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1.
Medicentro (Villa Clara) ; 27(1)mar. 2023.
Статья в испанский | LILACS | ID: biblio-1440503

Реферат

Introducción: El brote de los terceros molares es un proceso que no está del todo explicado, pero durante su erupción puede provocar diferentes accidentes o complicaciones. Objetivo: Caracterizar el brote anormal de los terceros molares según variables epidemiológicas, clínicas y cefalométricas. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en la Clínica Estomatológica Provincial Docente «Mártires del Moncada», de Santiago de Cuba, desde noviembre de 2019 a febrero de 2020. La población estuvo conformada por jóvenes de 18 a 25 años de edad; la muestra fue seleccionada por muestreo aleatorio simple. Se tuvieron en cuenta las siguientes variables: sexo, color de la piel, brote anormal y otras variables cefalométricas. Resultados: De los 84 dientes incluidos en el estudio, se detectaron 66 terceros molares con brote anormal (78,6 %). El promedio asociado al brote de estos molares de espacio óseo superior insuficiente fue igual para los superiores con medias de 25,9 mm; el de angulación inadecuada resultó obtuso en el superior izquierdo con 128,3º y agudo en los inferiores derechos con 58,8º; asimismo el mayor diámetro mesiodistal inadecuado fue el de los inferiores derechos con 15,7 mm. Conclusiones: El brote anormal de los terceros molares se caracteriza por afectar, de forma importante, a féminas y a individuos mestizos. Su observación se singulariza, fundamentalmente, en molares inferiores con espacios óseos posteriores reducidos, mesioangulaciones y diámetros mesiodistales considerables.


Introduction: eruption of the third molars is a process that is not fully explained in the literature; however it is known that their eruption can cause different complications. Objective: to characterize the abnormal eruption of third molars according to epidemiological, clinical and cephalometric variables. Methods: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out at "Mártires del Moncada" Provincial Teaching Dental Clinic, in Santiago de Cuba, from November 2019 to February 2020. The population consisted of young people aged 18-25 years; the sample was selected by simple random sampling. Gender, skin color, abnormal eruption and other cephalometric variables were taken into account. Results: sixty-six third molars with abnormal eruption were detected from the 84 teeth included in the study (78.6%). The average associated with the eruption of these molars with insufficient upper bone space was the same for the upper ones with means of 25.9 mm; the average with inadequate angulation was obtuse in the upper left third molar with 128.3º and the acute one in the lower right third molars with 58.8º; the lower right third molars likewise had the largest inadequate mesiodistal diameter with 15.7 mm. Conclusions: the abnormal eruption of third molars is characterized by significantly affecting females and mixed-race individuals. Its observation is singled out, fundamentally, in lower molars with reduced posterior bone spaces, mesioangulations and considerable mesiodistal diameters.


Тема - темы
Orthodontics , Tooth, Impacted , Cephalometry , Epidemiologic Research Design , Molar, Third
2.
Rev. saúde pública (Online) ; 54: 48, 2020. tab, graf
Статья в английский | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-1101866

Реферат

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To identify the Brazilian cohorts that started either in the prenatal period or at birth, to describe their characteristics and the explored variables, and to map the cohorts with potential for studies on early determinants on health and the risk of falling ill on later stages of the life cycle. METHODS A scoping review was carried out. The articles were searched in the electronic databases PubMed and Virtual Health Library (VHL). The descriptors used were [((("Child" OR "Child, Preschool" OR "Infant" OR "Infant, Newborn") AND (Cohort Studies" OR "Longitudinal Studies")) AND "Brazil")]. The inclusion criteria were Brazilian cohorts that started the baseline in the prenatal period or at birth and with at least two follow-ups with the participants. In order to meet the concept of LCE, we excluded those cohorts whose follow-ups were restricted to the first year of life, as well as those that did not address biological, behavioral and psychosocial aspects, and cohorts with data collection of a single stage of the life cycle. RESULTS The search step identified 5,010 articles. Eighteen cohorts were selected for descriptive synthesis. The median number of baseline participants was 2,000 individuals and the median age at the last follow-up was 9 years. Sample loss at the last follow-up ranged from 9.2 to 87.5%. Most cohorts monitored two phases of the life cycle (the perinatal period and childhood). The Southern region had the highest number of cohorts. The main variables collected were sociodemographic and environmental aspects of the family, morbidity aspects, nutritional practices and lifestyle. CONCLUSIONS We recommend the continuity of these cohorts, the approach to different social contexts and the performance of follow-ups with participants in different phases of the life cycle for the strengthening and expansion of life course epidemiology analyses in Brazil.


RESUMO OBJETIVO Identificar as coortes brasileiras iniciadas no período pré-natal ou no nascimento, descrever suas características e as variáveis exploradas, além de mapear as coortes com potencial para se estudar os determinantes precoces de saúde e doença e o risco de adoecer em etapas posteriores do ciclo vital. MÉTODOS Realizou-se uma revisão de escopo. A busca dos artigos foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde em 16 de junho de 2018. Os descritores utilizados foram [((("Child" OR "Child, Preschool" OR "Infant" OR "Infant, Newborn") AND ("Cohort Studies" OR "Longitudinal Studies")) AND "Brazil")]. Os critérios de inclusão foram coortes brasileiras que iniciaram a linha de base no período pré-natal ou no nascimento e com pelo menos dois acompanhamentos com os participantes. Foram excluídas as coortes cujos acompanhamentos foram restritos ao primeiro ano de vida, as que não abordaram aspectos biológicos, comportamentais e psicossociais e também aquelas com coleta de informações em um único estágio do ciclo vital. RESULTADOS A etapa de busca identificou 5.010 artigos. Foram selecionadas 18 coortes para a síntese descritiva. A mediana do número de participantes na linha de base foi 2.000 indivíduos e a mediana de idade no último acompanhamento foi 9 anos. A perda amostral no último acompanhamento variou de 9,2 a 87,5%. A maioria das coortes realizou acompanhamentos em duas fases do ciclo vital (período perinatal e infância). A região Sul contemplou o maior número de coortes. As principais variáveis coletadas foram sociodemográficas e ambientais da família, aspectos de morbidade, práticas alimentares e estilo de vida dos participantes. CONCLUSÕES Recomenda-se a continuidade dessas coortes, a abordagem de diferentes contextos sociais e a realização de acompanhamentos com os participantes em diferentes fases do ciclo vital para o fortalecimento e ampliação das análises de epidemiologia do ciclo vital no Brasil.


Тема - темы
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Child Development/physiology , Cohort Studies , Life Cycle Stages/physiology , Brazil , Epidemiologic Research Design , Age Factors
3.
Статья в испанский | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-1401062

Реферат

Entramos en una nueva era de la política editorial en la que sólo los reportes de caso no son suficientes. Ellos nacieron para poder describir aquellos casos relevantes e importantes o aquellos que por primera vez salen a la luz y que pueden servir para que los colegas aprendan dada la poca frecuencia de su presentación. Sin embargo, en la actualidad, los reportes de caso deben ser publicados sólo en casos muy seleccionados y bajo unas condiciones de muy poca frecuencia o alta relevancia para la literatura mundial


We are entering a new era of editorial policy in which case reports alone are not enough. They were born to describe those relevant and important cases or those that come to light for the first time and that can be useful for colleagues to learn from, given the infrequency of their presentation. However, at present, case reports should be published only in very selected cases and under conditions of very low frequency or high relevance to the world literature.


Тема - темы
Humans , Epidemiologic Research Design , Editorial Policies , Literature
6.
Статья в английский | WPRIM | ID: wpr-775171

Реферат

BACKGROUND@#Age-related musculoskeletal diseases are becoming increasingly burdensome in terms of both individual quality of life and medical cost. We intended to establish a large population-based cohort study to determine environmental, lifestyle, and genetic risk factors of musculoskeletal and other age-related diseases, and to clarify the association between vitamin D status and such diseases.@*METHODS@#We targeted 34,802 residents aged 40-74 years living in areas of northern Niigata Prefecture, including Sekikawa Village, Awashimaura Village, and Murakami City (Murakami region). The baseline questionnaire survey, conducted between 2011 and 2013, queried respondents on their lifestyle and environmental factors (predictors), and self-reported outcomes. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentration, an indicator of vitamin D status, was determined with the Liaison® 25OH Vitamin D Total Assay. The primary outcome of this study was osteoporotic fracture; other outcomes included age-related diseases including knee osteoarthritis, perception of chronic pain, dementia, and long-term care insurance use. Mean ages of men and women were 59.2 (SD = 9.3, N = 6907) and 59.0 (SD = 9.3, N = 7457) years, respectively. From the blood samples provided by 3710 men and 4787 women, mean 25(OH)D concentrations were 56.5 (SD = 18.4) nmol/L (22.6 ng/mL) and 45.4 (SD = 16.5) nmol/L (18.2 ng/mL), respectively.@*DISCUSSION@#Follow-up surveys are planned every 5 years for 15 years, and incident cases of our targeted diseases will be followed at hospitals and clinics in and nearby the cohort area. We anticipate that we will be able to clarify the association between vitamin D status and multiple disease outcomes in a Japanese population.


Тема - темы
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Aging , Cohort Studies , Epidemiologic Research Design , Incidence , Japan , Epidemiology , Musculoskeletal Diseases , Epidemiology , Predictive Value of Tests , Quality of Life , Risk Factors , Vitamin D , Blood
7.
Rev. latinoam. enferm. (Online) ; 26: e2936, 2018. tab, graf
Статья в английский | LILACS, BDENF | ID: biblio-961182

Реферат

ABSTRACT Objectives: to evaluate the efficacy of a laser acupuncture protocol developed and applied by nurses in arterial hypertension patients. Method: randomized, multicenter, triple-blind and two-armed clinical trial. The sample consisted of 102 participants, 51 per arm, both sexes, aged between 30 and 75 years, undergoing drug therapy for a year or more, with difficulty to control blood pressure, maintaining regular measures >140x90 mmHg. Participants underwent six standard or simulated laser-acupuncture sessions, for 24 minutes, within a period of six weeks. Descriptive analyzes expressed as frequencies of occurrences, means and medians were used, and analysis of the association between variables was performed using Student's t-test and Anova, using Statistica® software, version 12.0. The significance level was set at 5% (alpha=0.05). The comparison between blood pressure measurements was performed using Student's t-test for paired samples and Anova for repeated measures. Results: a significant reduction in systolic (p<0.001) and diastolic (p<0.001) blood pressure was observed among participants in the intervention arm, which was not observed in the simulation arm. Conclusion: the results have demonstrated the efficacy of the protocol. Reduction and control of blood pressure have been demonstrated, indicating the possibility of using this technology for the care of patientes with essential systemic arterial hypertension. Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials. UTN: U1111-1177-1811. Clinical Trials NCT02530853.


RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar a eficácia de um protocolo para laser-acupuntura, desenvolvido e aplicado por enfermeiros em pacientes com hipertensão arterial. Método: ensaio clínico randomizado, multicêntrico, triplo-cego, dois braços. A amostra foi composta por 102 participantes, 51 por braço, ambos os sexos, idade entre 30 e 75 anos, em tratamento medicamentoso há um ano ou mais, com dificuldades para controle da pressão arterial, mantendo medidas regulares >140x90 mmHg. Os participantes foram submetidos a seis sessões de laser-acupuntura, padrão ou simulada, com duração de 24 minutos, no decorrer de seis semanas. Empregaram-se análises descritivas por frequências de ocorrências, médias e medianas, e de associação entre variáveis por teste t de Student e Anova, empregando o software Statistica®, versão 12.0. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5% (alpha=0,05). A comparação entre resultados da pressão arterial foi pelo teste t de Student para amostras pareadas e Anova para medidas repetidas. Resultados: observou-se redução significativa da pressão arterial sistólica (p<0,001) e diastólica (p<0,001) dos participantes do braço intervenção, evento não verificado no braço simulado. Conclusão: pelos resultados constatou-se eficácia do protocolo. Houve redução e controle da pressão arterial, indicando seu emprego como possibilidade de tecnologia para o cuidado de pessoas com hipertensão arterial sistêmica primária. Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos. UTN: U1111-1177-1811. Clinical TrialsNCT02530853.


RESUMEN Objetivos: evaluar la eficacia de un protocolo de láser-acupuntura, desarrollado y aplicado por enfermeros en pacientes con hipertensión arterial. Método: ensayo clínico aleatorizado, multicéntrico, triple-ciego, de dos brazos. La muestra quedó conformada por 102 participantes, 51 por brazo, ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre los 30 y los 75 años, sometidos a tratamiento con medicamentos durante un año o más, con dificultades para controlar la presión arterial, manteniendo medidas regulares >140x90 mmHg. Los participantes se sometieron a seis sesiones de láser-acupuntura, estándar o simulada, durante 24 minutos, a lo largo de seis semanas. Se utilizaron análisis descriptivos expresados como frecuencias de ocurrencias, medias y medianas, y el análisis de la asociación entre variables se realizó mediante la prueba t de Student y Anova, utilizándose el software Statistica®, versión 12.0. El nivel de significación se fijó en un 5% (alfa=0,05). La comparación entre los resultados de la presión arterial se realizó utilizándose la prueba t de Student para muestras pareadas y Anova, para medidas repetidas. Resultados: se observó una reducción significativa de la presión arterial sistólica (p<0,001) y diastólica (p<0,001) entre los participantes en el brazo intervención, lo que no se observó en el brazo simulado. Conclusión: los resultados han comprobado la eficacia del protocolo. Se ha demostrado la reducción y el control de la presión arterial, lo que indica la posibilidad de utilizar esta tecnología para la atención de pacientes con hipertensión arterial sistémica primaria. Registro Brasileño de Ensayos Clínicos. UTN: U1111-1177-1811. Clinical TrialsNCT02530853.


Тема - темы
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Blood Pressure/physiology , Acupuncture Therapy/methods , Hypertension/nursing , Hypertension/therapy , Referral and Consultation , Acupuncture Points , Epidemiologic Research Design , Biomedical Technology , Nursing Care
8.
Int. j. morphol ; 35(3): 1031-1036, Sept. 2017. ilus
Статья в испанский | LILACS | ID: biblio-893089

Реферат

La metodología de la investigación científica constituye un conjunto de métodos, leyes y procedimientos que orientan los esfuerzos de la investigación hacia la solución de los problemas científicos con un máximo de eficiencia. El método se basa en el desarrollo de distintas etapas que conducen al establecimiento de una conclusión válida sustentada en la verificación de una hipótesis y supuestos de la investigación realizada. Así, la investigación científica no está exenta a la ocurrencia de errores, los cuales pueden ser originados durante el planteamiento del problema de estudio, el diseño de investigación, el establecimiento de los criterios de elegibilidad, la estimación del tamaño de la muestra, el proceso de medición, durante el seguimiento de los sujetos o debido a la falta de discusión de las limitaciones del estudio. En este contexto, una de las estrategias que permite reducir los potenciales errores en la conducción de un estudio radica en el adecuado desarrollo de un proyecto o protocolo de investigación, el cual, debe ser elaborado en base a un problema de investigación, diseño y método de medición, otorgándole al investigador una serie de ventajas asociadas con la planificación documentada del proceso, reproducibilidad de los protocolos experimentales y facilitación del proceso de divulgación de los resultados. En la presente revisión se discuten los aspectos esenciales referentes al método científico en investigación clínica y se analizan los principales problemas, beneficios y elementos asociados con la factibilidad de desarrollar un protocolo de investigación.


Research methodology is a set of methods, laws and procedures that guide research efforts towards solving scientific problems with maximum efficiency. The method is based on the development of different stages that lead to the establishment of a valid conclusion supported on the verification of a hypothesis and assumptions of the performed research. Thus, scientific research is not exempt from the errors, which can originate during the study issue, research design, establishment of eligibility criteria, sample size estimation, measurement process, during follow-up or due to lack of discussion of study limitations. In this context, one of the strategies to reduce potential errors in conducting a study lies in the proper development of a research project or protocol, which must be elaborated based on a research, design and method problem. This provides the researcher with a number of advantages associated with documented process planning, reproducibility of experimental protocols and facilitation of the results publication. This review aims to discuss the essential aspects regarding the scientific method in clinical research and to analyze the main problems, benefits and elements associated with the feasibility of developing a research protocol.


Тема - темы
Biomedical Research/methods , Biomedical Research/standards , Epidemiologic Research Design , Research Design
9.
Rev. méd. Urug ; 33(3): 214-216, set. 2017. tab
Статья в испанский | LILACS | ID: biblio-860021

Реферат

Cuando la población de estudio está integrada por un grupo de pacientes expuestos y se les observa durante un determinado periodo de tiempo para medir la presencia o ausencia de la enfermedad, el diseño se ubica en el contexto de los estudios observacionales, no obstante, no cumple con todos los requisitos de un diseño de cohorte, en consecuencia se podía decir que se trata de un diseño de investigación llamado cuasi cohorte.


When the study population is a group of exposed patients studied over a period of time to measure the presence or absence of disease, the design is placed in the context of observational studies, however, it does not meet all the criteria a cohort design, therefore it could be said that this is a research design quasi cohort.


Quando a população de estudo está integrada por um grupo de pacientes expostos e é observado durante um determinado período de tempo para avaliar a presença ou ausência de uma enfermidade, as características deste estudo são de estudo observacional, no entanto, não cumpre com todos os requisitos de um estudo de coorte, por tanto se poderia dizer que se trata de um estudo epidemiológico chamado quase coorte.


Тема - темы
Cohort Studies , Epidemiologic Research Design , Observational Studies as Topic
10.
Int. j. morphol ; 35(1): 72-76, Mar. 2017. ilus
Статья в английский | LILACS | ID: biblio-840935

Реферат

Observational and descriptive studies (ODS) represent between 70 % and 80 % of the designs utilized in biomedical publications of the different scientific journals. Despite this, there are no tools to guide writers and to assist reviewers in reporting results with this type of research design. The aim of this study was to report the characteristics of a validated checklist for reporting the results using ODS as research designs in an English version. Two-stage study with qualitative methodology. In a first stage, a proposal was designed, by collecting items and domains from an extensive review of the literature. In the second, an instrument was developed by applying reduction items and domains through a panel of 45 experts comprised of clinical academics, reviewers and editors of biomedical journals, and experts in research methodology. These worked determining the validity of facade and content of the instrument. The items and domains incorporated into the final instrument were those in which over 80 % of agreement was achieved between the participants (36 of 45). In this way an instrument was created composed of 19 items, grouped into four domains. Characteristics of the design, construction and validation of a checklist that could help authors, reviewers and journal editors to write and review articles using ODS as research designs to report results was reported.


Los estudios observacionales descriptivos (EOD), representan entre el 70 % y 80 % de los diseños utilizados en las publicaciones biomédicas de las distintas revistas científicas; y, a pesar de ello, no existen instrumentos para guiar a los escritores en el reporte de resultados, como tampoco para colaborar con los revisores con este tipo de diseños de investigación. El objetivo de este estudio fue reportar las características de un sistema de verificación validado, para el reporte de resultados con EOD como diseños de investigación, en una versión en idioma inglés. Se llevó a cabo un estudio bietápico con metodología cualitativa. En una primera etapa, se diseñó una propuesta, mediante la recopilación de ítems y dominios a partir de una extensa revisión de la literatura relacionada. En la segunda, se construyó un instrumento, aplicando reducción de ítems y dominios a través de un panel de 45 expertos, compuesto por académicos clínicos, revisores y editores de revistas biomédicas; y expertos en metodología de investigación. Estos, trabajaron determinando la validez de fachada y de contenido del instrumento. Los ítems y dominios incorporados al instrumento final fueron aquellos en los que se logró más de un 80 % de acuerdo entre los participantes (36 de 45). Se generó de este modo un instrumento compuesto por 19 ítems, agrupados en 4 dominios. Se reportan las características del diseño, construcción y validación de una lista de verificación en versión en inglés, que puede ser utilizada por autores, revisores y editores de revistas, para la escritura y revisión de artículos en los que se utilicen EOD como diseños investigación.


Тема - темы
Checklist , Epidemiologic Research Design , Observational Studies as Topic , Research Report/standards , Biomedical Research , Epidemiologic Studies
11.
An. venez. nutr ; 30(1): 53-67, 2017. tab, graf
Статья в испанский | LIVECS, LILACS | ID: biblio-1023009

Реферат

Investigaciones epidemiológicas reconocen la importancia de la actividad física en la promoción de la salud especialmente en el campo de las enfermedades cardiovasculares y la obesidad. El Estudio Latinoamericano de Nutrición y Salud (ELANS) en Venezuela, de corte transversal, ejecutado entre 2015, definió el perfil antropométrico y evaluó el patrón de actividad física de la población venezolana entre 15 y 65 años. La muestra polietápica, estratificada por regiones (Capital, Oriental, Llanos, Central, Guayana, Andes y Occidental), incluyó 1132 individuos según edad, sexo y estrato social. Se utilizó el cuestionario IPAQ, versión larga y se investigó actividades en el tiempo libre y transporte activo (caminata y bicicleta). Los hombres presentaron más sobrepeso y las mujeres más obesidad con predominio de distribución abdominal desde temprana edad. La obesidad cervical (OC) por circunferencia de cuello, fue mayor en hombres. El transporte principal fue el autobús (67%) en los tres estratos socioeconómicos y en todas las regiones. El 63% realizaron caminatas de al menos 10 minutos diarios para trasladarse de un lugar a otro con diferencias por sexo, región y frecuencia. Los hombres ejecutaron más actividad vigorosa (futbol) y en general 34,9% prefirió el baile y coreografías. La conducta sedentaria como ver televisión (92,1%), sentarse a hablar con amigos (80,5%), hablar por teléfono (74,8%) y uso de computadora e internet (52,6%), presentó diferencias significativas por región. El entorno de vivienda se caracterizó por buena accesibilidad a servicios en los alrededores, altos niveles de inseguridad y pobre iluminación en su zona y lugares de recreación(AU)


Epidemiological researches are aware of the importance of physical activity in health promotion, especially in the area of cardiovascular disease and obesity. The Latin American study of nutrition and health (ELANS) Venezuelan group, developed a polietapic cross-sectional research during years 2014-2015. Present study characterized anthropometric profiles and habitual physical activity, during leisure time and active transportation (walking and biking) using the long version of the IPAQ questionnaire. The study comprised 1132 Venezuelan subjects15 to 65 years of age, previously defined by socio-economic and demographic factors. Taking these parameters into account, the following regions were selected: Capital, Oriental, Los Llanos, Central, Guayana, Andes and Occidental. Males showed more overweight and females greater obesity. Abdominal obesity characterized both groups with dominance and at early age in women. The main transportation was BY bus (67%) in the three socio-economic strata and in all the regions. 63% performed for at least 10 minutes daily walking to move from one place to another with differences by sex, region and frequency. The male group performed more vigorous activity (soccer) and in general, 34.9% preferred dance and choreography. The environment of sedentary behavior with significant differences by region was defined by watching television (92.1%), sitting and talking with friends (80.5%), talking on the phone (74.8%), and the use of computer and internet (52.6%). The home environment was characterized by proximity to services in the surroundings, and high levels of insecurity in their area and places of recreation, mainly associated with the absence of street lighting(AU)


Тема - темы
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Epidemiologic Research Design , Surveys and Questionnaires , Diet, Food, and Nutrition , Motor Activity , Obesity , Cardiovascular Diseases , Anthropometry , Growth , Metabolic Diseases
12.
Rev. Inst. Nac. Hig ; 48(1-2): 112-139, 2017. tab, graf
Статья в испанский | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: biblio-1000283

Реферат

La Farmacoepidemiología, como disciplina que estudia los efectos y consecuencias del uso de medicamentos en poblaciones humanas, tiene como objetivo fundamental promover su uso adecuado. Para ello se sustenta en el método epidemiológico y sus diversos diseños de investigación, cada uno de los cuales presenta objetivos y características particulares, pero todos con el propósito global de mejorar el uso de medicamentos, prevenir eventos adversos y sus factores asociados; así como, descubrir nuevas indicaciones, determinar posibles efectos nocivos por uso crónico, describir las posibles interacciones con otros medicamentos, identificar el desarrollo de nuevas patologías, además del uso en poblaciones especiales, entre otros. Entre las acciones de la Farmacoepidemiología destacan la aplicación de la investigación para la producción de evidencia científica sólida para la toma de decisiones en salud; así como para la ejecución de acciones de capacitación destinadas a mejorar las prácticas en torno al medicamento de pacientes, proveedores, personal de salud, industria, gobierno y público en general. La presente revisión pretende hacer una breve descripción de los principales diseños de investigación epidemiológica y su vinculación con el uso de medicamentos, destacando como principales ventajas, además de la diversa disponibilidad de métodos, la sencillez, rapidez y facilidad de ejecución de la mayoría de ellos, aunado al hecho de destacar los esfuerzos que se vienen realizando mediante la publicación de guías dirigidas a mejorar la divulgación de resultados, esperando que estas actividades se traduzcan en una mejora en el uso adecuado de medicamentos en la población, su salud y calidad de vida


Pharmacoepidemiology, as a discipline that studies the effects and consequences of the use of drugs in human populations, has as its fundamental objective to promote its adequate use. This is based on the epidemiological method and its various research designs, each of which presents particular objectives and characteristics, but all with the overall purpose of improving drug use, preventing adverse events and their associated factors; as well as to discover new indications, to determine possible harmful effects by chronic use, to describe the possible interactions with other drugs, to identify the development of new pathologies, besides the use in special populations, among others. Among the actions of Farmacoepidemiología, the application of research for the production of solid scientific evidence for health decision making emphasizes; as well as for the execution of training actions aimed at improving practices around the medicine of patients, providers, health personnel, industry, government and the public in general. The present review aims to give a brief description of the main designs of epidemiological research and their linkage with the use of medicines, highlighting as main advantages, besides the diverse availability of methods, the simplicity, speed and ease of execution of most of them , coupled with the fact that efforts are being made by publishing guidelines aimed at improving the dissemination of results, hoping that these activities will result in an improvement in the adequate use of medicines in the population, their health and quality of life


Тема - темы
Humans , Male , Female , Abnormalities, Drug-Induced , Epidemiologic Research Design , Pharmacoepidemiology , Pharmacovigilance , Public Health , Drug Utilization
13.
Femina ; 43(6): 277-280, nov.-dez. 2015.
Статья в португальский | LILACS | ID: lil-771227

Реферат

O primeiro passo na concepção de qualquer pesquisa clínica é ter uma "ideia" para o estudo. A ideia para um estudo geralmente vem da experiência e da percepção de que há uma necessidade de se obter uma resposta clara a uma pergunta de pesquisa bem definida. Uma vez que a pergunta do estudo tenha sido identificada, o próximo passo é uma avaliação crítica da literatura existente para descobrir o que exatamente se sabe sobre o assunto, certificando-se de que a pergunta ainda não foi respondida. As perguntas primárias e secundárias do estudo devem ser elaboradas de formas clara e concisa, permitindo a identificação da exposição e dos desfechos de interesse, assim como a magnitude do efeito previsto.(AU)


The first step in designing any clinical research is to have an "idea" for the study. The idea for a study usually comes from experience and the perception that there is a need to obtain a clear answer to a well defined question. Once the research question has been identified, the next step is a critical review of the literature to find out what exactly is known about it and to make sure that the question has not been answered. The primary and secondary questions of the research should be drafted clearly and concisely, allowing the identification of exposure and outcomes of interest, as well as the magnitude of the expected effect.(AU)


Тема - темы
Research Design , Project Formulation , Epidemiologic Research Design , Biomedical Research/methods
14.
Статья в испанский | LILACS | ID: lil-751794

Реферат

Introducción: la perspectiva histórica demuestra lo eficaz y esencial que ha sido la utilización de animales como sujetos de prueba. Se ha logrado salvar vidas y responder a diferentes preguntas biomédicas, a partir de esta práctica. Objetivo: realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre la investigación preclínica en las ciencias biomédicas. Métodos: se realizó una revisión sobre la investigación preclínica en las ciencias biomédicas en Internet. La búsqueda abarcó artículos publicados fundamentalmente en los últimos 5 años. Se evaluaron revistas internacionales de impacto de la Web of Sciencies relacionadas con el tema (32 revistas) y 2 cubanas. Se consultaron las bases de datos de sistemas referativos, como MEDLINE, PubMed y SciELO con la utilización de descriptores como animal research, preclinical investigation, biomodels, laboratory animals, translational medicine y sus equivalentes en español. Se incluyeron artículos en idioma inglés, portugués y español. Se obtuvieron 136 artículos, se circunscribió el estudio a 53 que enfocaron esta temática de manera más integral. Se revisó 1 libro. Análisis e integración de la información: al analizar el comportamiento de los artículos sobre la temática de estudio respecto a su representatividad en las diferentes revistas científicas donde fueron publicados, 9,4 por ciento de ellos correspondieron a la revista Journal of clinical periodontology e igual porciento a la PloS biology. Los restantes artículos estuvieron distribuidos de manera uniforme entre las otras revistas. La mayoría de las investigaciones sugieren que el empleo de biomodelos constituye una forma eficiente de desarrollar investigaciones, pero que estas deben estar bien diseñadas, pues frecuentemente se introducen sesgos en la validez interna y externa de la investigación, que conllevan a errores en la publicación científica. Conclusiones: el desconocimiento de las características inherentes a los biomodelos, de aspectos propios de la investigación preclínica, los concernientes al diseño metodológico y el mismo desarrollo de la investigación pueden introducir errores en el análisis, y publicación de los resultados; consecuentemente, se afecta la calidad de la investigación, y se contribuye a la frecuente falta de estudios animales confiables(AU)


Introduction: a historical analysis would reveal that the use of animals as test subjects has been both effective and essential. Such a practice has served both to save lives and to answer a variety of biomedical questions. Objective: carry out a bibliographic review about preclinical biomedical research. Methods: abibliographic review was conducted about preclinical biomedical research on the Internet. Most of the papers included in the search have been published in the last five years. An evaluation was performed of international high impact journals from the Web of Sciences dealing with the subject (32 journals), as well as two Cuban journals. Databases from reference systems such as MEDLINE, PubMed and SciELO were consulted with the aid of search terms like animal research, preclinical investigation, biomodels, laboratory animals, translational medicine and their Spanish counterparts. The papers included were in English, Portuguese or Spanish. Of the 136 papers obtained, the reviewers selected the 53 which approached the study subject in a more comprehensive manner. One book was also reviewed. Data analysis and integration: an analysis of the representativeness of papers in the scientific journals where they were published showed that 9.4 percent corresponded to the Journal of Clinical Periodontology, and the same percentage to PloS Biology. The remaining papers were evenly distributed among the other journals. Most studies suggest that biomodels are an effective tool in scientific research, but they should be correctly designed, for it is common to find bias in the internal and external validity of the research, leading to errors in scientific publications. Conclusions: lack of knowledge about characteristics inherent to biomodels, preclinical research, methodological design and the very development of the research may lead to errors in the analysis and publication of results, affecting the quality of the research and contributing to the frequent scarcity of reliable animal studies(AU)


Тема - темы
Animals , Epidemiologic Research Design/veterinary , Animal Experimentation , Biomedical Research/methods , Animal Testing Alternatives/methods , Review Literature as Topic , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Databases, Bibliographic/statistics & numerical data
15.
Rev. gaúch. enferm ; Rev. gaúch. enferm;36(2): 113-121, Apr-Jun/2015. graf
Статья в английский | LILACS, BDENF | ID: lil-752580

Реферат

OBJECTIVE: The study objective was to develop the definition and compile the risk factors for a new Nursing Diagnosis entitled "Risk for pressure ulcer". The process was guided using the research question, "What are the risk factors for development of a PU and what is its definition?" METHOD: An integrative literature review was conducted of articles published in Portuguese, English or Spanish from 2002 to 2012 and indexed on the Lilacs/SCIELO, MEDLINE/PubMed Central and Web of Science databases. The final sample comprised 21 articles that provided answers to the research question. These articles were analyzed and summarized in charts. RESULTS: A definition was constructed and 19 risk factors were selected for the new nursing diagnosis, "Risk for pressure ulcer". CONCLUSIONS: Identification and definition of the components of the new nursing diagnosis should aid nurses to prevent pressure ulcer events. .


OBJETIVO: El desarrollo de la definición y de los factores de riesgo de un nuevo diagnóstico de enfermería denominado Riesgo de úlcera por presión. La pregunta guía fue: "¿Qué es úlcera por presión y cuáles son los factores de riesgo? MÉTODO: Revisión integradora de la literatura con artículos en portugués, inglés y español publicados entre 2002 y 2012 en las bases de datos electrónicos Lilacs/SCIELO, MEDLINE/PubMed Central y Web of Science. La muestra fue compuesta por 21 artículos que respondieron a la pregunta guía de la encuesta los cuales fueron analizados mediante cuadros sinópticos. RESULTADOS: Se desarrolló la definición y se enumeraron 19 factores de riesgo para el nuevo diagnóstico de enfermería de Riesgo de úlcera por presión. CONCLUSIÓN: La encuesta permitió identificar y definir los componentes de ese nuevo diagnóstico de enfermería que auxiliará al enfermero en la prevención de la úlcera por presión. .


OBJETIVO: Estudo com objetivo de desenvolver a definição e os fatores de risco de um novo diagnóstico de enfermagem denominado risco de úlcera por pressão. Para tanto, utilizou-se a questão norteadora: "o que é úlcera por pressão e quais os seus fatores de risco?" MÉTODO: Revisão integrativa da literatura referente a artigos publicados em português, inglês e espanhol, no período entre 2002-2012, nas bases de dados eletrônicas Lilacs/SCIELO, MEDLINE/PubMed Central e Web of Science. A amostra foi composta por 21 artigos que responderam à questão norteadora, os quais foram analisados por meio de quadros sinópticos. RESULTADOS: Desenvolveu-se a definição e elencaram-se 19 fatores de risco para o novo diagnóstico de enfermagem denominado Risco de úlcera por pressão. CONCLUSÃO: A identificação e a definição desses componentes do novo diagnóstico de enfermagem poderão auxiliar o enfermeiro na prevenção do evento úlcera por pressão. .


Тема - темы
Humans , Nursing Diagnosis , Pressure Ulcer/epidemiology , Comorbidity , Databases, Bibliographic , Disease Susceptibility , Epidemiologic Research Design , Pressure Ulcer/diagnosis , Pressure Ulcer/nursing , Pressure Ulcer/prevention & control , Pressure/adverse effects , Review Literature as Topic , Risk , Risk Factors , Restraint, Physical/adverse effects
16.
Horiz. méd. (Impresa) ; 15(1): 49-56, Ene.-Mar.2015. tab
Статья в испанский | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-758731

Реферат

Identificar las características epidemiológicas y clínicas de las cardiopatías congénitas en niños menores de 5 años en el Hospital "Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo" durante enero - diciembre de 2012. Material y Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo de diseño descriptivo transversal, población escogida niños menores de 5 años atendidos en Hospital Nacional "Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo", diagnosticados con cardiopatías congénitas entre enero - diciembre de 2012, los datos se obtuvieron del Sistema de Gestión Hospitalaria mediante el código CIE-10 (Q00-Q99) en la Oficina de Inteligencia Sanitaria del Hospital Nacional "Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo" obteniéndose una lista con la cual se solicitó a la Oficina de Registros médicos las historias clínicas para la confección de la base de datos en Excel 2010. Resultados: Se tuvo 109 pacientes, predominando sexo masculino (55%) entre 6 meses y 2 años (40%) procediendo de Lambayeque (55%). Predominaron las cardiopatías congénitas acianóticas (92%), siendo comunicación interventricular (CIV), comunicación interauricular (CIA) y persistencia del conducto arterioso (PCA) los más frecuentes, mientras que las cianóticas (8%), el 56% representóla Tetralogía de Fallot. Su tratamiento: 38% farmacológico, 22% observación y 40% quirúrgico. Conclusión: Las cardiopatías congénitas más prevalentes en el Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo son similares a las reportadas en literatura nacional e internacional. Con mayor frecuencia en sexo masculino, procedentes de Lambayeque y según tipo, acianóticas, siendo comunicación interventricular en mayor proporción, y su tratamiento prevalece el conservador, siendo observación y farmacológico predominantemente...


Identify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of congenital cardiopathies in children under 5 in "Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo's" Hospital during January - December 2012. Material and Methods: Quantitative descriptive cross sectional study design, the chosen were children under 5 years who were diagnosed with congenital cardiopathies in " Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo's" Hospital between January to December 2012, data were obtained from the Hospital Management System using the ICD-10 (Q00 -Q99) in the area of Health Intelligence of " Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo's " Hospital and obtained a list of which doctors office requested medical records for making database in Excel 2010. Results: 109 patients, predominantly mate (55%) between 6 months and 2 years (40%) from Lambayeque (55%), predominated acyanotic congenital cardiopathies (92%), ventricular septal defect (VSD ) , atrial septal defect (ASD ) and patent ductus arteriosus (PCA ) the most common, whereas cyanotic congenital heart disease (8 %) , 56% represented by Tetralogy of Fallot. Treatment, 38% with drug treatment, 22% observation and 40% surgical treatment. Conclusion: The most prevalent congenital heart disease in the Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo's Hospital are similar to those reported in national and international literature. More frequently in males, from Lambayeque and of the acyanotic type, being the interventricular communication most frequently, and treatment prevails conservative, observation and pharmacological depending on hemodynamic stability...


Тема - темы
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Heart Defects, Congenital , Epidemiologic Research Design , Clinical Clerkship , Cross-Sectional Studies
17.
Rev. MED ; 23(1): 40-51, ene.-jun. 2015. tab
Статья в испанский | LILACS | ID: lil-791377

Реферат

Introducción: En diversos contextos se alude la investigación descriptiva en términos peyorativos por endilgarle sesgos e impacto exiguo en el estudio de factores de riesgo. Esto podría atribuirse al desconocimiento de sus fundamentos conceptuales y metodológicos. Objetivo: Recabar las ventajas de los estudios descriptivos a partir de una revisión de sus fundamentos conceptuales y metodológicos. Métodos: Revisión narrativa sobre las ventajas, usos y limitaciones de los estudios descriptivos, sumado al análisis de algunos aspectos metodológicos. Resultados: Se presentan las particularidades de los estudios descriptivos en términos de sus tipologías, usos, ventajas y limitaciones. En relación con la fase conceptual de toda investigación se analizan las características específicas del problema, justificación, objetivos y marco teórico de un estudio descriptivo. En la fase metodológica se contrastan algunos autores que han estudiado temas determinantes para garantizar la validez de la investigación descriptiva como la clasificación y control de sesgos, la identificación de la confusión y el análisis estadístico. Al finalizar, se hace explícito el contenido de un artículo descriptivo a la luz de sus exigencias epidemiológicas y estadísticas. Conclusión: La investigación descriptiva es la que expone de manera más veraz y directa la realidad de un fenómeno de estudio, por ello es necesario conocer sus exigencias conceptuales y operativas para mitigar concepciones erradas sobre su alcance.


Introduction: In some contexts the descriptive researching has been referred with derogatory terms by its biases and low impact in the study of risk factors. This could be attributed to a lack of conceptual and methodological foundations. Objective: To seek the advantages of the descriptive studies from a review of its conceptual and methodological foundations. Methods: Narrative review of the benefits, uses and limitations of descriptive studies, coupled with the analysis of some methodological aspects. Results: the specific items of descriptive studies are presented in terms of their types, uses, advantages and limitations. Regarding the conceptual phase of the research was analyzed the problem, grounds, objectives and theoretical framework. In the methodological phase are presented some determinants to ensure validity of descriptive researching as the classification and control of bias, confounding and statistical analysis. At the end it is showed the content of a descriptive article in the light of their needs and epidemiological statistics. Conclusion: Descriptive researching is exposing more accurate and directly the reality of a phenomenon under study, so it is necessary to understand its conceptual and operational requirements to mitigate misconceptions about its scope.


Introdução: Em muitos contextos se fala pejorativamente da investigação por descritiva impingirlhe sesgos e pouco impacto no estudo de fatores de resgo. Isso pode ser atribuído ao desconhecimento dos fundamentos conceptuais e metodológicos. Objetivo: Coletar as vantagens dos estudos descritivos com uma revisão dos fundamentos conceptuais e metodológicos. Métodos: Revisão narrativa das vantagens, fusos e limitações dos estudos descritivos, mais o análises de alguns aspetos metodológicos. Resultados: Presentam-se as particularidades dos estudos descritivos em términos de suas tipologias, aplicações, vantagens e limitações. Em relação com a fase conceptual de toda investigação, as características específicas do problema, justificação, objetivos e marco teórico dum estudo descritivo foram analisados. Na fase metodológica alguns autores que tem tratado o tema foram contrastados. Eles tem estudado temas determinantes para garantir a validez da investigação descritiva como a classificação y controle de riscos, a identificação da confusão e o análises estadístico. Ao final se fiz claro o conteúdo duma apresentação descritiva guiado pelas exigências epidemiológicas e estadísticas. Conclusão: A investigação descritiva é a que mostra da melhor maneira a realidade dum fenómeno de estudo. Assim é preciso conhecer seus exigências conceptuais e operativas para mitigar conceitos errados no alcance.


Тема - темы
Humans , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Operations Research , Epidemiologic Research Design , Methodology as a Subject
19.
Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health. 2015; 5 (1): 23-31
в английский | IMEMR | ID: emr-159928

Реферат

In developing countries, public health professionals and scientists need targeted training and practical skills to respond to global emerging infectious disease threats. The Certificate in Emerging Infectious Disease Research was developed in 2008 to aid such professionals to respond to complex emerging disease problems. The short-course was modified slightly in 2013 and renamed the Certificate in One Health. To evaluate the immediate impact of the short-course, an online survey of 176 past participants from both the courses was conducted. The survey tool assessed the program's process, impact, and outcome measures respectively via assessing the courses' perceived strengths and weaknesses, perceived skills gained, and the participants' current position, publication status, funding status, and educational attainment; 85 [48.3%] participants completed the survey. Reported program strengths included the curriculum, expertise of lecturers, and diversity of the training cohort. The principal reported weakness was the compressed academic schedule. The most frequently reported benefits included: epidemiological and biostatistical skills, followed by One-Health knowledge, and research skills. Twenty-eight percent of the survey respondents reported publishing one or more manuscripts since completing the course and 21% reported receiving research funding. The course appears to have had a positive, immediate impact on the students' self-perceived knowledge and capabilities


Тема - темы
Humans , Epidemiologic Research Design , Developing Countries , Education , Surveys and Questionnaires
20.
Rev. Fac. Med. Univ. Nac. Nordeste ; 35(3): 31-40, 2015. ilus
Статья в испанский | LILACS | ID: biblio-908081

Реферат

Las enfermedades infecciosas han constituido la mayor causa de muerte a nivel mundial hasta principios del sigloXX, luego de lo cual se observó una disminución relacionada a los avances en las condiciones de vida de lapoblación, la farmacología y las mejoras del medio ambiente, entre otras causas. Las condiciones socioeconómicas son determinantes de la salud de la población y a pesar de los avances observados en los últimos años, la provincia del Chaco es una de las más pobres del país. Se realizó este trabajo con el objetivo de describir la mortalidad por causas infecciosas en la provincia durante el periodo 1999-2012...


Infectious diseases have become the leading cause of death worldwide until the early twentieth century, after it was decreasing thanks to advances in pharmacology, environment, living conditions, among others. There isevidence, that the socio-economic conditions are determinants of health of the population, given that theprovince of Chaco is one of the poorest provinces in the country (33% of NBI), encourages us to describe thesituation Mortality from infectious to help promote the execution of programs or projects to improve this area causes. Objective: To describe mortality from infectious diseases in the province during the period 1999-2012...


Тема - темы
Humans , Communicable Diseases , Mortality , Epidemiologic Research Design , Pharmacology, Clinical , Population , Health Statistics , Social Conditions
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