Bacteriemia asociada a catéteres venosos centrales no tunelizados en niños en hemodiálisis crónica / Bacteremia associated with non-tunneled central venous catheters in children undergoing chronic hemodialysis

Introducción. La infección asociada a catéter venoso central (CVC) es la principal complicación que presentan los pacientes en hemodiálisis en los que se usa este tipo de acceso. Objetivo. Estimar la incidencia de bacteriemia asociada a CVC no tunelizado, analizar la frecuencia de agentes causales y explorar factores de riesgo asociados en niños en hemodiálisis. Población y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo realizado en niños en hemodiálisis por CVC no tunelizado entre el 1 junio de 2015 y el 30 de junio de 2019. Para evaluar factores de riesgo predictores de bacteriemia asociada a CVC, se realizó regresión logística. Los factores de riesgo independiente se expresaron con odds ratio con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza del 95 %. Se consideró estadísticamente significativo un valor de p <0,05. Resultados. En este estudio se incluyeron 121 CVC no tunelizados. La incidencia de bacteriemia fue de 3,15 por 1000 días de catéter. El microorganismo aislado con mayor frecuencia fue Staphylococcus epidermidis (16 casos, 51,5 %). La infección previa del catéter fue el único factor de riesgo independiente encontrado para el desarrollo de bacteriemia asociada a CVC no tunelizado (OR: 2,84; IC95%: 1,017,96; p = 0,04). Conclusiones. El uso prolongado de los CVC no tunelizados para hemodiálisis crónica se asoció con una incidencia baja de bacteriemia. Los gérmenes grampositivos predominaron como agentes causales. La presencia de infección previa del CVC aumentó en casi 3 veces el riesgo de bacteriemia asociada a CVC en nuestra población pediátrica en hemodiálisis.

Introduction. Central venous catheter (CVC)-related infection is the main complication observed in patients undergoing hemodialysis with this type of venous access. Objective. To estimate the incidence of non-tunneled CVC-related bacteremia, analyze the frequency ofcausative agents, and explore associated risk factors in children undergoing hemodialysis. Population and methods. Retrospective study in children receiving hemodialysis via a non-tunneled CVC between June 1 st, 2015 and June 30 th, 2019. A logistic regression was carried out to assess risk factors that were predictors of CVC-related bacteremia. Independent risk factors were described as odds ratios with their corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). A value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. A total of 121 non-tunneled CVCs were included in this study. The incidence of bacteremia was 3.15 per 1000 catheter-days. The most commonly isolated microorganism was Staphylococcus epidermidis(16 cases, 51.5%). Prior catheter infection was the only independent risk factor for the development of bacteremia associated with non-tunneled CVC (OR: 2.84, 95% CI: 1.01­7.96, p = 0.04). Conclusions. Prolonged use of non-tunneled CVCs for chronic hemodialysis was associated with a low incidence of bacteremia. Gram-positive microorganisms prevailed among causative agents. A prior CVC infection almost trebled the risk for CVC-related bacteremia in our pediatric population receiving hemodialysis.

Efectividad de un programa de reducción de bacteriemias relacionadas con catéter venoso central en una unidad cardiovascular pediátrica / Effectiveness of a program for the reduction of central venous catheter-related bacteremias in a Pediatric Cardiovascular Unit

Introducción. Las bacteriemias relacionadas con catéteres venosos centrales (CVC) son frecuentes en pacientes pediátricos posquirúrgicos de cardiopatías congénitas complejas internados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos cardiovascular (UCIP-CV) y tienen alta morbimortalidad. Objetivo. Analizar la efectividad de un programa interdisciplinario para prevención de bacteriemias relacionadas con CVC en la UCIP-CV. Material y métodos. Estudio de implementación, cuasiexperimental, antes-después, sin grupo control. Período de estudio del 1 de enero de 2008 al 31 de diciembre de 2018. Población: equipo de salud de la UCIP-CV que atiende pacientes posquirúrgicos de cardiopatías complejas de un hospital. Período preintervención del 1 de enero de 2008 al 31 de diciembre de 2008; período de intervención del 1 de enero de 2009 al 1 de enero de 2018. Intervención: implementación de un programa de mejora continua. Se analizaron tasas de bacteriemias CVC/1000 días y de uso de CVC/100 días, puntaje de RACHS, razón estandarizada de infecciones (REI), riesgo relativo (RR), intervalo de confianza del 95 % (IC95%), estimando una p < 0,05 como estadísticamente significativa. La tasa de referencia se estimó como el promedio del período 2008/2009 y se comparó la tasa anual con la tasa de referencia. Resultados. La tasa de referencia de bacteriemia 2008/2009 fue 10,6/1000 días CVC para analizar la REI. El puntaje de RACHS mayor a 3 fue similar en todos los períodos analizados. Se observó una reducción de la REI estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,05) en la comparación anual. Al comparar la tasa de bacteriemia/1000 días de CVC inicial de 11,9 vs. final de 3,8, se observó una reducción significativa (RR: 0,16; IC95%: 0,07-0,35; p < 0,001). Conclusiones. El programa fue efectivo; se observó reducción progresiva y significativa de la tasa de bacteriemias relacionadas con CVC en la UCIP-CV.

Introduction. Central venous catheter (CVC)related bacteremias are common in pediatric patients following surgery for complex congenital heart disease admitted to a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit (PCICU) and have a high morbidity and mortality. Objective.To analyze the effectiveness of an interdisciplinary program for the prevention of CVC-related bacteremias in the PCICU. Material and methods. Quasi-experimental,before and after implementation study without a control group. Study period: 01-01-2008 to 1231-2018. Population: PCICU staff who care for patients following surgery for complex heart disease at a hospital. Pre-intervention period: 0101-2008 to 12-31-2008; intervention period: 01-012009 to 01-01-2018. Intervention: implementation of an ongoing improvement program. The rate of CVC-related bacteremias/1000 days and CVC use/100 days, RACHS score, standardized infection ratio (SIR), relative risk (RR), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were analyzed and a p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The reference rate was estimated as the average for the 2008-2009 period and the annual and reference rates were compared. Results. The bacteremia reference rate for 20082009 was 10.6/1000 days of CVC to analyze the SIR. A RACHS score over 3 was similar across all studied periods. The annual comparison showed a statistically significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the SIR. The comparison between the baseline bacteremia rate/1000 days of CVC (11.9) and the final rate (3.8) showed a significant reduction (RR: 0.16; 95 % CI: 0.07­0.35; p < 0.001). Conclusions. The program was effective; the rate of CVC-related bacteremias in the PCICU showed a progressive, significant reduction.

Factores de riesgo de bacteriemia en niños con cáncer y neutropenia febril / Risk factors for bacteremia in children with cancer and febrile neutropenia

La bacteriemia representa una importante causa de morbimortalidad en pacientes oncológicos. Durante el episodio de neutropenia inducida por quimioterapia, un 15%­25% de los pacientes tendrá bacteriemia. Objetivo: identificar factores de riesgo asociados con bacteriemia en pacientes oncológicos pediátricos con neutropenia y fiebre. Material y métodos: estudio de cohorte prospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes con enfermedades hematooncológicas y neutropenia febril, internados en un hospital pediátrico de alta complejidad entre julio de 2018 y mayo de 2019. Se excluyeron receptores de trasplante de médula ósea. Se compararon las características clínicas según se documentara bacteriemia (B) o no. Resultados: Se incluyeron 160 pacientes (p). Eran varones 93 (58%). La mediana de edad fue 81,5 meses (RIC 36-127,5). La enfermedad de base (EB) más frecuente fue: leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) 88 (55%). Se identificaron 20 (12,5%) pacientes con bacteriemia (B). En el análisis univariado hubo asociación entre B y LMA (p=0,003) y la internación en UCI (p=0,0001). En el modelo multivariado, ajustado por el resto de las variables, se identificaron la LMA (OR 8,24, IC95% 2,5-26,4; p<0,001) y la tiflitis (OR 5,86, IC95% 1,2-27,3; p=0,02) como factores relacionados con bacteriemia. Los principales microorganismos identificados fueron: estreptococos del grupo viridans 6 (30%), Escherichia coli 4 (20%) y estafilococos coagulasa negativos 3 (15%). Quince (75%) fueron bacteriemias secundarias a un foco clínico. El foco más frecuente fue el mucocutáneo (n=7, 35%). En esta cohorte de niños con cáncer y neutropenia febril, los factores asociados con bacteriemia fueron: la LMA, la tiflitis y la internación en UCI (AU)

Bacteremia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in oncology patients. During an episode of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, 15%-25% of patients will develop bacteremia. Objective: to identify risk factors associated with bacteremia in pediatric oncology patients with neutropenia and fever. Material and methods: prospective cohort study. Patients with hematology-oncology diseases and febrile neutropenia, admitted to a tertiary-care pediatric hospital between July 2018 and May 2019 were included. Bone marrow transplant recipients were excluded. Clinical characteristics were compared according to whether or not bacteremia was recorded. Results: 160 patients were included of whom 93 (58%) were male. Median age was 81.5 months (IQR 36-127.5). The most common underlying disease was acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in 88 patients (55%). Twenty (12.5%) patients with bacteremia were identified. In univariate analysis, an association was found between bacteremia and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (p=0.003) and ICU admission (p=0.0001). In the multivariate model, adjusted for the remaining variables, AML (OR 8.24; 95%CI 2.5-26.4; p<0.001) and typhlitis (OR 5.86; 95%CI 1.2-27.3; p=0.02) were identified as factors related to bacteremia. The main microorganisms identified were viridans group streptococci in 6 (30%), Escherichia coli in 4 (20%), and coagulase negative staphylococci in 3 (15%). In 15 cases (75%), bacteremia was secondary to a clinical focus. The most frequent focus was mucocutaneous (n=7, 35%). In this cohort of children with cancer and febrile neutropenia, the factors associated with bacteremia were AML, typhlitis, and ICU admission (AU)

Bacteriemia por Streptococcus equi subespecie zooepidemicus en un binomio madre hijo / Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus bacteremia in a mother-child binomial

Resumen Streptococcus equi subespecie zooepidemicus es una cocácea grampositiva, p-hemolítica, considerada parte de la microbiota de los equinos y un patógeno oportunista en otros animales. La infección en humanos es poco frecuente, pero suele manifestarse como cuadros graves. Se ha asociado al contacto con animales, especialmente caballos, y al consumo de productos lácteos no pasteurizados. Presentamos el caso de una bacteriemia en un binomio madre-hijo por este agente, asociado al consumo de quesos artesanales. Pese a que la penicilina es el tratamiento de elección, la recién nacida fue tratada en forma exitosa con ampicilina y la madre con ceftriaxona. Ninguna de ellas presentó complicaciones asociadas a la bacteriemia. A nuestro conocimiento, este es el primer reporte de infección connatal por este agente.

Abstract Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus is a Gram-positive, P-hemolytic coccus considered part of the commensal flora in horses and an opportunistic pathogen in other animals. Infection in humans is rare, but it usually manifests as serious symptoms, it has been associated with contact with animals, especially horses, and the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. In this report we describe a case of bacteremia of the mother-child binomial by this agent, associated with the consumption of artisan cheeses. Although penicillin is the treatment of choice, the newborn was successfully treated with ampicillin and the mother with ceftriaxone, none of them presented complications associated with bacteremia. To our knowledge, this is the first report of connatal infection by this agent.

Análisis epidemiológico de bacteriemias asociadas a catéter en una terapia intensiva médico-quirúrgica / Epidemiological analysis of catheter-related bloodstream infections in medical-surgical intensive care units

Resumen Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo analítico que evaluó la epidemiología de las bacteriemias asociadas a catéter central (BAC) en 773 adultos internados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) del Hospital Alemán de Buenos Aires entre diciembre de 2018 y junio de 2020. Durante el pe riodo de estudio, la incidencia fue 8.7 eventos cada 1000 días catéter. El desarrollo de BAC se asoció con mala evolución clínica, que fue puesta en evidencia por una duración de la internación en UCI significativamente mayor que la de los pacientes sin BAC (mediana: 21.5 días vs. 4 días, p < 0.001). La mortalidad también fue mayor, pero sin significancia estadística (24% vs. 20%, OR 1.26 [0.61-2.63]). Los microorganismos más frecuentemente aislados fueron bacterias Gram positivas (73%) y, entre ellas, Staphylococcus epidermidis fue la más frecuente (40%). De los 47 aislamientos de microorganismos relevados, 8 (17%) fueron gérmenes multirresistentes. El análisis multivariado identificó el tiempo de permanencia del catéter como factor de riesgo para desarrollar BAC (OR 1.10 [1.05 - 1.15], p < 0.001). En dicho análisis, una mayor tasa de BAC no fue influida por el sitio anatómico de inserción del catéter, el servicio donde se realizó el procedimiento (UCI o quirófano/servicio de emergencias), la experiencia previa del médico en el procedimiento, ni el uso de ultrasonido para guiar la cateterización. Con cluimos que las BAC son una complicación frecuente en nuestro servicio con consecuencias clínicas relevantes. Conocer la epidemiología y la problemática de cada servicio permite programar intervenciones dirigidas a corregir problemas concretos de salud pública.

Abstract A retrospective-observational analytical study was carried out to evaluate the epidemiology of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) in 773 adult patients hospitalized in the inten sive care unit (ICU) of the Hospital Alemán of Buenos Aires, Argentina, between 1 December 2018 and 30 June 2020. During the study period, the incidence of CRBSI was 8.7 cases per 1000 catheter days. The occurrence of CRBSI was found associated with a poor clinical evolution, as evidenced by a stay in the ICU significantly longer than the stay of patients without CRBSI (median: 21.5 days vs. 4 days, p < 0.001). CRBSI-associated mortality was not statistically higher (24% vs. 20%, OR 1.26 [0.61-2.63]). Gram-positive bacteria were the most frequently identified microorganisms (73%), being Staphylococcus epidermidis the most frequent (40%). Of the 47 isolates of microorganisms surveyed, 8 (17%) were multi-resistant germs. The permanence time of the catheter was identified as a risk factor for developing CRBSI (OR 1.10 [1.05 - 1.15], p < 0.001) in a multivariate analysis. In this analysis, the risk of infection was not influenced by the anatomical site of insertion of the catheter, the ward where the procedure was performed (ICU vs. operating room/external ward), the skill of the medical practitioner, or the use of ultrasound to guide vascular accesses. We conclude that CRBSIs are a frequent complication in our department with relevant clinical consequences. Knowing the epidemiology and the problems of each service allows programming interventions aimed to correct specific public health problems.

Factores de riesgo asociados a bacteriemias en niños quemados internados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos especializada: estudio de casos y controles / Risk factors associated with bacteremia in burn children admitted to a specialized pediatric intensive care unit: A case-control study

Introducción. Las infecciones con bacteriemias en pacientes quemados son causa frecuente de complicaciones y aumento de días de internación. El conocimiento de los microorganismos causales y la identificación de factores de riesgo asociados permiten disminuir las complicaciones infecciosas, la morbimortalidad y los costos en cuidados de la salud. Este trabajo evalúa el grado de asociación entre los factores de riesgo y los episodios de bacteriemias en pacientes quemados, e identifica los microorganismos aislados más frecuentemente en hemocultivos. Población y métodos. Estudio de casos y controles realizado en la Unidad de Cuidados Críticos de Quemados del Hospital de Pediatría S.A.M.I.C. "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan" entre el 1 de junio de 2014 y el 30 de septiembre de 2019 en pacientes que presentaron episodios de bacteriemia con hemocultivo positivo (casos) y los que presentaron hemocultivos negativos (controles). Resultados. Durante el período estudiado se identificaron 29 casos de bacteriemias. La mediana de días de internación al momento del episodio de bacteriemia fue de 23 días. El microorganismo más frecuentemente identificado fue Pseudomonas (7 casos). El único factor de riesgo con el que se pudo establecer asociación significativa fue la presencia de acceso venoso central con 7 días o más (OR 3,18; IC 95 %: 1,20-8,38). La mortalidad global fue del 9,1 %, en los casos fue del 13,8 %, y en los controles, del 3,4 %. Conclusiones. Los accesos venosos centrales con duración mayor a 7 días son un factor de riesgo independiente de bacteriemias en niños quemados críticos. No se pudo establecer una asociación estadísticamente significativa con otros factores de riesgos analizados. Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter y Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo fueron los microorganismos más frecuentemente identificados en las bacteriemias

Introduction. Infections due to bacteremia in burn patients are a common cause of complications and an extended length of stay. Knowing causative microorganisms and identifying associated risk factors allow to reduce infectious complications, morbidity, mortality, and health care expenditure. This study assesses the extent of the association between risk factors and bacteremia in burn patients and identifies the most common microorganisms found in blood cultures. Population and methods. Case-control study conducted at the Burn Intensive Care Unit of Hospital de Pediatría S.A.M.I.C. "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan" between June 1st, 2014 and September 30th, 2019 in patients with bacteremia events and a positive blood culture (cases) and patients with a negative blood culture (controls). Results. During the study period, 29 cases of bacteremia were identified. The median length of stay at the time of bacteremia was 23 days. The most commonly identified microorganism was Pseudomonas (7 cases). The only risk factor that showed a significant association was the presence of a central venous line for 7 days or more (OR: 3.18; 95 % confidence interval: 1.20- 8.38). The overall mortality rate was 9.1%; 13.8% for cases and 3.4% for controls. Conclusions. Central venous lines for more than 7 days are an independent risk factor for bacteremia in critically ill burn children. No statistically significant association was established with other studied risk factors. Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most common microorganisms found in bacteremia

Proposal of a clinical score to stratify the risk of multidrug-resistant gram-negative rods bacteremia in cancer patients

ABSTRACT Introduction: Multidrug-resistant gram-negative rods (MDR GNR) represent a growing threat for patients with cancer. Our objective was to determine the characteristics of and risk factors for MDR GNR bacteremia in patients with cancer and to develop a clinical score to predict MDR GNR bacteremia. Material and Methods: Multicenter prospective study analyzing initial episodes of MDR GNR bacteremia. Risk factors were evaluated using a multiple logistic regression (forward-stepwise selection) analysis including variables with a p < 0.10 in univariate analysis. Results: 394 episodes of GNR bacteremia were included, with 168 (42.6 %) being MDR GNR. Five variables were identified as independent risk factors: recent antibiotic use (OR = 2.8, 95 % CI 1.7-4.6, p = 0.001), recent intensive care unit admission (OR = 2.9, 95 % CI 1.1-7.8, p = 0.027), hospitalization ≥ 7 days prior to the episode of bacteremia (OR = 3.5, 95 % CI 2-6.2, p = 0.005), severe mucositis (OR = 5.3, 95 % CI 1.8-15.6, p = 0.002), and recent or previous colonization/infection with MDR GNR (OR = 2.3, 95 % CI 1.2-4.3, p = 0.028). Using a cut-off value of two points, the score had a sensitivity of 66.07 % (95 % CI 58.4-73.2 %), a specificity of 77.8 % (95 % CI 71.4-82.7 %), a positive predictive value of 68 % (95 % CI 61.9-73.4 %), and a negative predictive value of 75.9 % (95 % CI 71.6-79.7 %). The overall performance of the score was satisfactory (AUROC 0.78; 95 % CI 0.73-0.82). In the cases with one or none of the risk factors identified, the negative likelihood ratio was 0.18 and the post-test probability of having MDR GNR was 11.68 %. Conclusions: With the growing incidence of MDR GNR as etiologic agents of bacteremia in cancer patients, the development of this score could be a potential tool for clinicians.

Bacteriemia por Vibrio cholerae no-O1/no-O139 que porta una región homóloga a la isla de patogenicidad VpaI-7 / Bacteremia caused by Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139 carrying a region homologous to pathogenicity island VpaI-7

Resumen Presentamos un caso de bacteriemia por Vibrio cholerae no-O1/ no-O139 en una mujer de 81 años con un cuadro de dolor abdominal, fiebre, vómitos, diarrea, coluria e ictericia, mientras visitaba una zona rural sin acceso a agua potable. La identificación se realizó por la técnica de espectrometría de masa MALDI-TOF, confirmándose una cepa no toxigénica no-O1/no-139. La caracterización molecular del aislado demostró la ausencia del gen de la toxina del cólera (CTX), y pilus TCP; sin embargo, presentó cinco de los seis genes de virulencia presentes en la isla de patogenicidad homóloga denominada VPaI-7 del V. parahaemolyticus (vcs N2+, vcs C2+, vcs V2+,toxR-, vspD+, T vopF+). Además, el aislado presentó los genes de virulencia hylA y rtxA. Este es el primer caso reportado en Chile de una cepa clínica de V. cholerae no-O1, no-O139 aislada de hemocultivos portador de un segmento homólogo de la isla de patogenicidad denominada VPaI-7 de V. parahaemolyticus, el cual codifica para un sistema de secreción tipo III (TTSS), que probablemente contribuye a su virulencia.

We report a case of V. cholerae non-O1 / non-O139 bacteremia in an 81-year-old woman with abdominal pain, fever, vomiting, liquid stools, choluria and jaundice, while visiting a rural area without access to potable water. The identification was made by the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry technique and subsequently the non-toxigenic non-O1 / non-139 strain was confirmed in the national reference laboratory. The molecular characterization demonstrated the absence of the cholera toxin gene (CTX), and the TCP pilus, however, presented 5 of 6 virulence genes present in an island of homologous pathogenicity named VPaI-7 of V. parahaemolyticus (vcs N2 +, vcs C2 +, vcs V2 +, toxR-, vspD +, T vopF +) and in addition it was positive for hylAy rtxA virulence genes recognized outside the island. This is the first case reported in Chile of a clinical strain of V. cholerae non-O1, non-O139 isolated from blood culture that carries in its genome a homologous segment of the pathogenicity island named VPaI-7 of V. parahaemolyticus, which codifies for a type III secretion system (TTSS) that probably contributes to his virulence.

Relevancia de profilaxis antibiótica ante procedimientos dentales generadores de bacteriemias transitorias / Antimicrobial prophylaxis for transient bacteremia during dental procedures

This review examines the evidence about the relationship between dental procedures and the incidence of transient bacteremia. One of the main obstacles was to define "invasive dental procedure" as an indication for antimicrobial prophylaxis for patients with high risk of bacteremia. A search in WorldWideScience and ScienceDirect was performed and 20 articles were selected for review. Two contradictions stood out. There is no concrete evidence that a transient bacteremia arising during a dental procedure may be a risk factor for the appearance of bacterial endocarditis. There is no certainty about the effectiveness of antimicrobial prophylaxis, due to the lack of clinical trials of good quality. There is a similitude between bacteremia resulting from invasive and non-invasive dental procedures. The importance of periodontal health as a preventive measure for bacterial endocarditis among high risk patients is highlighted.

Catéteres recubiertos con quitosan / Catheters coated with chitosan

Introducción: Los catéteres venosos centrales son fundamentales en el tratamiento de pacientes en estado crítico con patologías agudas o crónicas. Los catéteres venosos centrales son utilizados para fines diagnósticos y terapéuticos. A pesar de buscar un beneficio para el paciente, este no está exento riesgos significativos durante su utilización, aumentando la morbimortalidad. 1,2En la argentina aproximadamente un tercio del total de las bacteriemias nosocomiales tienen origen en los catéteres venosos (considerada como una de las causas más frecuente de bacteriemia nosocomial). Las infecciones asociadas a catéteres son las terceras en frecuencia entre las infecciones nosocomiales asociadas a dispositivos biomédicos, con un 16%; seguida a la infección del tracto urinario asociada a la sonda vesical con el 31% y la neumonía asociada a asistencia respiratoria mecánica con el 27%. Como consecuencia las bacteriemias nosocomiales se incrementa los costos de atención, extienden la internación hospitalaria y aumentan la morbimortalidad de los pacientes.3 Material y Método: Entre los meses de agosto y septiembre del año 2018, se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica recurriendo a escritura científica, lectura crítica a base de fuentes de información como revistas científicas digitales, búsquedas avanzadas con filtros selectivos en Pubmed, y archivos de revisiones, revisiones sistemáticas y nuevas investigaciones. La búsqueda en Internet se llevó a cabo con la utilización lenguaje MeSH combinando términos como, catéteres recubiertos, infección asociada a catéteres, biomateriales mediante operadores booleanos en idioma inglés, español. Se realizó la lectura crítica y análisis de los artículos estudiados. Conclusión: Esta nueva investigación concluye que el revestimiento de los catéteres venosos centrales con un agente antimicrobiano eficiente y no tóxicas contra células humanas como el quitosan hace de este polímero un candidato potencial para otras aplicaciones en la prevención de infecciones crónicas y nosocomiales asociadas a dispositivos médicos. Los recubrimientos con quitosan se probaron con éxito en depósitos empleados en la investigación como poderosos agentes antimicrobianos para evitar el desarrollo y la diseminación de Infección por S. aureus que muestra alta citocompatibilidad y baja citotoxicidad.

Introduction: Central venous catheters are fundamental in the treatment of patients in critical condition with acute or chronic pathologies. Central venous catheters are used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Despite seeking a benefit for the patient, this is not without significant risks during its use, increasing morbidity and mortality. 1,2In Argentina about one third of all nosocomial bacteremia originates from venous catheters (considered one of the most frequent causes of nosocomial bacteremia). Catheter-associated infections are the third in frequency among nosocomial infections associated with biomedical devices, with 16%; followed by urinary tract infection associated with the bladder catheter with 31% and pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation with 27%. As a consequence, nosocomial bacteremia increases the costs of care, extends hospitalization and increases the morbidity and mortality of patients.3 Material and Method: Between the months of August and September of the year 2018, a bibliographic search was carried out using scientific writing, critical reading based on information sources such as digital scientific journals, advanced searches with selective filters in Pubmed, and review files. , systematic reviews and new investigations. The Internet search was carried out with the use of MeSH language, combining terms such as coated catheters, infection associated with catheters, biomaterials through Boolean operators in English, Spanish. The critical reading and analysis of the articles studied was carried out. Conclusion: This new research concludes that the coating of central venous catheters with an efficient and non-toxic antimicrobial agent against human cells such as chitosan makes this polymer a potential candidate for other applications in the prevention of chronic and nosocomial infections associated with medical devices. . Chitosan coatings were successfully tested in deposits used in the research as powerful antimicrobial agents to prevent the development and spread of S. aureus infection showing high cytocompatibility and low cytotoxicity.

Epidemiología y factores de riesgo de internación prolongada en niños con leucemia y bacteriemia: estudio de cohorte / Epidemiology and risk factors for prolonged hospital length of stay in children with leukemia and bacteremia: cohort study

Resumen Introducción: La bacteriemia constituye una complicacion frecuente en los niños con cáncer, que se asocia a mayor gravedad, internación prolongada y mortalidad. La internación prolongada condiciona mayor morbilidad y riesgo de adquisición de infecciones intranosocomiales. Objetivo: Analizar factores de riesgo de internación prolongada en niños con leucemia y bacteriemia. Pacientes y Métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva. Se incluyeron niños con leucemia internados en el Hospital Garrahan entre 1/1/2015 y 31/12/2016 con bacteriemia. Se compararon características de pacientes con internaciones menores o mayores a 14 días. Se realizó un análisis bivariado y modelo de regresión logística. Se utilizó Stata 13. Resultados: n = 121. Mediana de edad 59 meses. Tenían leucemia linfoblastica 81 pacientes (67%) y leucemia mieloblástica 40 (33%). Tenían catéter venoso central (CVC) 96 de los niños (79%), neutropenia 94 (78%), neutropenia menor a 100 neutrófilos 79 (65%). La identificación en hemocultivos fue: 55 casos (45%) enterobacterias, 28 (23%) Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa, Streptococcus spp grupo viridans 19 (16%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8 (7%). Huo co-infección viral en 14 pacientes (12%).Tuvieron menos de 14 días de internación 71 pacientes (59%) y mayor período 50 (41%). En el análisis multivariado la bacteriemia asociada a CVC (OR 21,73; IC95% 1,2-43,20; p 0,04), neutropenia profunda al ingreso (OR 1,75; IC95% 1,82-1,28; p 0,03) y co-infección viral (OR 27,42; IC95% 2,88-260,83; p 0,004) fueron factores de riesgo de internación > 14 días. Conclusiones: La bacteriemia asociada a CVC, la neutropenia profunda al ingreso y la co-infección se asociaron con una internación igual o mayor a 14 días.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Bacteremia is a frequent complication in children with cancer, which is associated with greater severity, prolonged hospitalization and mortality. Prolonged hospitalization conditions greater morbidity and risk of acquisition of intranosocomial infections. Aim: To describe risk factors for prolonged hospital length of stay in children with leukemia and bacteremia. Methods: Cohort study. Episodes of bacteremia in patients with leukemia at Garrahan Hospital from 1/1/2015 to 31/12/2016 were reviewed. We compared data from patients with a LOS of 14 days or more with those admitted for less than 14 days. Bivariate and logistic regression analysis was performed. We used Stata 13 statistical package. Results: n = 121. Median age 59 months.81 patients (67%) had a diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, followed by acute myeloid leukemia in 40 (33%). 96 patients (79%) had a central venous catheter (CVC), 94 patients (78%) were neutropenic. Blood cultures were positive for Enterobacteriaceae in 55 cases (45%), coagulase-negative staphylococci in 28 cases (23%), Group viridans Streptococcus in 19 (16%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 8 (7%). (9%). By the multivariate analysis, three factors remained significantly associated with length of stay of more than 14 days: CVC associated bacteremia (OR 21,73; CI95% 1.2-43.2; p 0.04), severe neutropenia (OR 1.75; CI95% 1.82-1.28; p 0.03) and coinfection (OR 27.4; CI95% 2.8-260.8; p 0.004). Conclusion: CVC associated bacteremia, severe neutropenia and viral coinfection were associated with hospital LOS of more than 14 days.

Estudio multicéntrico de infecciones invasivas por Streptococcus pyogenes en niños de Argentina / Multicenter study on invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infections in children in Argentina

Introducción. Las infecciones invasivas por Streptococcus pyogenes (IISP) presentan elevada morbimortalidad aún en la actualidad; no obstante, a nivel regional, existen escasas publicaciones en pediatría. Objetivo. Describir la prevalencia, los factores predisponentes y las características clínicas de niños internados por IISP, analizar los factores de riesgo asociados a bacteriemia y letalidad. Material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo de IISP en niños ≤ 18 años, internados en Pediatría de 20 centros asistenciales del país, entre 2010 y 2012. Variables evaluadas: edad, sexo, focos clínicos iniciales y tardíos, patología crónica previa, factores predisponentes, tratamiento y evolución. Resultados. Se analizaron 143 pacientes. Incidencia de 4,97 casos/10 000 egresos. Mediana de edad 54 meses; tenían patología crónica previa 11,2%. Tuvieron factores predisponentes 67,1%. Las formas de presentación más frecuentes fueron la piel y las partes blandas en 77, sepsis en 30, osteoarticulares en 19, fascitis necrotizante en 13, síndrome de shock tóxico en 11. Se aisló Streptococcus pyogenes en 56,6% de los hemocultivos; la presencia de más de un foco clínico y la ausencia de cirugía se asociaron a bacteriemia (OR 4,8; p= 0,003 y OR 3,1; p= 0,0012, respectivamente). El promedio de internación fue 13,4 días. La tasa de letalidad fue 7,6% asociada a síndrome de shock tóxico (OR 10; p= 0,005), fascitis necrotizante (OR 104; p < 0,0001) e ingreso a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos (OR 26; p < 0,001). Conclusiones. La mayoría de las IISP se presentaron en pacientes sin patología crónica previa. Los focos de presentación, frecuentemente con bacteriemia, fueron la piel y las partes blandas. Hubo asociación estadísticamente significativa entre bacteriemia y ≥ 2 focos iniciales y ausencia de cirugía. La letalidad, asociada a SSTS y fascitis necrotizante, fue similar a otras publicaciones.

Introduction. Invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infections (ISpIs) cause a high morbidity and mortality, even at present; however, at a regional level there are few publications on this subject in the field of pediatrics. Objective. To describe the prevalence, predisposing factors and clinical characteristics of children hospitalized for ISpI, and analyze risk factors associated with bacteremia and lethality. Material and methods. Retrospective, descriptive study on ISpIs in children <18 years old hospitalized in the Pediatric Ward of 20 healthcare facilities across Argentina between 2010 and 2012. Assessed outcome measures: age, gender, early and late clinical sources of infection, prior chronic condition, predisposing factors, treatment and evolution. Results. One hundred and forty-three patients were analyzed. The incidence of ISpI was 4.97 cases/10 000 hospital discharges. Patients' median age was 54 months old, and 11.2% had a prior chronic condition. Also, 67.1% had predisposing factors. The most common clinical manifestations were in the skin and soft tissue in 77 patients, sepsis in 30, bone and joint involvement in 19, necrotizing fasciitis in 13, and toxic shock syndrome in 11. Streptococcus pyogenes was isolated in the blood cultures of 56.6%. More than one clinical source of infection and no surgery were associated with bacteremia (odds ratio [OR]: 4.8, p= 0.003 and OR: 3.1, p= 0.0012, respectively). The average length of stay in the hospital was 13.4 days. Fatality rate was 7.6% in association with toxic shock syndrome (OR: 10, p= 0.005), necrotizing fasciitis (OR: 104, p < 0.0001) and admission to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (OR: 26, p < 0.001). Conclusions. Most ISpIs were observed in patients without a prior chronic condition. The most common manifestation was, frequently with bacteremia, in the skin and soft tissue. A statistically significant association was observed between bacteremia and ≥2 early sources of infection and no surgery. Fatality rate, in association with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis, was similar to that observed in other publications.

Bacteriemia por Ralstonia pickettii en pacientes en hemodiálisis: reporte de dos casos / Ralstonia pickettii bacteremia in hemodialysis patients: a report of two cases

RESUMEN Ralstonia pickettii es un bacilo gram negativo de baja virulencia que puede asociarse a infecciones relacionadas a los cuidados de la salud y provocar bacteriemias. La bacteriemia por Ralstonia pickettii es poco frecuente pero se relaciona con la contaminación de productos de uso médico principalmente en pacientes inmunodeprimidos. Presentamos dos casos en pacientes en hemodiálisis crónica vinculados a contaminación del agua de diálisis. Se han publicado casos similares vinculados a la administración de fluídos intravenosos, ampollas de medicación, asociado a membranas de circulación extracorpórea, entre otros. La detección de una bacteriemia por Ralstonia pickettii, debe sospechar e iniciar la búsqueda de productos de uso médico contaminados, fluídos y/o medicación.

ABSTRACT Ralstonia pickettii is a low-virulence gram-negative bacillus that may be associated with infections related to health care and may cause bacteremia. Ralstonia pickettii bacteremia is uncommon but is related to the contamination of medical products, mainly in immunodepressed patients. We present two cases of patients on chronic hemodialysis with Ralstonia pickettii bacteremia linked to contamination of the dialysis water. Similar cases have been published with links to intravenous fluid administration, medication ampules, and the use of extracorporeal oxygenation membranes, among other factors. The detection of Ralstonia pickettii bacteremia should provoke suspicion and a search for contaminated medical products, fluids, and/or medications.

Comparison of independent and dependent culture methods for the detection of transient bacteremia in diabetic subjects with chronic periodontitis / Comparación entre métodos de cultivo independientes y dependientes para la detección de bacteriemia transitoria en individuos diabéticos con periodontitis crónica

Introduction: Oral-derived bacteremia may occur after several dental procedures and routine daily activities. Some conditions of the oral cavity may favor episodes of bacteremia. This would be the case of patients with diabetes mellitus and periodontitis, who exhibit exacerbated gingival inflammation and may be more prone to developing oral-derived bacteremia. Objective: To compare the effectiveness of an independent culture method (quantitative real-time PCR- qCR) and the most commonly used method (BacT-ALERT 3D ® ) for the diagnosis of bacteremia. Materials and methods: Blood samples were drawn from subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic periodontitis before and after apple chewing. Samples were processed by an automated blood culture system (BacT-ALERT 3D ® ) monitored for 15 days with suitable subculture of positive cultures. In parallel, whole DNA from blood samples was purified using a commercial kit and screened by qPCR using a universal primer set of 16S rDNA for bacteria detection. Results: Blood cultures taken before apple chewing were shown to be negative by the two diagnostic methods. After chewing, two samples (11%) showed bacterial growth by BacT-ALERT 3D ® whereas qPCR did not detect the presence of bacteria in any sample. Conclusions: qPCR did not show greater effectiveness than the BacT-ALERT 3D ® in the detection of bacteremia of oral origin.

Introducción. Las bacteriemias de origen oral pueden ocurrir después de procedimientos odontológicos y de otros actos cotidianos. Algunas condiciones de la cavidad oral favorecen las bacteriemias como en el caso de pacientes con diabetes mellitus y periodontitis que presentan inflamación gingival exacerbada. Objetivo. Comparar la eficacia de un método independiente de cultivo (PCR cuantitativa) y otro dependiente (BacT-ALERT 3D ® ) en la detección de la bacteriemia. Materiales y métodos. Se tomaron muestras de sangre de individuos con diabetes mellitus de tipo II y periodontitis, antes y después de la masticación de manzana. Una alícuota se procesó por el sistema automatizado de hemocultivo (BacT-ALERT 3D ® ) y se monitorizó durante 15 días; la otra alícuota fue tratada para la extracción del ADN y procesada por RT-PCR usando un conjunto de cebadores de 16S rDNA exclusivos para bacterias. Resultados. En las muestras tomadas antes de masticar se confirmó la ausencia de bacterias mediante los dos métodos. En las muestras tomadas después de masticar la presencia de bacterias se evidenció únicamente en dos hemocultivos y en ninguna de las muestras se detectó la presencia de bacterias con el método de RT-PCR. Conclusiones. La PCR cuantitativa no mostró mayor eficacia que el BacT-ALERT 3D ® en la detección de la bacteriemia de origen oral.

Incidence of sepsis following transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy at a tertiary-care medical center in Lebanon

ABSTRACT Background Urosepsis is a rare but life-threatening complication following transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided needle prostate biopsy. Despite the technological and pharmacological improvements, the problem of bacterial urosepsis after prostate biopsy remains. A strategy for preventing urosepsis following TRUS prostate biopsy in areas with high prevalence of resistant strains or patients presenting risk factors is lacking. Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of urosepsis, as well its predictors, following TRUS guided needle biopsy of the prostate in a tertiary care medical center in Lebanon. Materials and Methods We carried out a retrospective study on all patients who underwent TRUS prostate biopsy at the American University of Beirut Medical Center between January 1, 2011 and June 31, 2013. Patients’ hospital charts were reviewed. Data collected included demographic information, pre-procedure disease specific information, as well as post-procedure information. Predictors of urosepsis following TRUS were assessed. Results In total, 265 patients were included in this study, where the prevalence of urosepsis following TRUS prostate biopsy was found to be 9.4%. The significant independent predictors of urosepsis were found to be: age with an OR=0.93 (95% CI: 0.88–1.00, p-value=0.03), and hypertension comorbidity with an OR=3.25 (95% CI: 1.19–8.85, p-value=0.02). Conclusion We found a high prevalence of urosepsis among patients who have undergone TRUS prostate biopsy, and identified two significant risk factors. The results of this study highlight the importance of implementing strategies for prevention of urosepsis following TRUS prostate biopsy.

Bacteriemia recurrente por Bordetella bronchiseptica en un paciente con trasplante de medula ósea / Bordetella bronchiseptica recurrent bacteraemia in a patient with bone marrow transplantation

Se reporta un caso de bacteriemia recurrente por Bordetella bronchiseptica en un paciente inmunocomprometido con antecedentes de trasplante alogénico de medula ósea por síndrome mielodisplásico, quien ingresó al hospital por síndrome febril. Bordetella bronchiseptica es un agente patógeno veterinario poco común en humanos que afecta principalmente a pacientes inmunocomprometidos y es causa poco frecuente de bacteriemia.

We report a case of recurrent bacteraemia caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica in an immunocompromised patient with a history of allogenic bone marrow transplantation for myelodysplastic syndrome, who was admitted to hospital with febrile syndrome. Bordetella bronchiseptica is an uncommon human pathogen which mainly affects immunocompromised patients, being a rare cause of bacteraemia.

Pneumorraquis, espondilitis y meningitis secundarios a cistitis enfisematosa / Pneumorrhachis, spondylitis and meningitis secondary to emphysematous cystitis. Report of one case

We report a 57-year-old woman who presented with low back pain, fever and impairment of consciousness. The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit in Glasgow 8, with neck stiffness, peritoneal irritation, leukocytosis, hyperglycemia requiring insulin and a urine test suspecting an infection. Brain CT was unremarkable, while CT of the abdomen and pelvis evidenced emphysematous cystitis, retropneumoperitoneum and pneumorrhachis. Blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid cultures were positive to Escherichia coli. She was treated with ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and amikacin during one month followed by ciprofloxacin until completing 100 days. The air in the spinal canal and bladder decreased. However she suffered several infectious complications such as multiple paravertebral, epidural and psoas abscesses, L5-S1 spondylitis and a L3 fracture. As an inflammatory complication she developed a bulbar infarction and tetraparesis. She had a good clinical response with medical treatment, partial improvement of the paresis and reduction of epidural abscesses.

Risk factors for laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection in neonates undergoing surgical procedures

BACKGROUND: Healthcare Associated Infections constitute an important problem in Neonatal Units and invasive devices are frequently involved. However, studies on risk factors of newborns who undergo surgical procedures are scarce. OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection in neonates undergoing surgical procedures. METHODS: This case-control study was conducted from January 2008 to May 2011, in a referral center. Cases were of 21 newborns who underwent surgery and presented the first episode of laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection. Control was 42 newborns who underwent surgical procedures without notification of laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection in the study period. Information was obtained from the database of the Hospital Infection Control Committee Notification of infections and related clinical data of patients that routinely collected by trained professionals and follow the recommendations of Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária and analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences. RESULTS: During the study period, 1141 patients were admitted to Neonatal Unit and 582 Healthcare Associated Infections were reported (incidence-density of 25.75 Healthcare Associated Infections/patient-days). In the comparative analysis, a higher proportion of laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection was observed in preterm infants undergoing surgery (p = 0.03) and use of non-invasive ventilation was a protective factor (p = 0.048). Statistically significant difference was also observed for mechanical ventilation duration (p = 0.004), duration of non-invasive ventilation (p = 0.04), and parenteral nutrition duration (p = 0.003). In multivariate analysis duration of parenteral nutrition remained significantly associated with laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection (p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS: Shortening time on parenteral nutrition whenever possible and preference ...