Interspecific association between two primatespecies in an urban park / Associação interespecífica entre duas espécies de primatas em um parque urbano

As with Amazonian primates, mixed associations between species in the Atlantic Forest are also influenced by ecological factors. However, Atlantic Forest primates may face additional challenges, such as isolation pressures and fragmentation of forest habitats, which may increase the frequency of these arrangements. The main of this work is to report a sympatry with possible interaction between individuals of two species of primates of the Pitheciidae and Callitrichidae families: Callicebus nigrifrons (Spix 1823) and Callithrix aurita (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1812) in an urban park in the south of the state of Minas Gerais. Individuals were observed interacting during foraging and displacement. The association of individuals of the two species can be explained by the low quality of the forest fragment, as it can increases the chances of obtaining food resources and configures a dilution strategy against predator attacks.

Assim como ocorre com os primatas amazônicos, as associações mistas entre espécies na Mata Atlântica também são influenciadas por fatores ecológicos. No entanto, os primatas da Mata Atlântica podem enfrentar desafios adicionais, como pressões de isolamento e fragmentação de habitats florestais, que podem aumentar a frequência desses arranjos. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um relato de simpatia com possível interação entre indivíduos de duas espécies de primatas das famílias Pitheciidae e Callitrichidae: Callicebus nigrifrons (Spix 1823) e Callithrix Resumo aurita (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1812) em um parque urbano no sul do estado de Minas Gerais. Foram observados indivíduos interagindo durante o forrageio e deslocamento. A associação de indivíduos das duas espécies pode ser explicada devido à baixa qualidade do fragmento florestal, pois pode aumentar as chances de obter recursos alimentares e configura uma estratégia de diluição de contra-ataques de predadores.

First record of the coypu Myocastor coypus (Molina, 1782)for the Arthur Thomas Municipal Park in themunicipality of Londrina, Paraná / Primeiro registro de ratão-do-banhado Myocastor coypus(Molina, 1782) para o Parque Municipal ArthurThomas no município de Londrina, Paraná

Myocastor coypus (coypu or nutria) is considered one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world due to its risk to local wildlife, such as waterfowl, zoonotic risks, and environmental damage, such as riverbank erosion, arising from its habit of constructing burrows along the edge of water bodies. The presence of M. coypus is already known locally in the municipality of Londrina based on records at Igapó Lake. This paper presents the first record of M. coypus in Arthur Thomas Municipal Park, a Conservation Unit of Integral Protection located in the urban area of Londrina. The records were obtained through direct observation of one live individual and one carcass during campaigns to monitor medium and large mammals. Subsequently, ten records were obtained using camera traps, of unknown gender, located near waterbodies. We emphasize the need for continuous fauna monitoring in conservation units to detect and verify potential increases in invasive alien species populations that can result in environmental damage.

A espécie Myocastor coypus (ratão-do-banhado) é considerada uma das 100 piores espécies invasoras do mundo por representar risco para a fauna local, como aves aquáticas, e risco de zoonoses, além de causar danos ambientais, como desbarrancamento de encostas de rios, devido ao seu hábito de construção de tocas nas margens de corpos d'água. A presença de M. coypus já é conhecida localmente no município de Londrina a partir de registros no Lago Igapó. Assim, este estudo apresenta o primeiro registro de M. coypus no Parque Municipal Arthur Thomas, uma Unidade de Conservação de Proteção Integral localizada na zona urbana de Londrina. Os registros foram obtidos através da observação direta de um indivíduo vivo e uma carcaça durante campanhas de monitoramento de mamíferos de médio e grande porte. Posteriormente foram obtidos dez registros por armadilha fotográfica de indivíduos de sexo desconhecido, próximos a corpos d'água. Enfatiza-se a necessidade do monitoramento contínuo da fauna em áreas de conservação para a detecção do potencial aumento na população de espécies exóticas e invasoras que podem causar severos danos ambientais.

Modelos de distribución de especies y estado de conservación de murciélagos amenazados en la región tumbesina de Ecuador y Perú / Species distribution models and conservation status of threatened bats in the Tumbesian region of Ecuador and Perú

Resumen Introducción: La biodiversidad se está perdiendo a un ritmo acelerado como resultado del cambio global. Herramientas como los modelos de distribución de especies (MDEs) han sido ampliamente usados para mejorar el conocimiento sobre el estado de conservación de las especies y ayudar a desarrollar estrategias de gestión para mitigar la pérdida de biodiversidad. Objetivo: Determinar cómo la distribución potencial predicha por los MDEs para ocho especies de murciélagos amenazados difiere de los mapas de distribución reportados por la UICN. También, inferir el área de distribución y estado de endemismo de cada especie, y evaluar la importancia de la región tumbesina para su conservación. Métodos: Basados en registros de presencia del rango global de las especies, usamos MDEs para evaluar el estado de conservación de estas ocho especies en la región tumbesina de Ecuador y Perú. Resultados: Las áreas estimadas por los MDEs eran 35-78 % más pequeñas para cuatro especies (Eptesicus innoxius, Lophostoma occidentale, Platalina genovensium y Lonchophylla hesperia) y 26-1 600 % más grandes para tres especies (Amorphochilus schnablii, Promops davisoni y Rhogeessa velilla) que aquellas reportadas por la UICN. Para Tomopeas ravus, el área estimada por el MDE y la UICN fue similar, pero difirió en la distribución espacial. Los MDEs coincidieron con áreas de endemismo informadas por autores previos para E. innoxius, R. velilla y T. ravus, pero fueron diferentes para A. schnablii, P. genovensium, P. davisoni y L. hesperia, debido en parte a las distribuciones proyectadas para estas últimas especies en valles secos interandinos según los MDEs. Conclusiones: La región tumbesina representa una porción significativa (40-96 %) de la distribución predicha de siete de las ocho especies estudiadas, subrayando la importancia de esta región para la conservación de murciélagos. Nuestros resultados muestran las probables distribuciones para estas especies y proporcionan una base importante para identificar vacíos de investigación y desarrollar medidas de conservación para murciélagos amenazados en el punto caliente de biodiversidad de Tumbes.

Abstract Introduction: Biodiversity is being lost at an accelerating rate because of global change. Tools such as species distribution models (SDMs) have been widely used to improve knowledge about species' conservation status and help develop management strategies to mitigate biodiversity loss. SDMs are especially important for species with restricted distributions, such as endemic species. Objective: To determine how potential distribution predicted by SDMs for eight threatened bat species differed from the distribution maps reported by the IUCN. Also, to infer the area of distribution and state of endemism of each specie, and to evaluate the importance of the Tumbesian region for their conservation. Methods: Based on presence records across the species' entire ranges, we used SDMs to assess the conservation status of these eight species in the Tumbesian region of Ecuador and Peru. Results: The areas estimated by SDMs were 35-78 % smaller for four species (Eptesicus innoxius, Lophostoma occidentale, Platalina genovensium and Lonchophylla hesperia) and 26-1 600 % larger for three species (Amorphochilus schnablii, Promops davisoni and Rhogeessa velilla) than those reported by the IUCN. For Tomopeas ravus, the area estimated by the SDM and IUCN was similar but differed in spatial distribution. SDMs coincided with areas of endemism reported by previous authors for E. innoxius, R. velilla, and T. ravus, but were different for A. schnablii, P. genovensium, P. davisoni, and L. hesperia, due in part to projected distributions for these latter species in dry inter-Andean valleys according to the SDMs. Conclusions: The Tumbesian region represents a significant portion (40-96 %) of the predicted distribution of seven of the eight species studied, underscoring the importance of this region for bat conservation. Our results show likely distributions for these species and provide an important basis for identifying research gaps and developing conservation measures for threatened bats in the Tumbes biodiversity hotspot.

Environmental sympatry through time: spatio-temporal distribution and conservation status of two sympatric anuran species (Leptodactylidae) in South America / Simpatría ambiental a través del tiempo: distribución espacio-temporal y estado de conservación de dos especies de anuros simpátricos (Leptodactylidae) en América del Sur

Abstract Introduction: Leptodactylus latinasus and Physalaemus cuqui are sympatric anuran species with similar environmental requirements and contrasting reproductive modes. Climatic configuration determines distribution patterns and promotes sympatry of environmental niches, but specificity/selectivity determines the success of reproductive modes. Species distribution models (SDM) are a valuable tool to predict spatio-temporal distributions based on the extrapolation of environmental predictors. Objectives: To determine the spatio-temporal distribution of environmental niches and assess whether the protected areas of the World Database of Protected Areas (WDPA) allow the conservation of these species in the current scenario and future. Methods: We applied different algorithms to predict the distribution and spatio-temporal overlap of environmental niches of L. latinasus and P. cuqui within South America in the last glacial maximum (LGM), middle-Holocene, current and future scenarios. We assess the conservation status of both species with the WDPA conservation units. Results: All applied algorithms showed high performance for both species (TSS = 0.87, AUC = 0.95). The L. latinasus predictions showed wide environmental niches from LGM to the current scenario (49 % stable niches, 37 % gained niches, and 13 % lost niches), suggesting historical fidelity to stable climatic-environmental regions. In the current-future transition, L. latinasus would increase the number of stable (70 %) and lost (20 %) niches, suggesting fidelity to lowland regions and a possible trend toward microendemism. P. cuqui loses environmental niches from the LGM to the current scenario (25 %) and in the current-future transition (63 %), increasing the environmental sympathy between both species; 31 % spatial overlap in the current scenario and 70 % in the future. Conclusion: Extreme drought events and rainfall variations, derived from climate change, suggest the loss of environmental niches for these species that are not currently threatened but are not adequately protected by conservation units. The loss of environmental niches increases spatial sympatry which represents a new challenge for anurans and the conservation of their populations.

Resumen Introducción: Leptodactylus latinasus y Physalaemus cuqui son especies de anuros simpátricos con requerimientos ambientales similares y modos reproductivos contrastantes. La configuración climática determina los patrones de distribución y promueve la simpatría de los nichos ambientales, pero la especificidad/selectividad determina el éxito de los modos reproductivos. Los modelos de distribución de especies (MDE) son una herramienta valiosa para predecir distribuciones espacio-temporales basadas en la extrapolación de predictores ambientales. Objetivos: Determinar la distribución espacio-temporal de los nichos ambientales y evaluar si las áreas protegidas de la base de Datos Mundial de Áreas Protegidas (DMAP) permiten la conservación de estas especies en el escenario actual y futuro. Métodos: Aplicamos diferentes algoritmos para predecir la distribución y superposición espacio-temporal de nichos ambientales de L. latinasus y P. cuqui dentro de América del Sur en el último máximo glacial (UGM), Holoceno medio, actual y futuro. Evaluamos el estado de conservación de ambas especies con las unidades de conservación de la DMAP. Resultados: Todos los algoritmos aplicados mostraron un alto rendimiento para ambas especies (TSS = 0.87, AUC = 0.95). Las predicciones de L. latinasus mostraron amplios nichos ambientales desde LGM hasta el escenario actual (49 % de nichos estables, 37 % de nichos ganados y 13 % de nichos perdidos), sugiriendo fidelidad histórica por regiones climático-ambientales estables. En la transición actual-futura L. latinasus incrementaría la cantidad de nichos estables (70 %) y perdidos (20 %), sugiriendo fidelidad por regiones de tierras bajas y la posible tendencia hacia el microendemismo. P. cuqui pierde nichos ambientales desde el LGM al escenario actual (25 %) y en la transición actual-futura (63 %), incrementando la simpatría ambiental entre ambas especies; 31 % de superposición espacial en el escenario actual y 70 % en el futuro. Conclusión: Los eventos de sequía extrema y las variaciones de precipitaciones, derivados del cambio climático, sugieren la pérdida de nichos ambientales para estas especies, actualmente no se encuentran amenazadas, pero no están adecuadamente protegidas por las unidades de conservación. La pérdida de nichos ambientales aumenta la simpatría espacial que representa un nuevo desafío para estos anuros y la conservación de sus poblaciones.

Aframomum subsericeum and Aframomum alboviolaceum leaf essential oils exhibit testosterone antagonistic and oestrogen synergic effects in male Wistar rats: potential candidates for prostate cancer treatment

Background: Aframomum species are routinely used as spices in many traditional Cameroonian meals due to their sweet fragrance. Many species of the Aframomum species are also used to treat cancer, pain, arthritis, and stomach disorders. This work was performed to determine the chemical composition, antiandrogenic, and estrogenic properties of Aframomum subsericeum and Aframomum alboviolaceum leaf essential oils. Methods: The chemical components of A. subsericeum and A. alboviolaceum essential oils were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The anti-androgenic and estrogenic properties were investigated in vivo in physically and chemically castrated Wistar rats, respectively. Results: Fifteen compounds versus nine compounds were identified in A. subsericeum and A. alboviolaceum essential oils, respectively. The main compounds of Aframomum subsericeum were cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene) (10.03%), ?-terpine (12.22%), and myrtenyl acetate (8.52%), while those of Aframomum alboviolaceum were ?-terpinene (20.07%), caryophyllene (11.58%), myrtenyl acetate (7.22%), and (1R)2, 6, 6 trimethylbicyclo [3.1.1] hept-2-ene (6.97%). The results of the anti-androgenic test reveal that both A. subsericeum and A. alboviolaceum induced a significant decrease in androgen-dependent organs, especially the prostate and seminal vesicle, at doses of 200 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg. Interestingly, A. alboviolaceum showed oestrogen synergic effects on the above organs. Conclusions: So, this study reveals mainly the presence of diterpenoids in both A. subsericeum and A. alboviolaceum, which are potential candidates for prostate cancer treatment. The in vivo results show that Aframomum leaf essential has antiandrogenic and oestrogen synergic properties, suggesting that the oils could provide a safe natural drug for prostate cancer treatment.

Trophic ecology of Brycon henni (Pisces: Bryconidae) in Nare and Guatapé Rivers, Magdalena River basin, Colombia / Ecología trófica de Brycon henni (Pisces: Bryconidae) en afluentes de los Ríos Nare y Guatapé, cuenca del río Magdalena, Colombia

ABSTRACT Understanding the trophic ecology of fish and how they use resources in space and time is important to support conservation and management actions. The trophic ecology of Brycon henni in the Nare and Guatapé rivers, Magdalena river basin, Colombia was determined. Five field samplings were carried out between October 2007 and January 2010, in rainy, dry, and dry-to-rainy transition periods. Stomachs of 262 specimens were collected. A Kruskall-Wallis analysis and a Mann-Whitney pairwise comparison test was performed to detect differences in the alimentary importance index of each food category between sex, size class, hydrological period and basins (Nare vs Guatapé). The Levin's Measure of Niche Breadth and the Morisita's Diet Overlapping Index were calculated to establish differences between size class in the different hydrological periods. Vegetable material was the most important food item, followed by Insecta, and fish. Individuals from Guatapé basin consumed more plant material and fish and fewer insects. We observed increased consumption of plant material and fish in ontogeny. Levin's niche breadth was lower and diet overlapping between individuals of length classes was higher during rainy period because the diet was mainly based on plant material. The diet of B. henni was composed mainly of plant material and Insects, and to a lesser extent from other groups such as fish, crustaceans and arachnids.

RESUMEN La comprensión de la ecología trófica de los peces y la forma en que utilizan los recursos en el espacio y en el tiempo es importante para la toma de acciones para su conservación y manejo. Se determinó la ecología trófica de Brycon henni en los ríos Nare y Guatapé, cuenca del río Magdalena, Colombia. Se realizaron cinco muestreos entre octubre de 2007 y enero de 2010, en periodos de lluvia, seca y transición de seca a lluvia. Se recolectaron estómagos de 262 ejemplares. Para detectar diferencias en el índice de importancia alimentaria de cada categoría de alimentos entre sexo, clase de talla, período hidrológico y cuencas se realizó un análisis de Kruskall-Wallis y una prueba de Mann-Whitney. Se calculó la amplitud del nicho de Levin y el Índice de superposición de dieta de Morisita para establecer diferencias entre clases de talla en diferentes períodos hidrológicos. El material vegetal fue el alimento más importante, seguido de Insecta y peces. Los individuos de la cuenca del Guatapé consumieron más material vegetal y peces, y menos insectos. Se detectó mayor consumo de material vegetal y de peces en individuos de mayor tamaño. La amplitud de nicho fue menor y la superposición entre clases de talla fue mayor en temporada de lluvias porque la dieta se basó principalmente en material vegetal. La dieta de B. henni estuvo compuesta principalmente por material vegetal e insectos y en menor proporción de otros grupos como peces, crustáceos y arácnidos.

Principios, aplicaciones y efectos de la aplicación de plasma frío en alimentos: una revisión actualizada

En el ámbito de las tecnologías no térmicas para el procesamiento de alimentos, la aplicación de plasma frío destaca por su rápido crecimiento y amplias proyecciones. El plasma frío se genera aplicando energía que ioniza un gas específico, lo que produce especies altamente reactivas como las reactivas de oxígeno y nitrógeno, además de ozono, iones, radicales libres y radiación ultravioleta. Las configuraciones más comunes para su generación incluyen la descarga de barrera dieléctrica y la descarga corona. Sus aplicaciones y efectos clave abarcan la destrucción de biofilms, inactivación de microorganismos, descontaminación de micotoxinas, degradación de pesticidas y modificación de almidones, entre otros. Los mecanismos de acción propuestos varían desde modificaciones químicas y moleculares hasta lisis celular y daño genético. Este artículo proporciona una visión general actualizada sobre los principios, generación y aplicaciones del plasma frío en la industria alimentaria.

In the field of non-thermal food processing technologies, the application of cold plasma stands out for its rapid growth and broad prospects. Cold plasma is generated by applying energy to ionize a specific gas, producing highly reactive species such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, as well as ozone, ions, free radicals, and ultraviolet radiation. The most common configurations for generating cold plasma include dielectric barrier discharge and corona discharge. Key applications and effects include the destruction of biofilms, inactivation of microorganisms, decontamination of mycotoxins, degradation of pesticides, and modification of starches, among others. Proposed mechanisms of action range from chemical and molecular modifications to cellular lysis and genetic damage. This article provides an updated overview of the principles, generation, and applications of cold plasma technology in the food industry.

Effect of octreotide on oxidative stress in the erythrocyte and kidney tissue in adriamycin-induced experimental nephrotic syndrome model / Efeito do octreotide no estresse oxidativo em eritrócitos e no tecido renal no modelo de síndrome nefrótica experimental induzida por adriamicina

Abstract Introduction: Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is one of the reasons of end-stage kidney disease, and elucidating the pathogenesis and offer new treatment options is important. Oxidative stress might trigger pathogenesis systemically or isolated in the kidneys. Octreotide (OCT) has beneficial antioxidant effects. We aimed to investigate the source of oxidative stress and the effect of OCT on experimental NS model. Methods: Twenty-four non-uremic Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups. Control group, 2 mL saline intramuscular (im); NS group, adriamycin 5 mg/kg intravenous (iv); NS treatment group, adriamycin 5 mg/kg (iv) and OCT 200 mcg/kg (im) were administered at baseline (Day 0). At the end of 21 days, creatinine and protein levels were measured in 24-hour urine samples. Erythrocyte and renal catalase (CAT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) were measured. Renal histology was also evaluated. Results: There was no significant difference among the 3 groups in terms of CAT and TBARS in erythrocytes. Renal CAT level was lowest in NS group, and significantly lower than the control group. In treatment group, CAT level significantly increased compared with NS group. In terms of renal histology, tubular and interstitial evaluations were similar in all groups. Glomerular score was significantly higher in NS group compared with control group and it was significantly decreased in treatment group compared to NS group. Conclusions: Oxidative stress in NS might be due to the decrease in antioxidant protection mechanism in kidney. Octreotide improves antioxidant levels and histology in renal tissue and might be a treatment option.

Resumo Introdução: Síndrome nefrótica (SN) é uma das causas de doença renal em estágio terminal. É importante elucidar a patogênese e oferecer novas opções de tratamento. Estresse oxidativo pode desencadear a patogênese sistemicamente ou isoladamente nos rins. O octreotide (OCT) tem efeitos antioxidantes benéficos. Nosso objetivo foi investigar a fonte de estresse oxidativo e efeito do OCT no modelo experimental de SN. Métodos: Dividimos 24 ratos albinos Wistar não urêmicos em 3 grupos. Grupo controle, 2 mL de solução salina intramuscular (im); grupo SN, adriamicina 5 mg/kg intravenosa (iv); grupo tratamento SN, adriamicina 5 mg/kg (iv) e OCT 200 mcg/kg (im) foram administrados no início do estudo (Dia 0). Aos 21 dias, mediram-se os níveis de creatinina e proteína em amostras de urina de 24 horas. Mediu-se a catalase (CAT) eritrocitária e renal e a substância reativa ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). Avaliou-se também histologia renal. Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa entre os três grupos em termos de CAT e TBARS em eritrócitos. O nível de CAT renal foi menor no grupo SN e significativamente menor que no grupo controle. No grupo tratamento, o nível de CAT aumentou significativamente em comparação com o grupo SN. Quanto à histologia renal, as avaliações tubular e intersticial foram semelhantes em todos os grupos. O escore glomerular foi significativamente maior no grupo SN em comparação com o grupo controle e diminuiu significativamente no grupo de tratamento em comparação com o grupo SN. Conclusões: Estresse oxidativo na SN pode ser devido à diminuição do mecanismo de proteção antioxidante nos rins. O octreotide melhora níveis de antioxidantes e histologia do tecido renal e pode ser uma opção de tratamento.

Synergy between isobavachalcone and doxorubicin suppressed the progression of anaplastic thyroid cancer through ferroptosis activation

The objective of this study was to explore the effects and mechanisms of the combination of isobavachalcone (IBC) and doxorubicin (DOX) on the progression of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). Cell viability of 8505C and CAL62 cells was observed by CCK-8 assay. Kits were used to detect the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and cellular iron. Protein expression of solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) was detected using western blot, and CD31 was detected through immunofluorescence. Tumor xenograft models of 8505C cells were constructed to observe the effect of IBC and DOX on ATC growth in vivo. The co-administration of IBC and DOX exhibited a synergistic effect of suppressing the growth of 8505C and CAL62 cells. The concurrent use of IBC and DOX resulted in elevated iron, ROS, and MDA levels, while reducing GSH levels and protein expression of SLC7A11 and GPX4. However, the Fer-1 ferroptosis inhibitor effectively counteracted this effect. In vitro and in vivo, the inhibitory effect on ATC cell proliferation and tumor growth was significantly enhanced by the combination of IBC and DOX. The combination of IBC and DOX can inhibit the growth of ATC by activating ferroptosis, and might prove to be a potent chemotherapy protocol for addressing ATC.

A new species of Cosmetocleithrum (Monogenea, Dactylogyridae) from the gills of Auchenipterichthys coracoideus (Siluriformes, Auchenipteridae) from the Peruvian Amazonia / Una nueva especie de Cosmetocleithrum (Monogenea, Dactylogyridae) de las branquias de Auchenipterichthys coracoideus (Siluriformes, Auchenipteridae) de la Amazonía peruana

Abstract In this study, a new species of Monogenoidea, Cosmetocleithrum amazonensis n. sp., parasitizing the gills of the silurid Auchenipterichthys coracoideus (Eigenmann & Allen, 1942), is documented. Cosmetocleithrum amazonensis n. sp. is distinguished from all other congeners by possessing an elongated, sclerotized, and sinuous male copulatory organ (MCO) with poorly defined spirals, a sclerotized border at the base, and the distal region supported by the accessory piece. The accessory piece is a single, robust, and non-articulated plate with the MCO. This study presents the third record of a Monogenoidea species in an Auchenipteridae (Siluriformes) host from Peru.

Resumen En este trabajo se registra una nueva especie de Monogenoidea, Cosmetocleithrum amazonensis n. sp., parasitando las branquias del silurido Auchenipterichthys coracoideus (Eigenmann & Allen, 1942). Cosmetocleithrum amazonensis n. sp. se distingue de todas las demás especies congéneres por poseer un órgano copulador masculino (OCM) tubo alargado, esclerotizado y sinuoso, con espirales poco definidos, base con borde esclerotizado y con la región distal apoyada sobre la pieza accesoria. La pieza accesoria es una placa única, robusta y no articulada con el OCM. En este estudio se presenta el tercer registro de una especie de Monogenoidea en un hospedero Auchenipteridae (Siluriformes) del Perú.

Nototriche chancoae (Malvoideae, Malvaceae), una especie nueva de los Andes de Lima, Perú / Nototriche chancoae (Malvoideae, Malvaceae), a new species from the Andes of Lima, Peru

Resumen Se describe e ilustra a Nototriche chancoae, una nueva especie de los Andes de Lima, Perú. Esta especie se relaciona con N. glacialis, N. nigrescens y N. congesta por presentar láminas flabeliformes, hipófilo piloso, lado interno del cáliz piloso hacia el ápice de los lóbulos y corola con tubo presente; se distingue por tener vaginas más anchas y lado externo del cáliz con tubo glabro. Se incluyen la descripción, ilustración y fotografías de la especie nueva, así como también, una clave dicotómica de las especies de Nototriche más afines en morfología a N. chancoae.

Abstract Nototriche chancoae, a new species from the Andes of Lima, Peru, is described and illustrated. This species is related to N. glacialis, N. nigrescens and N. congesta in having flabellate laminae, hairy hypophyllum, inner side of the hairy calyx towards the apex of the lobes and corolla with tube present; It is distinguished by having wider vaginas and the outer side of the calyx with glabrous tube. The description, illustration and photographs of the new species are included, as well as a dichotomous key to the Nototriche species most similar in morphology to N. chancoae.

Research progress on association between macrophages and ischemia-reperfusion injury / 器官移植

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is an extremely complicated pathophysiological process, which may occur during the process of myocardial infarction, stroke, organ transplantation and temporary interruption of blood flow during surgery, etc. As key molecules of immune system, macrophages play a vital role in the pathogenesis of IRI. M1 macrophages are pro-inflammatory cells and participate in the elimination of pathogens. M2 macrophages exert anti-inflammatory effect and participate in tissue repair and remodeling and extracellular matrix remodeling. The balance between macrophage phenotypes is of significance for the outcome and treatment of IRI. This article reviewed the role of macrophages in IRI, including the balance between M1/M2 macrophage phenotype, the mechanism of infiltration and recruitment into different ischemic tissues. In addition, the potential therapeutic strategies of targeting macrophages during IRI were also discussed, aiming to provide reference for alleviating IRI and promoting tissue repair.

Down-regulation of XBP1s alleviates the senescence of renal tubular epithelial cells induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation through Sirt3/SOD2/mtROS signaling pathway / 器官移植

Objective To investigate the role and mechanism of spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) in the senescence of primary renal tubular epithelial cells induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). Methods Primary renal tubular epithelial cells were divided into the normal control group (NC group), H/R group, empty adenovirus negative control group (Ad-shNC group), targeted silencing XBP1s adenovirus group (Ad-shXBP1s group), empty adenovirus+H/R treatment group (Ad-shNC+H/R group) and targeted silencing XBP1s adenovirus+H/R treatment group (Ad-shXBP1s +H/R group), respectively. The expression levels of XBP1s in the NC, H/R, Ad-shNC and Ad-shXBP1s groups were measured. The number of cells stained with β-galactosidase, the expression levels of cell aging markers including p53, p21 and γH2AX, and the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined in the Ad-shNC, Ad-shNC+H/R and Ad-shXBP1s+H/R groups. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was employed to verify Sirtuin 3 (Sirt3) of XBP1s transcription regulation, and the expression levels of Sirt3 and downstream SOD2 after down-regulation of XBP1s were detected. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) were detected by flow cytometry. Results Compared with the NC group, the expression level of XBP1s was up-regulated in the H/R group. Compared with the Ad-shNC group, the expression level of XBP1s was down-regulated in the Ad-shXBP1s group (both P<0.001). Compared with the Ad-shNC group, the number of cells stained with β-galactosidase was increased, the expression levels of p53, p21 and γH2AX were up-regulated, the levels of ROS, MDA and mtROS were increased, the SOD activity was decreased, the expression level of Sirt3 was down-regulated, and the ratio of Ac-SOD2/SOD2 was increased in the Ad-shNC+H/R group. Compared with the Ad-shNC+H/R group, the number of cells stained with β-galactosidase was decreased, the expression levels of p53, p21 and γH2AX were down-regulated, the levels of ROS, MDA and mtROS were decreased, the SOD activity was increased, the expression level of Sirt3 was up-regulated and the ratio of Ac-SOD2/SOD2 was decreased in the Ad-shXBP1s+H/R group (all P<0.05). Conclusions Down-regulation of XBP1s may ameliorate the senescence of primary renal tubular epithelial cells induced by H/R, which probably plays a role through the Sirt3/SOD2/mtROS signaling pathway.

Herbal Textual Research on Euryales Semen in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

This paper systematically combed and verified the name， origin， producing area， quality evaluation， harvesting， processing of Euryales Semen in famous classical formulas by consulting relevant ancient materia medica， medical books， prescription books and modern literature. The results showed that Euryales Semen was first collected by materia medica under the name of Jitoushi， and since the Ming dynasty， Qianshi has been used as a proper name and continues to this day， with other aliases such as Yanhuishi. Euryale ferox， a plant of the Nymphaeaceae family， is the same as that used in the past dynasties. However， due to long-term artificial domestication， the varieties vary with the origin， including Beiqian and Suqian. The medicinal part of Euryales Semen is mature seed kernel， its origin of ancient records mainly includes Shandong， Jiangsu， Henan and other places， since the Ming and Qing dynasties， Euryales Semen produced in Suzhou has been highly praised. Since modern times， it has gradually summarized and formed the best quality evaluation method of Euryales Semen with full grains， white cross-section， powdery enough and no broken powder. The harvesting time in the past dynasties was mainly August or in autumn. The main processing methods in the past dynasties included peeling for powder， pounding powder after steaming， drying and frying. Up to now， two mainstream processing methods of cleansing and stir-frying have been formed. Based on the research results， it is recommended that the mature seed kernel of E. ferox be used in famous classical formula Yihuangtang. Combined with the processing requirements of the original formula， it is suggested to refer to the stir-frying method in the general principles of processing of the current edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

Quality Improvement Pathway of Cultivated Chinese Medicinal Materials Based on Physiological Ecology of Plants Under Adversity / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The quality of Chinese medicinal materials is related to the environment， with an optimal quality under adversity. The origin of Chinese medicinal materials has converted from wild collection to cultivation， and a better cultivation environment leads to a decline in their quality. At present， there are few effective methods to improve the quality of Chinese medicinal materials. Plants are bound to produce a large amount of reactive oxygen species （ROS） under adversity， and the quality improvement of Chinese medicinal materials under adversity may be achieved through ROS. This paper described the relationship between plant adversity-ROS-secondary metabolism： ROS can alter the structure of proteins （including enzymes） and regulate enzyme activities， thus affecting secondary metabolism to improve the adaptive capacity of plants. Therefore， ROS is the essential cause of adversity changing secondary metabolism. The cells of plants are omnipotent， and the medicinal parts of plants can independently complete the whole process of secondary metabolism， so regulation of secondary metabolism during the processing of fresh Chinese medicinal materials can significantly improve the quality of Chinese medicinal materials. Exogenous ROS can be used as inducible factors to stimulate medicinal parts， inducing a physiological state of fresh medicinal parts similar to that under adversity， thus enhancing secondary metabolism， and improving the contents of active ingredients in Chinese medicinal materials. In addition， the content and ratio of each ingredient in Chinese medicinal materials are closer to those of wild Chinese medicinal materials. The mechanism of plant adaptation to adversity is the mechanism of the quality formation of Chinese medicinal materials， and the application of ROS as inducible factors can provide a new pathway for the production of high-quality Chinese medicinal materials.

Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease by Traditional Chinese Medicine via Regulating ROS： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The pathological mechanism of Alzheimer's disease （AD） is complex， and there are many hypotheses. The mainstream theory is the amyloid-beta protein （Aβ） and Tau protein phosphorylation. Oxidative stress （OS） is a bridge between other hypotheses and mechanisms and plays a key role in many hypotheses. Therefore， the treatment of OS in AD （ADOS） is beneficial in alleviating disease progression. Reactive oxygen species （ROS） is a kind of antioxidant and a kind of oxidation products， with Aβ and Tau protein interactions， activating microglia and astrocytes， triggering inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction， leading to the deterioration of the environment in the brain， and accelerating the development of disease. ROS， as a signal messenger inducing OS， is widely involved in the progression of AD and may be a new target for the progression of AD. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） monomers and compounds play an increasingly important role in the prevention and treatment of AD. Recent studies have found that the effective prevention and treatment of AD by TCM is closely related to the regulation of ROS. There are many studies on the mechanism of TCM in the treatment of AD via regulating ROS， but there is a lack of systematic review. By analyzing and summarizing the literature in China and abroad in recent years， this paper reviewed the generation and physiology of ROS， the mechanism of action of AD， and the prevention of AD by TCM via regulating ROS through relevant ways， so as to provide references for the research on the regulation of ROS by TCM and provide new targets and new methods for the prevention and treatment of AD.

Effect of Jiegeng Yuanshen Tang on airway inflammation and mucus secretion in allergic asthmatic mice and its mechanism / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To discuss the effect of Jiegeng Yuanshen Tang(JGYST)on airway tissue inflammation and mucus secretion in the mice with allergic asthma,and to clarify the related mechanism.Methods:Forty male C57BL/J mice were randomly divided into control group,JGYST group,ovalbumin(OVA)group,and OVA + JGYST group.The mice in OVA group and OVA +JGYST group were sensitized with 50 μg OVA via intraperitoneal injection twice weekly,followed by 20 μg OVA nasal drops daily for 7 d to induce asthma;the mice in OVA +JGYST group were gavaged with 200 μL JGYST 1 h before each OVA challenge,and the administration lasted for 7 d;the mice in control group were given equivalent dose of PBS via intraperitoneal injection,nasal drops,and gavage;the mice in JGYST group were given the same dose of PBS for intraperitoneal and nasal administration and gavaged with the same dose of JGYST.The pathomorphology of lung tissue of the mice in various groups was observed by HE staining and periodic acid-Schiff(PAS)staining,and the inflammation and PAS scores were calculated;flow cytometry method was used to detect the numbers of eosinophils,neutrophils,helper T lymphocyte 1(Th1)cells,helper T lymphocyte 2(Th2)cells,and dendritic cells(DCs),as well as the percentage of mature DCs and level of reactive oxygen species(ROS)in lung tissue of the mice in various groups;real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)method was used to detect the expression levels of interleukin-4(IL-4),interleukin-10(IL-10),and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)mRNA in lung tissue of the mice in various groups.Results:The HE and PAS staining results showed that the mice in control group had intact airway and alveolar structure,without infiltration of inflammatory cells or mucus secretion;compared with control group,there was a large number of infiltrating inflammatory cells in airway tissue of the mice in OVA group,and the inflammation and PAS scores were increased(P<0.01);compared with OVA group,the infiltration of inflammatory cells in airway tissue of the mice in JGYST group and OVA + JGYST group was decreased,and the inflammation and PAS scores were significantly decreased(P<0.01).The flow cytometry results showed that compared with control group,the numbers of eosinophils,Th2 cells,and DCs in lung tissue of the mice in OVA group were increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01),and the percentage of mature DCs and level of ROS were significantly increased(P<0.01);compared with OVA group,the numbers of eosinophils,Th2 cells,and DCs in lung tissue of the mice in JGYST group and OVA + JGYST group were decreased(P<0.01),and the percentage of mature DCs and level of ROS were significantly decreased(P<0.01).The RT-qPCR results showed that compared with control group,the expression levels of IL-4,IL-10,and TNF-α mRNA in lung tissue of the mice in OVA group were increased(P<0.01);compared with OVA group,the expression levels of IL-4 and TNF-α mRNA in lung tissue of the mice in JGYST group and OVA + JGYST group were decreased(P<0.01),while the expression level of IL-10 mRNA was increased(P<0.01).Conclusion:JGYST can alleviate the airway tissue inflammation and mucus secretion in the mice with allergic asthma,and its mechanism may be related to reducing the number of Th2 cells and DCs,decreasing the ROS level and expression level of proinflammatory cytokine,and increasing the expression level of anti-inflammatory cytokine.

Effects of Tongdu Qishen electroacupuncture on PKC/NADPH oxidative stress pathway in hypothalamus of chronic unpredictable stress depression rats / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To observe the antidepressant effect of Tongdu Qishen electroacupuncture method; To explore its mechanism of regulating the oxidative stress pathway of protein kinase C (PKC)/reduced coenzymeⅡ (NADPH) in depression model rats.Methods:Totally 32 SD rats were divided into control group, model group, Tongdu Qishen electroacupuncture group and escitalopram group according to random number table method, with 8 rats in each group. The model of depression was established by chronic unpredictable stress except control group. After the start of modeling, Tongdu Qishen electroacupuncture group was treated with electroacupuncture every day, 15 min/time/day; escitalopram group was given 30 mg/kg intragastric intervention. 1 day before the start of the experiment and the 28th day of the experiment, the growth of body mass was observed, and sugar preference experiment and open field experiment were performed. The protein expression levels of protein kinase C α (PKC α), p47phox, t and RAS related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) in hypothalamus were detected by Western blot, and the positive area ratio of NOX2 protein in hypothalamus was detected by immunofluorescence technique; ROS content in hypothalamus was detected using DCFH-DA fluorescent probe technique.Results:Compared with the model group, the Tongdu Qishen electroacupuncture group and the escitalopram group showed the body mass growth ( P<0.01) and sugar preference index increased ( P<0.01), and the moving distance ( P<0.05) and residence time ( P<0.01) in the central area of the open field experiment were longer; the protein expression levels of hypothalamic PKC α, p47phox and Rac1 decreased ( P<0.05 or P<0.01), the positive area ratio of NOX2 protein decreased ( P<0.05), and the level of ROS also decreased significantly ( P<0.01) in Tongdu Qishen electroacupuncture group and escitalopram group. Conclusion:Tongdu Qishen electroacupuncture group can improve the behavior of depressed rats, inhibit the oxidative stress response of PKC/NADPH pathway, and reduce the production of ROS, thereby reducing the brain damage caused by oxidative stress, and improving the symptoms of depression.

Effect of ceria nanoparticles on activity of DSS-induced colitis in mice by eliminating active oxygen species / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective·To investigate the effect of ceria nanoparticles-polyethylene glycol(CeNP-PEG)on scavenging reactive oxygen species(ROS)and alleviating disease activity in dextran sulphate sodium(DSS)-induced colitis mice.Methods·CeNP was synthesized with the hydrates of cerium acetate,oleamine,and xylene,which was modified with polyethylene glycol-stearyl phosphatidylethanolamine(mPEG-DPSE)to obtain CeNP-PEG.Then CeNP-PEG was purified.The particle size and zeta potential of CeNP-PEG were measured by using transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and dynamic light scattering(DLS).Mouse macrophages(Raw264.7)were cultured in vitro and induced to a pro-inflammatory phenotype(M1 phenotype).M1 macrophages were treated with 0.5 μg/mL and 1.0 μg/mL CeNP-PEG,respectively,and then Western blotting was used to detect the expression changes of the proteins related with nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)signaling pathway.DSS-induced colitis mice models were constructed,and CeNP-PEG(1.0 mg/mL)was intravenously administrated for 3 times via tail vein during the modeling period.Meanwhile,the body weight,fecal characteristics,and frequency of rectal bleeding in mice were monitored in the normal control group(Normal group),the model group(DSS group),and the CeNP-PEG treatment group.The disease activity index(DAI)was calculated to evaluate the intestinal inflammation.The level of ROS in mouse intestinal tissues was detected by dihydroethidine(DHE)staining and the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines interferon-γ(Ifn-γ),interleukin-6(Il-6),Il-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α(Tnf-α)were detected by real-time quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR).Results·The hydrated particle size of synthesized CeNP-PEG was(6.96±0.27)nm,and the average zeta potential was(-6.02±1.31)mV.Western blotting results showed that the expression of p-P65 increased in the pro-inflammatory macrophages compared with the control group.The expression of NF-κB inhibitor-α(IκB-α)decreased,and their expressions tended to recover after the intervention of different concentrations of CeNP-PEG.In the DSS-induced colitis models,mice in the CeNP-PEG treatment group lost less weight than those in the DSS group(P= 0.000)and had lower DAI scores(P=0.000).The RT-qPCR results of intestinal tissues showed that the mRNA levels of Ifn-γ,Il-1β,Il-6 and Tnf-α in the DSS group were significantly up-regulated compared with those in the Normal group(P=0.000),and all of them significantly decreased in the CeNP-PEG treatment group.The results of DHE staining showed that the fluorescence intensity of intestinal tissues in the DSS group was significantly enhanced than that in the Normal group,and the fluorescence intensity decreased in the CeNP-PEG treatment group.Conclusion·CeNP-PEG can inhibit the expression of intestinal inflammatory factors and the activation of NF-κB-related inflammatory pathway of pro-inflammatory macrophages,eliminate intestinal ROS,improve the intestinal inflammatory microenvironment,and alleviate the disease activity of DSS-induced colitis in mice.

Mechanism of BMAL1 attenuating H2O2-induced cardiomyocyte injury / 天津医药

Objective To investigate the effect of BMAL1 on H2O2-induced cardiomyocyte injury through NRF2-regulated ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.Methods H9c2 cells and H9c2 cells with stable over-expressed BMAL1 were cultured and divided into the control group,the H2O2 group,the BMAL1-OE group,the BMAL1-OE+H2O2 group,the BMAL1-OE+ML385 group and the BMAL1-OE+ML385+H2O2 group.All groups were pre-intervened with corresponding inhibitors,and then treated with 0.2 mmol/L H2O2,except for the control group and the BMAL1-OE group.After the intervention,CCK-8 assay was used to measure cell viability,fluorescent probe DCFH-DA was used to measure ROS generation and Western blot assay was used to detect BMAL1,NRF2 and NLRP3 protein expressions.ELISA was used to determine IL-1β release.Results Compared with the control group,the cell viability was decreased,ROS generation was increased,BMAL1 and NRF2 protein expressions were decreased,NLRP3 expression and IL-1β release were increased in the H2O2 group(P＜0.05).Compared with the H2O2 group,the cell viability was increased,ROS generation was decreased,BMAL1-OE and NRF2 protein expressions were increased,NLRP3 expression and IL-1β release were decreased in the BMAL1-OE+H2O2 group(P＜0.05).Compared with the BMAL1-OE+H2O2 group,the cell viability was decreased,ROS generation was increased,NLRP3 expression and IL-1β release were increased in the BMAL1-OE+ML385+H2O2 group(P＜0.05).Conclusion BMAL1 attenuates H2O2-induced H9c2 cardiomyocyte injury,and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway through NRF2.