Реферат
Introducción: el consumo de estimulantes de tipo anfetamínico (ETA) y sus derivados está cada vez más presente en los estudiantes universitarios y, en particular, en los programas de medicina. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue revisar la literatura sobre el uso de ETA y sus derivados en estudiantes de medicina latinoamericanos. Materiales y método: se realizó una revisión de la literatura disponible, utilizando las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO y LILACS. Se encontraron un total de 1.054 artículos, de los cuales 17 fueron seleccionados para esta revisión. Resultados: la revisión muestra, en general, una mayor frecuencia de uso de ETA en estudiantes de medicina de América Latina en comparación con la población general y estudiantes de otras carreras universitarias. También existe una tendencia a un mayor uso en hombres, de mayor nivel socioeconómico y en cursos posteriores del programa. La razón más informada para usar ETA fue aumentar el rendimiento académico. Como factor protector se destacaron los deportes, el tiempo en familia y la profesión de alguna creencia religiosa. De los artículos seleccionados, no se encontraron estudios sobre las consecuencias a largo plazo del uso de ETA en estudiantes de medicina. Discusión: en resumen, los estudiantes de medicina latinoamericanos tienen un alto consumo de ETA, por lo que es evidente la necesidad de nuevos estudios para mejorar la precisión estadística, determinar factores de riesgo específicos, estudiar las consecuencias a largo plazo y establecer políticas de prevención y tratamiento.
Introduction: the consumption of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) and their derivatives are increasingly present in university students and in particular in medical programs. The main objective of this study was to review the literature on the use of ATS and their derivatives in Latin American medical students. Materials and method: a review of the literature available was performed, using PubMed, SciELO, and LILACS databases. A total of 1054 articles were found, of which 17 were selected for this review. Results: the review generally shows a higher frequency of use of ATS in medical students of Latin America compared to the general population and students from other university degrees. There is also a tendency of a higher use in men, from higher socioeconomic status, and in later courses of the program. The most reported reason for using ATS was to increase the academic performance. As a protective factor, sports, family time and professing some religious belief stood out. Of the selected articles, no studies were found on the long-term consequences of the use of ATS in medical students. Discussion: in summary, Latin American medical students have a high consumption of ATS, and therefore there is an evident need for new studies to improve statistical precision, to determine specific risk factors, to study long-term consequences, and to stablish prevention policies and treatment.
Тема - темы
Humans , Students, Medical , Amphetamine-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Amphetamines/administration & dosage , Academic Performance , Central Nervous System Stimulants/administration & dosage , Latin America , Methylphenidate/administration & dosageРеферат
Objectives: Fenproporex is an amphetamine-based anorectic which is rapidly converted into amphetamine in vivo. Na+, K+-ATPase is a membrane-bound enzyme necessary to maintain neuronal excitability. Considering that the effects of fenproporex on brain metabolism are poorly known and that Na+, K+-ATPase is essential for normal brain function, this study sought to evaluate the effect of this drug on Na+, K+-ATPase activity in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, and striatum of young rats. Methods: Young male Wistar rats received a single injection of fenproporex (6.25, 12.5, or 25 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or polysorbate 80 (control group). Two hours after the last injection, the rats were killed by decapitation and the brain was removed for evaluation of Na+, K+-ATPase activity. Results: Fenproporex decreased Na+, K+-ATPase activity in the striatum of young rats at doses of 6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg and increased enzyme activity in the hypothalamus at the same doses. Na+, K+-ATPase activity was not affected in the hippocampus or prefrontal cortex. Conclusion: Fenproporex administration decreased Na+, K+-ATPase activity in the striatum even in low doses. However, in the hypothalamus, Na+, K+-ATPase activity was increased. Changes in this enzyme might be the result of the effects of fenproporex on neuronal excitability. .
Тема - темы
Animals , Male , Amphetamines/administration & dosage , Brain/drug effects , Brain/enzymology , Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/metabolism , Injections, Intraperitoneal , Rats, Wistar , Time FactorsРеферат
O consumo brasileiro das drogas anorexígenas tipo-anfetamina (dietilpropiona, fenproporex, mazindol e de d.1-fenfluramina), obtido através de dados oficiais do Ministério da Saúde, foi avaliado expessando-se resultados em doses diárias definidas por 1.000 habitantes por dia. Esta medida calcula o número de doses terapêuticas que säo utilizadas por dia para cada 1.000 habitantes, permitindo assim comparaçöes independentes da quantidade de princípio ativo e de suas preparaçöes comerciais; é por esta razäo recomendada pela Organizaçäo Mundial da Saúde (DDDs/1.000 habitantes/dia). Em 1988 o Brasil consumia essas drogas equivalentes a 4,59DDDs/1.000 habitantes/dia e no ano seguinte houve um aumento de 43,8//. Esses valores podem ser triplicados quando se leva em consideraçäo apenas a populaçäo que tem acesso a medicamento. Estes números revelam um elevado consumo de drogas tipo-anfetamina, em constraste com outros países onde o mesmo quase inexistente. Constatou-se que 68,6//do consumo em 1988 e 39,4//em 1989 processaram-se através de receitas magistrais aviadas em farmácias de manipulaçäo, sendo o restante consumido através de produtos acabados manufaturados pelas industrias farmacêuticas. A d.l-fenfluramina foi a droga menos utilizadas nos dois anos e o mazindol e o fenproporex foram as mais utilizadas, respectivamente, em 1988 e 1989. Discute-se as razöes do uso exagerado destas drogas, as possíveis reaçöes adversas que podem resultar do mesmo e a ausência de providência das autoridades de saúde do país em controlar adequadamente a situaçäo
Тема - темы
Amphetamines , Appetite Depressants , Drug Utilization , Product Surveillance, Postmarketing , Self Medication , Amphetamines/administration & dosage , Amphetamines/adverse effects , Diethylpropion/administration & dosage , Diethylpropion/adverse effects , Fenfluramine/adverse effects , Mazindol/administration & dosage , Mazindol/adverse effectsРеферат
Se presentan los resultados del estudio realizado en una gran Unidad de las FAR a 84 combatientes en los que se dosificó la presencia de drogas hipertensinógenas en la orina. Los pacientes se clasificaron en 4 grupos de acuerdo con las cifras tensionales y la presencia o no de alteraciones del pulso. Para la dosificación de las drogas se utilizó el método de cromatografía de capa fina. Se analizan las posibles causas de los hallazgos detectados y se hacen recomendaciones para la solución del problema. Se propone incluir la categoría de hipertensión ficticia (autoprovocada) a la actual clasificación de la entidad
Тема - темы
Humans , Male , Amphetamines/administration & dosage , Chromatography, Thin Layer , Ephedrine/administration & dosage , Hypertension/chemically induced , Methylphenidate/administration & dosage , Urine/analysisТема - темы
Humans , Male , Female , Drug Therapy , Drug Tolerance , Nervous System , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Substance-Related Disorders , Amphetamines/administration & dosage , Amphetamines/pharmacokinetics , Amphetamines/toxicity , Barbiturates/metabolism , Barbiturates/pharmacokinetics , Caffeine/adverse effects , Caffeine/pharmacokinetics , Cannabis/pharmacokinetics , Central Nervous System Depressants , Cocaine/pharmacokinetics , Cocaine/toxicity , Mescaline/adverse effects , Mescaline/pharmacokinetics , Mescaline/toxicity , Narcotics/pharmacokinetics , Narcotics/toxicity , Psilocybin/adverse effects , Psilocybin/pharmacokinetics , Smoking/adverse effects , NicotianaРеферат
In order to invetigate whether conditioned circling interferes with recovery from turning induced by unilateral substantia nigra (SN) lesion, rats were trained to turn either ipsi-or contralateral to the lesioned side before and after the lesion was made. Two yoked groups served as controls. The number of turns contralateral to the trained side was significantly lower in relation to the pre-lesion value for the ipsilateral trained group and remained so until the end of the experiment. A partial recovery was observed on the 19th post-lesion day for the contralateral trained group. The results are discussed in terms of additive effects from training and the lesion symptoms
Тема - темы
Rats , Animals , Male , Conditioning, Psychological/physiology , Hydroxydopamines/administration & dosage , Substantia Nigra/physiology , Amphetamines/administration & dosage , Rats, Inbred StrainsРеферат
As alteraçöes na atividade do sistema dopaminérgico estriatal durante e após a administraçäo prolongada de fencanfamina (FCF) e anfetamina (ANF) foram estudadas em ratos machos. Durante o tratamento com FCF foi observado aumento gradual no comportamento de cheirar e uma tendência em diminuir o levantar estereotipado. Näo foram observadas alteraçöes significativas no comportamento de locomoçäo dos animais tratados com FCF e ANF. Após 72 horas da retirada dos fármacos, a administraçäo prolongada de ANF e FCF alterou os efeitos neuroquímicos da apomorfina (APO) reduzindo os níveis do ácido dihidroxifenilacético (DOPAC) no corpo estriado, quando comparado ao grupo tratado com salina + APO. Essas alteraçöes podem ser responsáveis pela eventual tolerância ou sensibilizaçäo da estereotipia induzida por esses fármacos