Реферат
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE In recent decades there has been an increase in the use of antidepressants (AD) and a decrease in the use of benzodiazepines (BDZ). Prevalence, cumulative incidence, and factors associated with the incidence of AD and BDZ use in a Brazilian population were estimated in this article. METHODS Data were collected with a self-administered questionnaire in a cohort of employees from a university in Rio de Janeiro. The prevalence of the use of AD and BDZ was calculated for 1999 (4,030), 2001 (3,574), 2006-07 (3,058), and 2012 (2,933). The cumulative incidences of the use of AD and BDZ between 1999 and 2007 were estimated by the Poisson models with robust variance estimates. RESULTS In 1999, the prevalence of the use of AD and BDZ were 1.4% (95%CI: 1.1-1.8) and 4.7% (95%CI: 4.1-5.4), respectively; in 2012, they were 5.4% (95%CI: 5.5-6.2) and 6.8% (95%CI: 6.0-7.8). The incidence of use, between 1999 and 2007, was 4.9% (95%CI: 4.2-5.7) for AD and 8.3% (95%CI: 7.3-9.3) for BDZ. The incidences of AD and BDZ use were higher among women and participants with a positive General Health Questionnaire. CONCLUSION In this population, the increase in the use of AD was not accompanied by a decrease in the use of BDZ, showing the prescriptions for psychotropic medication do not follow the currently recommended guidelines for treatment of common mental health disorders.
Тема - темы
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Young Adult , Benzodiazepines/administration & dosage , Drug Utilization/trends , Antidepressive Agents/administration & dosage , Psychotropic Drugs , Socioeconomic Factors , Brazil , Sex Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires , Cohort Studies , Age Factors , Drug Utilization/statistics & numerical data , Middle AgedРеферат
Abstract Background: Pain management committee established a pain performance improvement plan in 2012. Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the trends in analgesic consumption in a tertiary teaching hospital and the associated economic impact. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective study was conducted between 2011 and 2015. The analysis included: anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products non-steroids, opioid analgesics and other analgesics and antipyretics. Data are converted into DDD/100 bed-days to analyze consumption trends. Main outcome measure: assessment of the analgesic consumption after the implementation of a pain performance improvement plan. Results: Overall, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products consumption decreased in 24.8 DDD/100 bed-days (-28.3%), accounting for most of the total analgesic consumption decrease (-13%) and total cost (-44.3%). Opioid consumption increased markedly from 22.3 DDD/100 bed-days in 2011 to 26.5 DDD/100 bed-days in 2015 (+18.9%). In 2011, the most consumed opioid was morphine (8.6 DDD/100 bed-days). However, there was an increasing trend in fentanyl consumption (from 8.1 to 12.1 DDD/100 bed-days in 2015), which resulted in fentanyl replacing morphine from the most consumed opioid in 2015 (12.1 DDD/100 bed-days). In 2015, the group of other analgesics and antipyretics represented 46.2% of the total analgesic consumption. Acetaminophen was the most commonly consumed analgesic drug (53.2 DDD/100 bed-days in 2015) and had the highest total cost, it represented 55.4% of the overall cost in 2015. Conclusion: Opioid consumption showed an increasing trend during the 5 year period, with fentanyl replacing morphine as the most used opioid. In general, analgesics diminished use was due to the decreasing trend of consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products.
Resumo Justificativa: A Comissão para o Manejo da Dor estabeleceu um plano de melhoria no controle da dor em 2012. Objetivo: Avaliar as tendências do consumo de analgésicos em um hospital de ensino terciário e o impacto econômico associado. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, feito entre 2011 e 2015. A análise incluiu: produtos anti-inflamatórios e antirreumáticos não esteroides, analgésicos opioides e outros analgésicos e antipiréticos. Os dados foram convertidos em DDD/100 leitos-dia para analisar as tendências de consumo. Principal medida do desfecho: avaliação do consumo de analgésicos após o estabelecimento de um plano de melhoria no controle da dor. Resultados: O consumo total de produtos anti-inflamatórios e antirreumáticos não esteroides diminuiu em 24,8 DDD/100 leitos-dia (-28,3%), representando a maior parte da redução total do consumo de analgésicos (-13%) e o custo total (-44,3%). O consumo global de opioides aumentou acentuadamente de 22,3 DDD/100 leitos-dia em 2011 para 26,5 DDD/100 leitos-dia em 2015 (+18,9%). Em 2011, o opioide mais consumido foi a morfina (8,6 DDD/100 leitos-dia). No entanto, houve uma tendência crescente no consumo de fentanil (de 8,1 para 12,1 DDD/100 leitos-dia em 2015), o que resultou na substituição de morfina por fentanil como o opioide mais consumido em 2015 (12,1 DDD/100 leitos-dia). Em 2015, o grupo dos outros analgésicos e antipiréticos representou 46,2% do consumo total de analgésicos. Acetaminofeno foi o analgésico mais consumido (53,2 DDD/100 leitos-dia em 2015) e teve o maior custo total, representou 55,4% do custo total em 2015. Conclusão: O consumo de opioides mostrou uma tendência crescente durante o período de cinco anos, fentanil substituiu morfina como o opioide mais usado. Em geral, o uso diminuído de analgésicos foi devido à tendência decrescente do consumo de produtos anti-inflamatórios e antirreumáticos não esteroides.
Тема - темы
Humans , Pain/drug therapy , Analgesics/administration & dosage , Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Retrospective Studies , Antirheumatic Agents/administration & dosage , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Utilization/trends , Hospitals, Teaching , Morphine/administration & dosageРеферат
INTRODUÇÃO: A polifarmácia pode ser classificada como quantitativa e qualitativa. Entre os conceitos para a quantitativa, está a utilização de dois ou mais medicamentos. Por sua vez, a polifarmácia qualitativa considera a racionalização da terapia farmacológica. OBJETIVOS: Com base nos dois conceitos apresentados, este estudo objetivou avaliar a prevalência da polifarmácia em idosos com demência e correlacioná-la às características socioclínicas, demográficas e farmacológicas. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal em um centro de referência em demência no Distrito Federal, incluindo 97 idosos com diagnóstico de demência de Alzheimer. Foram identificadas as prevalências da polifarmácia quantitativa e da qualitativa, e, valendo-se da análise univariada, correlacionou-se a presença de polifarmácia às características da população. A estatística descritiva foi calculada para todas as variáveis, as dependentes e as independentes. A correlação entre as variáveis secundárias e a polifarmácia foi determinada pela razão de prevalências. Para a análise univariada, utilizaram-se os seguintes testes estatísticos: χ2 de Pearson, Kruskal-Wallis e Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney (WMW). RESULTADOS: A prevalência da polifarmácia quantitativa foi de 92,8%, sendo 37,2% leve, 25,8% moderada e 29,8% grave, e a da qualitativa foi de 49,5%. Analisando-se os dados, as características socioclínicas e demográficas não estiveram associadas nem com a polifarmácia quantitativa nem com a qualitativa. CONCLUSÃO: A polifarmácia quantitativa e a qualitativa foram prevalentes entre os idosos com demência. O atendimento ambulatorial multiprofissional aos idosos mediante a metodologia de identificação e qualificação das polifarmácias quantitativa e qualitativa parece ser uma ferramenta útil para promover o uso racional de medicamentos
BACKGROUND: Polypharmacy can be defined quantitatively or qualitatively. One of the concepts underlying the quantitative definition of polypharmacy is the use of two or more medications. The qualitative definition, in turn, takes into account the rationalization of pharmacotherapy. OBJECTIVES: Based on these two concepts, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of polypharmacy in older adults with dementia and correlate it with sociodemographic, clinical, and pharmacological characteristics. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a center of excellence for dementia care in the Federal District, including 97 older adults with a diagnosis of Alzheimer dementia. Prevalence rates were determined for quantitative and qualitative polypharmacy. The presence of polypharmacy was correlated with the characteristics of the sample by univariate analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all dependent and independent variables. The correlation between secondary variables and polypharmacy was determined by prevalence ratio. Univariate analysis was performed using the following statistical tests: Pearson's χ2 test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney (WMW) test. RESULTS: The prevalence of quantitative polypharmacy was 92.8%, of which 37.2% were characterized as minor, 25.8% as moderate, and 29.8% as major. The prevalence of qualitative polypharmacy was 49.5%. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were not associated with quantitative or qualitative polypharmacy. CONCLUSION: Both quantitative and qualitative polypharmacy were highly prevalent among older adults with dementia. The delivery of multidisciplinary care to older outpatients through a methodology that identifies and characterizes polypharmacy both quantitatively and qualitatively seems to be a useful tool to promote the rational use of medications
Тема - темы
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Polypharmacy , Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology , Comorbidity , Health of the Elderly , Dementia/drug therapy , Drug Utilization/trendsРеферат
Foi feita uma revisão sobre o uso racional de antimicrobianos em ambiente hospitalar, pois este é um dos principais desafios encontrados na terapia de infecções em ambiente hospitalar. Foram abordados os principais fatores que nos levam ao atual panorama global em relação à resistência antimicrobiana, bem como as principais estratégias para o uso racional dos antimicrobianos, de modo a garantir melhor terapêutica e menor incidência de resistência aos antimicrobianos. A racionalização de antimicrobianos é um componente-chave de uma abordagem multifacetada para a prevenção de resistência antimicrobiana. A boa gestão de antimicrobianos envolve a seleção do medicamento apropriado, otimizando sempre a dose e a duração do tratamento, utilizando bem os parâmetros de farmacodinâmica e farmacocinética, minimizando a toxicidade e as condições para a seleção de cepas bacterianas resistentes e garantindo, assim, sucesso terapêutico. Com o uso racional de antimicrobianos, podemos obter um melhor desempenho no tratamento de doenças infecciosas. Nesta revisão foi demonstrada a existência de várias estratégias de racionalização de antimicrobianos. Portanto, cabe a cada instituição estudar e analisar quais métodos devem ser implantados. Também é de fundamental importância que o prescritor analise as opções terapêuticas disponíveis e busque a individualização do tratamento, sempre visando à otimização terapêutica.(AU)
A review on antimicrobial stewardship was performed, because this is one of the leading challenges found in infectious diseases therapy in hospital settings. The major factors leading to the current global picture regarding antimicrobial resistance, and the main strategies for antimicrobial stewardship, to ensure the best treatment and lower incidence of antimicrobial resistance were discussed. Antimicrobial stewardship is a multifaceted approach considered a key component in the prevention of antimicrobial resistance. The best antimicrobial stewardship program involves selecting the appropriate medication, always optimizing its dose and duration of treatment using pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics parameters, minimizing toxicity and the conditions for selecting resistant bacterial strains, and ensuring treatment success. The rational use of antimicrobials can lead to more success in the treatment of infectious diseases. This review shows several strategies for antimicrobial stewardship. Therefore, it is up to each institution to study and analyze which method should be implemented. It is also crucial that the prescriber reviews the therapeutic options available to seek individualization of treatment, always aiming at therapy optimization.(AU)
Тема - темы
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacokinetics , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Cross Infection , Drug Resistance, Fungal , Drug Utilization/trendsРеферат
Este estudo buscou investigar o modo como o processo de promoção e divulgação de categorias diagnósticas e de medicamentos caracteriza-se por uma série de interações em que práticas e discursos de médicos e de profissionais da indústria farmacêutica se influenciam mutuamente, formando uma rede de trocas e apoio mútuo. As trocas dizem respeito a um conjunto de objetos (como brindes e amostras de medicamentos), informações, conhecimento (sob a forma de artigos e/ou conferências), gentilezas, interações sociais que têm na dispensação de determinado(s) medicamento(s) seu propósito final. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa consistiu em analisar a relação entre a indústria farmacêutica e a classe médica no processo de promoção e divulgação de medicamentos e categorias diagnósticas, utilizando a terapia de reposição hormonal masculina relacionada ao envelhecimento como caso de estudo. A fim de atingir o objetivo proposto, escolheu-se três principais meios de coleta de dados: entrevistas semiestruturadas com médicos líderes de opinião, prescritores da terapia de reposição hormonal (TRH) com testosterona (urologistas e endocrinologistas) e propagandistas farmacêuticos da TRH com testosterona; etnografia de congressos científicos, cujos temas se relacionavam ao objeto de pesquisa; análise de material utilizado em curso de formação de propagandista farmacêutico online. Os roteiros de entrevista foram específicos para cada classe profissional e buscaram abordar temas como promoção e divulgação do uso de testosterona relacionado ao envelhecimento masculino e as conexões existentes entre a classe médica e indústria farmacêutica. Utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada como instrumento para coleta de dados a fim de buscar informações referentes à dinâmica de interação entre os propagandistas farmacêuticos e a classe médica. A escolha da etnografia de congressos científicos seguiu o pressuposto de que nesses espaços é possível perceber a articulação entre a indústria farmacêutica e a classe médica. Já a opção pela análise de material do curso online ocorreu devido ao objetivo de conhecer e investigar estratégias de marketing farmacêutico dirigidas à classe médica para, posteriormente, fazer um paralelo com o material sobre a TRH com testosterona, coletado durante a pesquisa. A análise do material evidenciou a articulação entre a indústria farmacêutica e a classe médica em diferentes níveis. No entanto, o bjetivo aqui não foi tanto desvendar algo ainda desconhecido ou provar uma hipótese não comprovada. O objetivo foi tão somente acompanhar, em um contexto específico, alguns dos mecanismos através dos quais tais articulações são tecidas de modo a serem ocultadas no mesmo momento em que se realizam
This study sought to investigate how the process of promotion and disclosure of diagnostic categories and medications is characterized through a series of interactions in which the practices and discourses of doctors and professionals of the pharmaceutical industry influence each other, forming a network of exchanges and mutual support. The exchanges pertain to a set of objects (as gifts and drug samples), information, knowledge (in the form of articles and/or conferences), gentleness and social interactions that have in the dispensing of certain medication(s) their final purpose. The main objective of this research was to analyze the relationship between the pharmaceutical industry and the medical profession in the process of promotion and disclosure of medicines and diagnostic categories, using a male hormone replacement therapy related to the aging process as a case of study. In order to achieve the proposed objective, we chose three main means of data collection: semi-structured interviews with doctors who are opinion leaders, prescribers of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with testosterone (urologists and endocrinologists) and pharmaceutical propagandists of HRT with testosterone; ethnography of scientific congresses that have themes related to the object of research; analysis of materials used in an online pharmaceutical propagandist formation course. The scripts of the interviews were specific for each professional body and sought to approach topics such as the promotion and disclosure of the use of testosterone related to male aging process and the existent connections between the medical professionals and the pharmaceutical industry. A semi-structured interview was used as an instrument to collect data to search for information on the dynamics of interaction between pharmaceutical propagandists and the medical profession. The choice of the ethnography of scientific congress followed the assumption that inside these spaces it is possible to perceive an articulation between the pharmaceutical industry and the medical profession. The option of analyzing online course materials was due to the objective of knowing and investigating pharmaceutical marketing strategies directed to the medical profession to later make a parallel with the material on the testosterone TRH, collected during the research. The analysis of the material shows an articulation between the pharmaceutical industry and the medical profession at different levels. However, our objective was not to unravel something yet unknown or to prove an unproven hypothesis. That being said, we only aim to follow, in a specific context, some of the mechanisms through which such articulations are built so that they are hidden at the same moment in which they are realized
Тема - темы
Humans , Male , Physicians , Aging , Hormone Replacement Therapy/trends , Qualitative Research , Drug Industry , Drug Utilization/trends , MenРеферат
Resumo O consumo do metilfenidato vem atingindo níveis elevados no Brasil. Além do aumento significativo do diagnóstico de TDAH, transtorno cujo tratamento é realizado com metilfenidato, há indícios que este incremento se deu pela automedicação. Sabe-se que informações da internet, mais especificamente do Facebook, exercem forte influência em padrões de uso, apontando importantes desdobramentos do processo de farmaceuticalização da sociedade. Os objetivos deste artigo são introduzir a metodologia de pesquisa digital, mais especificamente, a aplicação de softwares de extração de dados de redes sociais (Facebook), e por meio dela mapear as informações sobre o uso deste medicamento nessas redes. O conteúdo, de acesso público, foi analisado e categorizado mediante ancoragem da literatura sobre o tema da farmaceuticalização. O mapeamento permitiu observar que o Facebook oferece importantes espaços virtuais para a circulação de informações, com um alcance de aproximadamente 600.000 pessoas. Os espaços representam fóruns de discussões onde as principais controvérsias sobre os usos do metilfenidato são colocadas: diagnóstico, identidade TDAH, resistência ao uso do medicamento, aquisição. Considerando os principais pontos suscitados por este mapeamento, é possível afirmar que, no caso do consumo do metilfenidato, seu uso apresenta aspectos da farmaceuticalização da vida cotidiana.
Abstract In the last five years, Brazil has presented a significant increase in ADHD diagnosis. Methylphenidate is the drug of choice for treatment and consumption has reached high levels. There is evidence that this increase is due to self-medication. It is known that information from the internet, specifically from Facebook, exerts a strong influence on use patterns, reflecting important developments in the process of pharmaceuticalization. The objectives of this article are to map information on the use of this medicine in virtual networks, by first introducing the digital research methodology, specifically the application of social networking data extraction software (Facebook). The publicly accessed content was analyzed and categorized using anchoring about pharmaceuticalization, provided by the literature. Facebook provides an important virtual environment for the circulation of information on methylphenidate consumption, with a range of about 600,000 people. The virtual discussion forums address the main controversies about methylphenidate use, which are diagnosis, ADHD identity, resistance to the use of the drug and acquisition. This form of information dissemination permits the identification and characterization of non-therapeutic uses of methylphenidate.
Тема - темы
Humans , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity , Self Medication/trends , Internet , Drug Utilization/trends , Social Media , Medicalization , MethylphenidateРеферат
RESUMO Objetivo Analisar o uso racional de medicamentos na atenção primária em saúde (APS) a partir dos indicadores preconizados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Métodos Foi feita uma revisão sistemática da literatura com base na recomendação PRISMA para sintetizar evidências relacionadas à utilização dos indicadores de uso de medicamentos na APS no período de 2011 a 2016. As seguintes bases foram consultadas: PudMed, SciELO e Google Acadêmico, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) e Portal de Periódicos CAPES, utilizando as palavras-chave "Organização Mundial da Saúde", "indicadores", "uso de medicamentos" e "uso racional de medicamentos" em português e inglês. Foram incluídos artigos originais sobre estudos na APS que utilizassem pelo menos um dos três conjuntos de indicadores (prescrição, serviço ou assistência). Resultados Foram incluídas 16 publicações, sendo 56,2% estudos prospectivos, 37,5% de nível local, 62,5% com amostragem por conveniência, 56,2% com duração de até 6 meses e 43,8% provenientes do Brasil. Os indicadores mais utilizados foram os da prescrição (87,5%), seguidos dos indicadores sobre o serviço (37,5%) e assistência (31,3%). Nenhum dos cenários relatados nos estudos atendeu plenamente as recomendações da OMS. As intervenções mais sugeridas para resolver os problemas de uso racional de medicamentos incluíram educação continuada para prescrição racional (56,3%), uso da lista de medicamentos essenciais atualizada, incluindo o nome genérico dos medicamentos e atendendo as necessidades da população (31,3%), e implementação de protocolos clínicos para padronizar condutas terapêuticas (31,3%). Conclusões Os indicadores da OMS revelaram práticas irracionais de uso de medicamentos na APS em diversos países.
ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the rational use of medicines in the context of primary health care (PHC) according to the indicators recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Method A systematic review of the literature was performed following PRISMA guidelines to synthesize the evidence produced by the application of drug use indicators in PHC in the period from 2011 to 2016. The following databases were searched: PudMed, SciELO and Google Scholar, Virtual Health Library/BIREME, and Portal de Periódicos CAPES, using the keywords "World Health Organization," "indicators," "drug utilization," and "rational use of drugs" in Portuguese and English. Original articles describing studies performed at the PHC level, using at least one of the three sets of indicators (prescription, service-related, or health care) were included. Results Of the 16 studies included, 56.2% were prospective, 37.5% were developed at a local level, 62.5% employed convenience sampling, 56.2% lasted up to 6 months, and 43.8% were performed in Brazil. Prescription indicators were used most (87.5%), followed by service-related indicators (37.5%) and health care indicators (31.3%). None of the scenarios described in the articles fully met the WHO recommendations. The most frequent interventions suggested to resolve the problems related to the rational use of medications included continuing education for rational prescription (56.3%), use of updated lists of essential medicines, including generic drug names and reflecting the needs of the population (31.3%), and implementation of clinical protocols to standardize therapeutic management (31.3%). Conclusions Application of the WHO indicators revealed irrational practices of drug use in PHC in several countries.
RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar el uso racional de medicamentos en la atención primaria de salud teniendo en cuenta los indicadores recomendados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Métodos Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de la bibliografía con base en la recomendación PRISMA para recopilar evidencia relativa a la utilización de indicadores de uso de medicamentos en la atención primaria entre el 2011 y el 2016. Se hicieron búsquedas en las bases PudMed, SciELO, Google Académico, la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS) y el Portal de Periódicos CAPES con los términos clave "Organización Mundial de la Salud", "indicadores", "uso de medicamentos" y "uso racional de medicamentos", tanto en portugués como en inglés. Se incluyeron artículos originales sobre estudios en la atención primaria que usaban al menos uno de los tres conjuntos de indicadores (prescripción, servicio o asistencia). Resultados Se incluyeron 16 publicaciones: 56,2% eran estudios prospectivos, 37,5% eran del ámbito local, 62,5% usaron muestreo por conveniencia, 56,2% tuvieron una duración máxima de seis meses y 43,8% procedían de Brasil. Los indicadores más utilizados fueron los de la prescripción (87,5%), seguidos de los de servicio (37,5%) y asistencia (31,3%). Ninguno de los escenarios descriptos en los estudios cumplía plenamente las recomendaciones de la OMS. Para resolver los problemas de uso racional de medicamentos se plantearon sobre todo intervenciones sobre educación continua en materia de prescripción racional (56,3%), uso de la lista actualizada de medicamentos esenciales (31,3%) —que incluyera el nombre genérico y atendiera a las necesidades de la población— y aplicación de protocolos clínicos para estandarizar las conductas terapéuticas (31,3%). Conclusiones Los indicadores de la OMS revelaron prácticas irracionales de consumo de medicamentos en atención primaria de salud en varios países.
Тема - темы
Primary Health Care , Health Status Indicators , Drug Utilization/trendsРеферат
RESUMO Estima-se que 80% da população mundial dependam das plantas medicinais no processo da atenção primária em saúde, e grande parte destes tem nas plantas a única fonte de medicamentos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a utilização de plantas medicinais pela comunidade, pertencente à equipe 10 da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) da Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS) Pinheiros, em Maringá, Paraná, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados no período de março de 2012 a maio de 2012. A equipe de pesquisadores aplicou 95 questionários intercalando os domicílios. Observou-se que 24,2% utilizam plantas medicinais com frequência, 40% utilizam esporadicamente e 35,8% não utilizam. Entre as pessoas que utilizam, observou-se que a forma mais citada foi o uso era pela indicação de amigos ou pelos ancestrais As plantas medicinais mais citadas foram: hortelã (Mentha sp.), boldo (Plectranthus barbatus), camomila (Matricaria recutita), erva cidreira (Melissa officinalis) e guaco (Mikania glomerata). Quando perguntados se o uso de plantas medicinais somente fazem bem à saúde, 68,5% dos participantes afirmaram que plantas medicinais não causam nenhum mal à saúde. A partir destes resultados, observou-se que a utilização de plantas medicinais é bem aceita pela população e que ainda existe uma lacuna grande a ser preenchida pelos profissionais da saúde no que diz respeito à orientação sobre o uso correto desse tipo de terapia.
ABSTRACT It is estimated that 80% of the population depends on herbal medicine regarding primary health care and most of these people use plants as their only source of drugs. The current study aimed to know the profile of the community served by the staff 10 of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) of Basic Unity of Health (BUH) Pinheiros, in Maringá, Paraná State, in regard to the use of medicinal plants. The data was collected between March of 2012 and May of the same year. Ninety-five questionnaires were applied. 24.2% of people employ medicinal plants frequently, 40% use it occasionally and 35.8% do not appeal to them at all. Most of them learnt about medicinal plants with family and friends. The most mentioned medicinal plants by population were the following: Mentha sp., Plectranthus barbatus, Matricaria recutita, Melissa officinalis and Mikania glomerata. 68.5% of the participants believe that medicinal plants do not cause any harm to health. From these results, we can notice that medicinal plants are widely accepted and there is a big gap to be filled by health professional in terms of proper orientation about the use of this kind of therapy.
Тема - темы
Patients/statistics & numerical data , Plants, Medicinal/classification , Residence Characteristics/classification , Drug Utilization/trendsРеферат
A elevada prevalência populacional de doença arterial coronária crônica propiciou a melhora dos métodos preventivos, diagnósticos e terapêuticos. A confirmação de isquemia, com ou sem sintomas, trouxe tratamento inovadores visando à redução de eventos agudos, melhora na qualidade de vida e aumento de sobrevida Estudos recentes comparam os resultados do tratamento clínico com outras intervenções e concluíram que o sucesso da intervenção clínica está embasado na otimização terapêutica. Definida a influência dos fatores de risco e os mecanismos fisiopatológicos da doença, o tratamento medicamentoso constitui a base e a sequência de todas as intervenções na doença arterial coronária crônica.
The high prevalence of patients with chronic coronary artery disease has led to the improvement of preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Confirmation of ischemia with or without symptoms, brought innovative treatment aimed at reducing acute events, improvement in quality of life and increased survival. Recent studies have compared the results of clinical treatment with other interventions and concluded that the success of clinical intervention is based on therapeutic optimization. Once established the inluence of risk factors and physiopathological mechanisms of the disease, drug treatment constitutes the basis and the sequence of all interventionns in chronic artery disease.
Тема - темы
Humans , Male , Female , Aspirin/administration & dosage , Coronary Artery Disease/physiopathology , Coronary Artery Disease/therapy , Myocardial Infarction/therapy , Heart Failure/physiopathology , Heart Failure/therapy , Drug Utilization/trends , Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/administration & dosage , Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/adverse effects , Calcium Channel Blockers/therapeutic use , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/adverse effects , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/adverse effects , Nitrates/therapeutic use , Trimetazidine/therapeutic use , Vasodilator Agents/therapeutic useРеферат
Pharmacists are Healthcare professionals who practice in pharmacy, the field of health sciences focusing on safe and effective medication use. The role of pharmacist has shifted from the classical [lick, stick and pour] dispensary role, to being an integrated member of the health care team directly involved in patient care. But, in our country pharmacists are mainly engaged with manufacturing of drugs, which is secondary responsibility of pharmacist
Тема - темы
Humans , Pharmacists , Drug Utilization/trends , Patient Care Team , Professional RoleРеферат
Background: Pregnancy is a special physiological condition where drug treatment presents a special concern. The rationale for use of drugs during pregnancy requires a careful assessment as in addition to the mother, the health and life of her unborn child also concerns. Research Question: What is the pattern of drug utilization during pregnancy in females of field practice area of Urban Health Centre? Aim: To study the drug utilization pattern during pregnancy. Methodology: 500 pregnant women included in study. A house to house survey was conducted during September 2009 to February 2010. Various study parameters like; educational status, duration of pregnancy, family income per capita per month, number of antenatal visits, self medication practices, number of drugs used, number of herbal/homeopathic drugs used included the study. Results: A total of 972, 864 and 399 drugs, with an average of 6.61, 3.66, 3.41 drugs per pregnant woman were used during first, second and third trimester of pregnancy respectively. Category A is considered the safest category while category X is absolutely contraindicated in pregnancy. A majority of drugs used, were from category A, followed by category B and category D. However, category C and X drugs constituted 4.28 and 0.51% of the drugs used during the third trimester and first trimester, respectively. Herbal/ homeopathic drugs constituted 10.49% (102), 4.86% (42) and 1.94% (5) of the drugs used during first, second and third trimester of pregnancy respectively. It was found that self-medication and homeopathic/ herbal drugs were used more in illiterates, than in literates (p <0.001 and <0.001 respectively). Conclusion: There is a need to educate and counsel the women of child bearing age, regarding the advantages and disadvantages of drug use during pregnancies.
Тема - темы
Adult , Drug Utilization/methods , Drug Utilization/trends , Drug Utilization/statistics & numerical data , Female , Humans , Patient Education as Topic , Pregnancy , Self Medication/methods , Self Medication/trendsРеферат
O avanço do envelhecimento da população brasileira está causando uma alteração do perfil epidemiológico, que passou a apresentar uma maior prevalência de condições crônicas de saúde. Tais condições exigem acompanhamento constante da farmacoterapia pelos profissionais de saúde. Isso implica no aumento do uso de medicamentos, tornando os idosos mais suscetíveis aos riscos de polifarmácia e de problemas relacionados à farmacoterapia. Nesse contexto, é necessário implantar estratégias efetivas focadas no paciente que visem à redução da morbimortalidade relacionada aos medicamentos, tais como a Atenção Farmacêutica. O presente estudo visou compreender o perfil de uso dos medicamentos em idosos assistidos por um programa de Atenção Farmacêutica na Farmácia Popular do Brasil no município de Aracaju- SE. Os dados referentes ao perfil farmacoterapêutico foram coletados a partir das informações levantadas de 68 pacientes idosos com hipertensão e/ou diabetes. O consumo total de medicamentos foi de 383 com média de 5,63 (DP= 2,50), a polifarmácia esteve presente em 63,2% dos pacientes (n= 43). Os medicamentos mais consumidos pertenciam ao grupo anatômico que age no sistema cardiovascular (46,9%, n= 180) e no trato alimentar (31,1%, n= 119). No estudo foram observadas 152 interações em 53 pacientes (77,95%), 19 casos de medicamentos inadequados (4,9%), e 35 (9,5%) interações fármaco- alimento. Esses resultados sugerem o aprimoramento das prescrições e avaliação constante da qualidade da farmacoterapia de modo a promover o uso racional de medicamentos nesta faixa etária.
The advancement aging of the population is causing a change in the epidemiological profile, which presented a higher prevalence of chronic health conditions. Such conditions require constant monitoring of pharmacotherapy for health professionals. This entails increased use of drugs, making the elderly more susceptible to the risks of polypharmacy and problems related to pharmacotherapy. In this context, it is necessary to implement effective strategies focused on the patient aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality related to drugs, such as pharmaceutical care. This study examines the usage profile of drugs in elderly patients assisted by a program of pharmaceutical care in the People?s Pharmacy of Brazil in the city of Aracaju-SE. The data on drugs prescribed were collected from the information collected from 68 elderly patients with hypertension and / or diabetes. The total consumption of medicines was 383 with an average of 5.63 (SD = 2.50), polypharmacy was present in 63.2% of patients (n = 43). The most used drugs belonged to the anatomical acting on the cardiovascular system (46.9%, n = 180) and in the alimentary tract (31.1%, n = 119). In the study 152 interactions were observed in 53 patients (77.95%), 19 cases of inappropriate drugs (4.9%) and 35 (9.5%) drug-food interactions. These results suggest the improvement of the requirements and ongoing assessment of the quality of pharmacotherapy in order to promote rational drug use in this age group.
Тема - темы
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged , Drug Utilization/trends , Population DynamicsРеферат
O objetivo deste estudo foi discutir as propagandas televisivas de medicamentos como forma de transmissão e representação das concepções circulantes sobre saúde, funções e uso de medicamentos. Foi realizada uma análise de conteúdo qualitativa em dez propagandas televisivas, diretas ao consumidor, de medicamentos de comercialização livre no mercado brasileiro, e uma propaganda institucional de uma empresa farmacêutica. Os dados mostraram que a noção que entrelaça as ideias subjacentes às mensagens e as funções do medicamento anunciadas é a de que os "problemas de saúde" advêm de questões corporais, relacionais ou sociais, mas a solução apresentada é individual e consagra-se na compra e no uso do medicamento. A análise sugere, enfim, que noções de saúde e qualidade de vida podem estar marcadas por noções que fundamentam o ideal de saúde atrelado ao consumo.
The aim of this study was to discuss the drugs television advertisements as a way of transmission and representation of current health views and medication function and use. We performed a qualitative content analysis of ten direct-to-consumers television advertisements of OTC drugs and an institutional advertisement of a pharmaceutical company. The data showed that the notion that articulates the ideas behind the messages and functions of the product announced is that "health problems" stem from body issues, either relational or social, but the presented solution is individual and is consubstantiated by buying and using drugs. The analysis suggests, finally, that notions of health and quality of life may be marked by notions that support the ideal of health linked to consummerism.
El objetivo de este estudio fue poner en debate las propagandas televisivas de medicamentos como modo de transmisión y representación de las concepciones circulantes, y sobre las funciones y el uso de medicamentos. Se realizó un análisis cualitativo de contenido, tomando por objeto diez propagandas televisivas dirigidas al consumidor, de medicamentos de venta libre en el mercado brasilero, y una propaganda institucional de una empresa farmacéutica. Los datos mostraron que la noción que entrelaza las ideas que subyacen a los mensajes y a las funciones anunciadas del medicamento es que los "problemas de salud" provienen de cuestiones corporales, relacionales o sociales, pero que la solución presentada es individual y consiste en la compra y uso del medicamento. El análisis sugiere que olas nociones de salud y calidad de vida pueden estar siendo influenciadas por nociones que articulan el ideal de salud al consumo.
Тема - темы
Drug Publicity , Pharmaceutical Trade , Propaganda , Drug Utilization/trendsРеферат
A crescente utilização de psicotrópicos na atualidade pode ser caracterizada pela medicalização da sociedade, aliada às pressões mercadológicas da indústria farmacêutica e ao envelhecimento da população, porém os medicamentos desta classe provocam tolerância, dependência e reações adversas quando utilizados inadequadamente. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho avaliou a utilização de benzodiazepínicos e antidepressivos em pacientes atendidos pelas farmácias do sistema único de saúde (SUS) de Ribeirão Preto-SP. O estudo pode ser classificado como descritivo, retrospectivo e observacional, realizado no Distrito de Saúde Oeste de Ribeirão Preto-SP, com população estimada de 140.000 habitantes. Foram incluídos 5.946 usuários que receberam benzodiazepínicos e/ou antidepressivos, pelo menos em uma oportunidade, junto às farmácias do sistema público de saúde durante o período de 01/05/2006 a 30/11/2006. A coleta dos dados referentes ao tratamento farmacológico, à freqüência de retirada dos medicamentos, além das variáveis sociodemográficas e do acesso aos serviços de saúde foi realizada junto ao sistema informatizado da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde da Prefeitura de Ribeirão Preto-SP, denominado Hygia. A prevalência de utilização de psicotrópicos, nessa população, foi de 5,7%, com predominância do gênero feminino. A aderência dos usuários ao tratamento, avaliada segundo a freqüência de retirada destes medicamentos junto às farmácias, foi reduzida. As doses prescritas dos antidepressivos e benzodiazepínicos foram semelhantes para adultos e idosos. Diante dos resultados, fica evidente a necessidade de intervenção para racionalizar a utilização dos psicotrópicos junto ao serviço público de saúde brasileiro.
The increasing use of psychotropic drugs can be stimulated by the medicalization of society, combined with the marketing pressures from the pharmaceutical industry and a population aging, but benzodiazepines and antidepressants cause tolerance, dependence and adverse reactions when improperly used. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of these drugs in patients treated in pharmacies of public health in a Brazilian city. This descriptive, retrospective and observational study was conducted in the West Health District of Ribeirao Preto-SP, which has an estimated population of 140,000 inhabitants. The study included 5946 users who have received benzodiazepines and / or antidepressants, at least one occasion, in the pharmacy?s public health system during the period of 01/05/2006 to 30/11/2006. The data related to drug treatment, frequency of withdrawal from drugs, demographic variables and access to health services was collection at the computerized system of the Municipal Health Department of Ribeirão Preto, called Hygia. The use?s prevalence of psychotropic drugs in this population was 5.7%, with female predominance. The users? adherence to treatment, evaluated according to frequency of withdrawal from these drugs to pharmacies, was reduced. Prescribed doses of antidepressants and benzodiazepines were similar for adults and seniors. Given the results, it is evident the need for intervention to rationalize the use of psychotropic drugs and sometimes with the Brazilian public health service.
Тема - темы
Humans , Male , Female , Antidepressive Agents/administration & dosage , Pharmacoepidemiology , Unified Health System , Drug Utilization/trendsРеферат
The objective of the present study was to determine the antimicrobial prescription pattern in patients with acute tonsillitis. A cross sectional study was carried out among all the patients attending the ENT outpatient department with acute tonsillitis from January 2011 to December 2011. The data were retrieved from the medical records using a questionnaire. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS. 19. A total of 238 patients were included in the study [Males 138; females 100]. The majority of the patients were Indians [49 [20.6%]], Emiratis [35 [14.7%]], and Pakistanis [31 [13%]]. The common types of tonsillitis noted were acute parenchymatous tonsillitis, acute follicular tonsillitis and acute pharyngotonsillitis. Of the total, seven [2.9%] patients had self medicated themselves prior to the hospital visit. About 96% of the total drugs were prescribed by brand name. The median number of drugs prescribed was four [range 1-7]. Eighty eight percent of the prescriptions contained antimicrobial agents, which was the most commonly prescribed group of drugs, followed by analgesics and antipyretics. Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid [24.8%] and Ceftriaxone [12.2%] were the most commonly prescribed antimicrobials. About 23.7% of the patients on Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid had received the drug as intravenous injection. Culture and sensitivity tests were carried out in 106 [44.5%] of the cases. Antimicrobials were changed/ added on after the culture and sensitivity test in 25 patients. No pattern was noticed with regard to the change in AMA; however Cefuroxime was the most frequently added AMA based on the sensitivity report. Therapeutic guidelines based on the current sensitivity pattern can be developed to optimize the use of antimicrobial agents and provide cost effective treatment
Тема - темы
Humans , Male , Female , Practice Patterns, Physicians'/trends , Drug Utilization/trends , Surveys and Questionnaires , Respiratory Tract Infections/drug therapy , Cross-Sectional Studies , Sensitivity and Specificity , Hospitals, Teaching , Anti-Infective Agents , Hospitals/statistics & numerical dataРеферат
A população idosa mundial cresce em ritmo acelerado e o Brasil segue esta tendência. Entretanto, diante dos limitados recursos financeiros disponíveis à saúde, e considerando que a população idosa é a faixa etária que mais consome medicamentos - que devem ser utilizados com maior cuidado nesses pacientes devido a alterações fisiológicas que ocorrem com o aumento da idade -, os estudos farmacoepidemiológicos tornam-se fundamentais para traçar o perfil de utilização dos medicamentos a fim de adotar medidas estratégicas para garantir o acesso e o uso racional desse importante recurso terapêutico, principalmente para os pacientes idosos, devido às suas particularidades e necessidades relacionadas ao envelhecimento.
The worlds elderly population grows at a rapid pace and Brazil follows this trend. However, in the face of limited financial resources available to health issues, and considering that the elderly population is the age group that most consumes drugs - that must be used with greater caution by them due to physiological changes that occur with increasing age - pharmacoepidemiological studies become fundamental to perform the profile of drug utilization with the purpose of adopting strategic actions to ensure the access and rational use of this important therapeutic resource, especially for elderly patients, due to their particularities and needs related to aging.
Тема - темы
Humans , Aged , Aged , Population Dynamics , Pharmacoepidemiology , Drug Utilization/trends , BrazilРеферат
Objetivo. Determinar las variaciones en la tendencia de consumo de los antibióticos regulados y no regulados en Venezuela, entre el período antes (2005) y después (20062008) de introducir la regulación de su venta por receta. Métodos. Se obtuvo información sobre consumo de antibióticos en Venezuela de los datos aportados por International Marketing Services. El consumo se expresó en dosis diarias definidas por 1 000 habitantes por día. Se realizaron análisis de varianzas (ANOVA) con un intervalo de confianza de 95% para conocer las diferencias entre los períodos estudiados. Resultados. Los antibióticos regulados de mayor consumo fueron ciprofloxacina y azitromicina. Las clases de antibióticos no regulados de mayor consumo fueron penicilinas y cefalosporinas de primera generación, aminoglucósidos, diaminopiridinas-sulfamidas y tetraciclinas. El consumo total de las categorías de antibióticos de libre dispensación fue el doble del de las categorías de venta regulada, tanto antes como después de haberse aplicado la regulación. Conclusiones. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el consumo de antibióticos, ya fueran regulados o de libre dispensación, ni antes ni después de aplicarse la medida regulatoria de dispensación de antibióticos.
Objective. Determine the variations in consumption trends for regulated and unregulated antibiotics in Venezuela in the period before (2005) and after (20062008) the regulation of prescription sales was introduced. Methods. Information on antibiotic consumption in Venezuela was obtained from the data provided by International Marketing Services. Consumption was expressed in daily doses per 1 000 inhabitants. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) were performed, with a 95% confidence interval, to identify the differences between the periods studied. Results. The regulated antibiotics with the highest consumption were ciprofloxacin and azithromycin. The classes of unregulated antibiotics with the highest consumption were penicillins and first-generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, diaminopyridine- sulfonamides, and tetracyclines. Total consumption in the categories of antibiotics with unregulated dispensing was twice as high as in the categories with regulated sales, both before and after introduction of the regulation. Conclusions. There were no statistically significant differences in antibiotic consumption with regulated or unregulated dispensing, either before or after the introduction of measures regulating the dispensing of antibiotics.
Тема - темы
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Drug and Narcotic Control/legislation & jurisprudence , Anti-Bacterial Agents/classification , Drug Utilization/legislation & jurisprudence , Drug Utilization/statistics & numerical data , Drug Utilization/trends , Guideline Adherence/statistics & numerical data , Inappropriate Prescribing/legislation & jurisprudence , Inappropriate Prescribing/prevention & control , Inappropriate Prescribing/statistics & numerical data , VenezuelaРеферат
Antibiotic resistance, a global concern, is particularly pressing in developing nations, including India, where the burden of infectious disease is high and healthcare spending is low. The Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership (GARP) was established to develop actionable policy recommendations specifically relevant to low- and middle-income countries where suboptimal access to antibiotics - not a major concern in high-income countries - is possibly as severe a problem as is the spread of resistant organisms. This report summarizes the situation as it is known regarding antibiotic use and growing resistance in India and recommends short and long term actions. Recommendations aim at (i) reducing the need for antibiotics; (ii) lowering resistance-enhancing drug pressure through improved antibiotic targeting, and (iii) eliminating antibiotic use for growth promotion in agriculture. The highest priority needs to be given to (i) national surveillance of antibiotic resistance and antibiotic use - better information to underpin decisions on standard treatment guidelines, education and other actions, as well as to monitor changes over time; (ii) increasing the use of diagnostic tests, which necessitates behavioural changes and improvements in microbiology laboratory capacity; (iii) setting up and/or strengthening infection control committees in hospitals; and (iv) restricting the use of antibiotics for non-therapeutic uses in agriculture. These interventions should help to reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance, improve public health directly, benefit the populace and reduce pressure on the healthcare system. Finally, increasing the types and coverage of childhood vaccines offered by the government would reduce the disease burden enormously and spare antibiotics.
Тема - темы
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Cross Infection/microbiology , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Drug Utilization/legislation & jurisprudence , Drug Utilization/statistics & numerical data , Drug Utilization/trends , Health Policy/legislation & jurisprudence , India , Public PolicyРеферат
La legislación europea y norteamericana debería mejorar la información sobre la que se basa la medicina para realizar prescripciones a los niños. La utilización de fármacos en relación con esos datos se denomina uso racional de medicamentos. En muchos hospitales se establecieron Comités Fármaco-Terapéuticos para intentar mejorar la utilización de medicamentos. Se ilustra la tarea de un Comité Fármaco-Terapéutico en un hospital pediátrico de Camagüey, Cuba, para destacar lo que es posible lograr. El uso inapropiado de antibióticos es uno de los mayores problemas, tanto en el hospital como en la poblacion. El control de la utilización de antibióticos junto con la creación de protocolos y la educación puede resultar en una terapia con antibióticos más racional. Los antibióticos son sólo un ejemplo de un grupo de medicamentos cuya prescripción puede mejorarse. Los Comités Fármaco-Terapéuticos pueden desempeñar un papel fundamental para asegurar que los niños reciban medicamentos de forma segura en las condiciones apropiadas.
Тема - темы
Humans , Male , Child , Female , Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee/trends , Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee , Cuba , Child Health Services/supply & distribution , Child Health Services/trends , Child Health Services , Drug Utilization/trendsРеферат
Objective: To describe the trends in antibiotic utilization in eight Latin American countries between 1997-2007 Methods: We analyzed retail sales data of oral and injectable antibiotics (World Health Organization (WHO) Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) code J01) between 1997 and 2007 for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Antibiotics were aggregated and utilization was calculated for all antibiotics (J01); for macrolides, lincosamindes, and streptogramins (J01 F); and for quinolones (J01 M). The kilogram sales of each antibiotic were converted into defined daily dose per 1 000 inhabitants per day (DID) according to the WHO ATC classification system. We calculated the absolute change in DID and relative change expressed in percent of DID variation, using 1997 as a reference Results: Total antibiotic utilization has increased in Peru, Venezuela, Uruguay, and Brazil, with the largest relative increases observed in Peru (5.58 DID, +70.6 percent) and Venezuela (4.81 DID, +43.0 percent). For Mexico (-2.43 DID; -15.5 percent) and Colombia (-4.10; -33.7 percent), utilization decreased. Argentina and Chile showed major reductions in antibiotic utilization during the middle of this period. In all countries, quinolone use increased, particularly sharply in Venezuela (1.86 DID, +282 percent). The increase in macrolide, lincosaminde, and streptogramin use was greatest in Peru (0.76 DID, +82.1 percent), followed by Brazil, Argentina, and Chile Conclusions: Analyzing antibiotic utilization in Latin America presents a series of challenges. Creating policy-relevant evidence based on antimicrobial consumption patterns is needed in order to foster policies aimed at improving appropriate use of antibiotics in the region.
Objetivo: Describir las tendencias en el consumo de antibióticos en ocho países latinoamericanos entre 1997 y el 2007. Métodos: Se analizaron los datos de las ventas al por menor de antibióticos orales e inyectables (Código J01 de la clasificación anatómica, terapéutica y química [ATC] de la Organización Mundial de la Salud [OMS]), entre 1997 y el 2007, en Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, México, Perú, Uruguay y Venezuela. Se consolidaron los datos correspondientes a todos los antibióticos y se calculó el consumo de todos los antibióticos (J01); los macrólidos, lincosamidas y estreptograminas (J01 F); y las quinolonas (J01 M). Las ventas de cada antibiótico expresadas en kilogramos se convirtieron en dosis diarias definidas por 1 000 habitantes por día (DHD), según el sistema de clasificación anatómica, terapéutica y química de la OMS. Calculamos la variación absoluta de los valores de las DHD y la variación relativa, expresada en porcentaje de variación de las DHD, adoptando como referencia los datos correspondientes a 1997. Resultados: El consumo total de antibióticos ha aumentado en Perú, Venezuela, Uruguay y Brasil, observándose los mayores incrementos relativos en Perú (5,58 DHD, +70,6 por ciento) y Venezuela (4,81 DHD, +43,0 por ciento). En México (-2,43 DHD; -15,5 por ciento) y Colombia (-4,10 DHD; -33,7 por ciento), el consumo ha disminuido. En Argentina y Chile se observaron grandes reducciones en el consumo de antibióticos a mediados de este período. En todos los países, aumentó el consumo de quinolonas, de forma particularmente pronunciada en Venezuela (1,86 DHD, +282 por ciento). El mayor aumento del consumo de macrólidos, lincosamidas y estreptograminas se observó en Perú (0,76 DHD, +82,1 por ciento), seguido de Brasil, Argentina y Chile. Conclusiones: El análisis del consumo de antibióticos en América Latina plantea una serie de retos. Es preciso obtener datos probatorios sobre las pautas de consumo de fármacos antimicrobianos...