicose, lactato e troponina I cardíaca, atividade eletrocardiográfica e frequência cardíaca em repouso, na fase de exercício e no tempo de recuperação. Não foram detectadas alterações nos níveis de glicose, frequência cardíaca e ritmo cardíaco. Em comparação com os valores basais houve aumento de lactato ao final da fase de exercício [EXER] (60'EXER) e na fase de recuperação [RCT] aos 30'RCT e 60'RCT; e cTnI aos 60'RCT, 120'RCT e 4hRCT. Duração da onda P foi significativamente maior em 60'EXER, 15'RCT e 30'RCT, sem alterações na amplitude da onda. Duração do intervalo QRS teve aumento significativo em 30'RCT e o segmento ST apresentou diferença significativa em 60'EXER, 15'RCT e 60'RCT quando comparado ao basal. As alterações moderadas nos níveis de lactato e cTnI, bem como a pouca alteração na atividade eletrocardiográfica e manutenção da frequência cardíaca sugerem boa adaptação dos cães de busca e resgate ao tipo, intensidade e duração da operação de busca simulada realizada.(AU)

In sickness and in health: the intestinal microbiome of dogs / Na saúde e na doença: os efeitos do microbioma intestinal no cão

Studies on the interactions between the intestinal microbiome and its host have strengthened in the last decade. However, publications on this topic in dogs still need to be made available, reinforcing the need for new studies and literary data for consultation. Given this, this review aims to describe the intestinal microbiome and its interactions with the canine host, which can contribute to both health and morbid conditions in these animals. The definition of microbiome encompasses the collective genome of all microorganisms that live in a defined habitat (intestine). It is known that the dog's intestinal microbiota is varied, composed of bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Under normal conditions, there is commensalism between some of these microorganisms and the host, which promotes critical physiological relationships and interactions that contribute to homeostasis and the consequent health of the animal. With this in mind, it is expected that the disturbances associated with the microbiome will result in imbalances in this commensal relationship and thus precipitate the development of diseases and aggravation of other diseases, thus characterizing intestinal dysbiosis.(AU)

Os estudos sobre as interações entre o microbioma intestinal e o seu hospedeiro ganharam força na última década. Entretanto, as publicações acerca de tal temática em cães ainda são escassas, o que reforça a necessidade de novos estudos e dados literários para consultas. Frente a isso, o objetivo da presente revisão é descrever sobre o microbioma intestinal e suas interações e principais efeitos no cão, os quais podem contribuir tanto para a higidez quanto para quadros mórbidos desses animais. A definição de microbioma engloba o genoma coletivo de todos os microrganismos que vivem em habitat definido (intestino). É sabido que a microbiota intestinal do cão é muito variada, sendo composta por bactérias, arqueas, vírus, fungos e protozoários. Em condições normais, há o comensalismo entre alguns desses microrganismos e o hospedeiro, o que promove importantes relações e interações fisiológicas que contribuem sobremaneira para a homeostasia e consequente saúde do animal. Ciente disso, é de se esperar que os distúrbios associados ao microbioma resultarão em desequilíbrios nessa relação comensal e, assim, precipitar o desenvolvimento de doenças e/ou agravamento de outras moléstias, caracterizando, assim, a disbiose intestinal.(AU)

Research progress on cortisol measurement to evaluate stress in dogs / 中国实验动物学报

In recent years,cortisol has been used as a biomarker to assess stress in dogs.To evaluate the welfare of dogs,we reviewed cortisol levels and changes in dogs under various stresses.We explored the influential factors that relieve stress in accordance with variations in cortisol levels,to improve the measures which reduce stress in dogs.It is recommended to apply cortisol measurement and behavioral observation comprehensively to evaluate stress in dogs more accurately.

Doble cuarto arco aórtico persistente en un perro (Canis familiaris): reporte de caso

El doble arco aórtico persistente es una patología caracterizada por anomalías embrionarias en la vascularización, que pueden afectar de manera indirecta a otros sistemas, como el digestivo y el respiratorio. El objetivo de este documento es reportar un caso de doble arco aórtico, persistente en un cachorro Bull terrier, de seis meses de edad. El paciente ingresó a consulta por motivo de regurgitaciones frecuentes y pérdida ponderal. En el estudio radiográfico, se evidenció dilatación esofágica craneal a la base del corazón y en la toracotomía, se confirmó un doble arco aórtico persistente. Se realizó manejo nutricional y posteriormente, corrección quirúrgica de la anomalía vascular. Este es el primer caso de una anomalía de este tipo en Colombia. Se concluye, que un manejo quirúrgico enfocado a liberar el anillo estenosante y a recuperar la función esofágica, son la base terapéutica de este tipo de alteraciones.

Persistent double aortic arch is a pathology characterized by embryonic vascularization anomalies, which can indirectly affect other systems such as the digestive and respiratory systems. The objective of this document is to report a case of persistent double aortic arch in a six-month-old Bull Terrier puppy. The patient was admitted for consultation due to frequent regurgitation and weight loss. The radiographic study revealed cranial esophageal dilation at the base of the heart, and a thoracotomy confirmed a persistent double aortic arch. Nutritional management was performed and subsequently, surgical correction of the vascular anomaly. This is the first case of an anomaly of this type in Colombia. It is concluded that surgical management focused on releasing the stenosing ring and recovering esophageal function are the therapeutic basis for this type of alteration.

Selección contra displasia de cadera canina en el ovejero alemán / Breeding against canine hip dysplasia in the german shepherd dog

RESUMEN La displasia de cadera canina o displasia coxo-femoral (DCF) es un desorden progresivo e incapacitante en perros de razas grandes, como el Ovejero Alemán. La selección de reproductores libres de displasia es la única forma de reducir su incidencia. Se han desarrollado varios métodos de diagnóstico basados en el examen radiográfico, en base a los cuales se seleccionan los reproductores para la cría. La DCF tiene una base hereditaria poligénica e influencia ambiental, con una heredabilidad media a baja (alrededor de 0,20 a 0,40), por lo que el progreso de la selección fenotípica ha sido lento. En Argentina la prevalencia de la displasia en la raza sigue siendo alta (>25%) y es imposible prever su incidencia en la progenie del plantel de cría. Algunos países han implementado la selección basada en el valor estimado de cría, obteniendo un importante avance. Los estudios de asociación del genoma completo han revelado numerosos marcadores asociados a la DCF y se han encontrado varios genes candidatos que señalan la posibilidad de implementar una selección genómica en un futuro cercano.

ABSTRACT Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is a progressive and disabling disorder in large dog breeds, such as the German Shepherd dog. Breeding sires and dams free of dysplasia is the only way to reduce its incidence. Several diagnostic methods have been developed based on radiographic examination, on the basis of which dogs are selected for breeding. CHD has a polygenic hereditary basis and environmental influence, with a median to low heritability (ca. 0,20 to 0,40), so the progress in phenotypic selection has been slow. In Argentina, the prevalence of dysplasia in German Shepherd dogs remains high (> 25%) and it is impossible to predict its incidence in the offspring of the breeding stock. Some countries have implemented a selection based on the estimated breeding value, obtaining an important advance. Genomewide association studies have revealed numerous CHD-associated markers and several candidate genes have been found that point to the possibility of implementing genomic selection in the near future.

Unilateral perineal hernia surgery. Case report / Cirugía unilateral de hernia perineal. Reporte de caso

ABSTRACT Perineal hernia results from weakening and/or the inability of the pelvic diaphragm to support the rectal wall, promoting caudal displacement of abdominal or pelvic organs in the perineum. Unneutered male dogs aged between 7 and 10 years are the most affected, being rare in females. The main clinical signs are unilateral or bilateral swelling of the perineal region, associated or not with tenesmus, dysuria, urinary and/or fecal incontinence, anuria and pain during defecation. The diagnosis is based on clinical history, anamnesis, physical examination, and complementary tests such as radiography and ultrasound. Clinical treatment can be done in some cases, but surgical intervention is required to resolve the problem. The present work aims to report the case of a patient treated at the FullPet Veterinary Clinic in Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brazil, a 7-year-old male Yorkshire canine, unneutered, weighing 4.5 kg. The same was submitted to surgery by the traditional method of suture with nylon thread and enteropexy. When there was recurrence, surgical reintervention was necessary to correct the hernia using a polypropylene mesh.

RESUMEN La hernia perineal resulta del debilitamiento y/o incapacidad del diafragma pélvico para sostener la pared rectal, lo que promueve el desplazamiento caudal de los órganos abdominales o pélvicos en el perineo. Los perros machos no castrados de entre 7 y 10 años son los más afectados, siendo raro en las hembras. Los principales signos clínicos son tumefacción unilateral o bilateral de la región perineal, asociada o no a tenesmo, disuria, incontinencia urinaria y/o fecal, anuria y dolor durante la defecación. El diagnóstico se basa en la historia clínica, la anamnesis, el examen físico y pruebas complementarias como la radiografía simple y la ecografía. El tratamiento clínico se puede hacer en algunos casos, pero se requiere una intervención quirúrgica para resolver el problema. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo relatar el caso de un paciente atendido en la Clínica Veterinaria FullPet de Guarulhos, São Paulo, Brasil, un canino Yorkshire macho de 7 años, sin castrar, con un peso de 4,5 kg. Fue intervenido quirúrgicamente por el método tradicional de sutura con hilo de nylon y enteropexia. Cuando hubo recidiva, fue necesaria la reintervención quirúrgica para corregir la hernia mediante una malla de polipropileno.

Expression of DOG 1 and correlation with Ki-67 and tumor characteristics in GIST: case series analysis in a tertiary care center

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are the most common non epithelial, mesenchymal tumours of the gastrointestinal tract and amount to 1 to 3% of all gastrointestinal tumours. Histologically, GISTs demonstrate considerable morphologic variation.The aim of the study was to evaluate the histo-morphological features of GIST and the expression of DOG1 and KI-67 in these tumours. Eleven cases of GISTs received during a five-year period at a tertiary care centre were analysed for their demographic parameters, morphology and risk stratification. Immunohistochemistry for DOG1 and Ki67 was performed for all the eleven cases.Inthis study there was a female preponderance with the mid -fifties being the median age of presentation. The stomach and small intestine were the common sites of involvement. The histologic type was predominantly spindle cell with a few cases of mixed tumours. DOG 1 was positive in all the tumours and Ki-67 index was markedly elevated in the epithelioid cell type and in the high-risk category of tumours.DOG 1 holds good as an important marker for clinically suspected GIST diagnosis and Ki-67 expression correlates with the risk stratification of the tumour and can be a good prognostic factor

The Lived-In Experience and Psychological Recount of Dog Bite VictimsVisiting the Anti-Rabies Clinic in Kashmir: A Qualitative Study

Introduction: There is a necessitated need for canvassing and prioritizing measures towards rabies elimination beyond existing statuesque post-exposure prophylaxis. Moreover, there is a need to characterize the psychological and intrusive experiences of dog-bite victims to portray a picture beyond the public health perspective. To get an expressive understanding of the psychological and lived-in experience ofObjective: dog bite victims' to complement existing concepts. The study was conducted at the anti-rabiesMethod: clinic(ARC) of SMHS hospital which receives animal bite cases from the whole of Kashmir valley. Participants were selected by purposive sampling based on the inclusion criteria, and data saturation was reached with eleven participant interviews. One to one in-depth interviews were conducted with eleven (11) dog bite victims, using a preformed interview guide. Data analysis was performed using Colaizzi's phenomenological method to describe the individualistic experiences faced in peculiar conditions with familiar phenomena embedded in them. Data analysis yielded three overarching themes and nine subthemes viz:-Results: 1.Spiritual and emotional ineffectualness. (Suffering and affliction, Spiritual sulkiness, Emotional emergence) 2. Flashbacks of being hindered and defenseless. (Lack of focus in one's work, lacking the courage to protect, Being shaky) 3. Social and economical implications. (Financial loss, group and peer detachment, preferring isolation) The results of this study showed that dog bite patients experience an unpleasantConclusion: phenomenon in the face of being bitten by the dogs and are subjected to severe psychological pressures that require attention and support of medical professionals, psychologists and government authorities.

Hydatid Disease — An Overview

Human Hydatid Disease is a growing menace, a parasitic disease present in many countries all over the globe (more than 1 million people are affected throughout the World annually). Tape-worm is the main causative organism.In humans it is prevalent in two forms – Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) [caused by Echinococcus granulosus] and Alveolar Echinococcosis (AE)[caused by Echinococcus multilocularis]. Humans are the accidental intermediate host; they are being affected by drinking water or eating food contaminated with parasite eggs or by direct contact with infected animal hosts like dogs. In humans, the most commonly affected organ is Liver followed by the Lungs. The main investigational tool is Ultrasonography but Computed Tomography (CT) and serological tests are also helpful in the diagnosis of Liver Hydatid Cysts (LHC). Although PAIR technique is the most important modality of therapy along with medical treatment, surgery has got a great role in the management of the entire spectrum of the disease. Nowadays, various Laparoscopic techniques have been safely used to improve the morbidity and mortality associated with the surgical management of the disease, and is the only other therapeutic option used all over the World. Prevention programme includes, public awareness and Education, dog deworming and slaughterhouse hygiene.

Prevalence of Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis in sheltered dogs in southern Aburrá Valley, Colombia

Background: Bacteria of the Anaplasmataceae family and canine hemoparasitic protozoans transmitted by ticks are common in Colombia due to circulation and biological adaptation of vector Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.). Objective: To detect the circulation of Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis in sheltered dogs in three municipalities in southern Aburrá Valley, province of Antioquia, Colombia. Methods: Primers were used to amplify the 16S rRNA associated with the Anaplasmataceae family, dsb for Ehrlichia sp. and 18S rRNA for Hepatozoon sp. Results: Of the 357 samples of venous blood obtained, representing all the sheltered dogs in the study zone, Ehrlichia canis DNA was detected in 2.2% of individuals, showing identity of 100% with previous sequences from the GenBank. Hepatozoon canis showed 8.7% (31/357) prevalence of infection, with 100% identity to genotypes from Japan, Brazil, and Spain. Only one sequence of H. canis exhibited a phylogenic divergence concerning H. canis previously reported in Brazil and the Old World. Conclusions: This study confirms the circulation of E. canis and H. canis in asymptomatic shelter dogs in the south-central zone of the Aburrá Valley, province of Antioquia, Colombia. The present study is the first molecular detection of H. canis in the Province of Antioquia and the third report of canine hepatozoonosis from Colombia, highlighting the importance of considering this agent in veterinary clinic.

Antecedentes: Los agentes patógenos transmitidos por garrapatas, tales como las bacterias de la familia Anaplasmataceae y los protozoos hemoparasitarios caninos, son comunes en Colombia debido a la circulación y la adaptación biológica del vector Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.). Objetivo: Detectar la circulación de Ehrlichia canis y Hepatozoon canis en perros protegidos en tres municipios del sur del Valle de Aburrá, departamento de Antioquia, Colombia. Métodos: Se usaron cebadores para amplificar el gen 16S rRNA asociado con la familia Anaplasmataceae y el gen dsb para Ehrlichia sp. y el 18S rRNA para Hepatozoon sp. Resultados: De las 357 muestras de sangre venosa obtenidas, que representan a todos los perros de albergues en la zona de estudio, 2,2% fueron positivas para Ehrlichia canis, con 100% de identidad con secuencias anteriores publicadas en todo el mundo. Hepatozoon canis mostró una prevalencia de infección del 8,7% (31/357), con una identidad del 100% con genotipos de Japón, Brasil y España. Solo una secuencia de H. canis exhibió divergencia filogénica en relación con H. canis previamente reportada en Brasil y el Viejo Mundo. Conclusiones: Este estudio confirma la circulación de E. canis y H. canis en perros asintomáticos de albergues en la zona centro-sur del Valle de Aburrá, departamento de Antioquia, Colombia. El presente estudio es la primera detección molecular en el Departamento de Antioquia y el tercer reporte de hepatozoonosis canina de Colombia destacando la importancia de considerar este agente en la clínica veterinaria.

Antecedentes: Agentes patogênicos transmitidos por carrapatos, como bactérias da família Anaplasmataceae e protozoários hemoparasitários caninos, são comuns na Colômbia devido à circulação e adaptação biológica do vetor Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.). Objetivo: Detectar Ehrlichia canis e Hepatozoon canis em cães abrigados em três municípios do sul do vale de Aburrá, departamento de Antioquia, Colômbia. Métodos: Os primers foram utilizados para amplificar o rRNA 16S associado à família Anaplasmataceae, o dsb para Ehrlichia sp. e o rRNA 18S para Hepatozoon sp. Resultados: Das 357 amostras de sangue venoso obtidas, representando todos os cães abrigados na zona de estudo, 2,2% foram positivas para Ehrlichia canis, com 100% de identidade com sequências anteriores publicadas em todo o mundo. Hepatozoon canis mostrou uma prevalência de infecção de 8,7% (31/357), com 100% de identidade com genótipos do Japão, Brasil e Espanha. Apenas uma sequência de H. canis apresentou divergência filogênica em relação a H. canis previamente relatados no Brasil e no Velho Mundo. Conclusões: Este estudo confirma a circulação de E. canis e H. canis em cães de abrigo assintomáticos na zona centro-sul do vale de Aburrá, departamento de Antioquia, Colômbia. O presente estudo é a primeira detecção molecular no Departamento de Antioquia e o terceiro relato de hepatozoonose canina na Colômbia, destacando a importância de considerar este agente na clínica veterinária.

Protective effect of pre-perfusion with improved St.Thomas solution on skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury in dogs / 中华显微外科杂志

Objective:To explore the protective effect and mechanism of improved St. Thomas solution on canine skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI).Methods:Between March 2021 and September 2021, in the experimental operating room at the Air Force Hospital of the PLA Eastern Theater Command, 16 Beagles were randomly divided into control group, IRI group, IRI+NS group, and improved St. Thomas group, 4 in each group. The canine skeletal muscle IRI model was established, and the canine vital signs were monitored by pre-perfusion with improved St. Thomas perfusate [potassium chloride (KCl), magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4), and NaHCO 3 (pH adjusted)]. The pathological damage of canine skeletal muscle was explored by hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining, electron microscope detection and tissue wet/dry weight ratio, and blood vessel density. Hypoxia performances were detected by labeling blood vessels and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). The IRI model of L6 rat myoblasts was established, and the components of St. Thomas perfusion solution were pre incubated to explore the effect on the inhibition of cell proliferation. And by detecting reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), F2 isoprostane (F2-isoprostane), interleukin 1β(IL-1β), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), myeloperoxide enzyme (MPO), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), etc. to explore its protective mechanism. Statistical software SPSS 23.0 was used for statistical analysis, A P<0.05 was set as statistically significant. Results:In the improved St. Thomas group, the vital signs of the dogs were relatively stable, the amount of maintained dopamine was less, the histopathological structure of the gastrocnemius muscle tended to be intact, the swelling of tissue cells and mitochondria was significantly relieved, and the tissue wet/dry weight ratio was less than that in the IRI group ( P=0.046). Pre-incubated with therapeutic doses of MgSO 4 or NaHCO 3, the proliferation rate of L6 cells was higher than that of IRI group ( P<0.01, P=0.005), NADPH ( P=0.004, P=0.001), F2-isoprostane ( P<0.01, P=0.01), IL-1β ( P=0.02, P=0.015), TNF-α ( P<0.01, P<0.01), MPO ( P<0.01, P<0.01) were all lower than those in the IRI group, except GSH-Px that was higher than what in the IRI group ( P<0.01). Conclusion:Pre-perfusion of the improved St. Thomas solution can stabilise the vital signs of dogs in a short period of time. The solution can improve the state of skeletal muscle cells, improve tissue hypoxia, and reduce the damage of skeletal muscle tissue cells through anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress.