Hiperparatiroidismo primario / Primary hyperparathyroidism

Resumen El hiperparatiroidismo primario (HPP) se define como un trastorno endocrinológico caracterizado por hipercalcemia y niveles de hormona paratiroidea (PTH) elevados o inadecuadamente normales resultado de la secreción excesiva de PTH de una o más glándulas paratiroides. Con respecto a la causa, en un 85% se debe a un adenoma paratiroideo único y un 95% de los casos son esporádicos, sin un factor etiológico identificable. La presentación clásica en la mayoría de los casos es de forma asintomática, sin embargo, sus síntomas o signos clásicos incluyen los derivados de la afectación renal, donde la nefrolitiasis es la manifestación clínica más frecuente de la afectación ósea y de la hipercalcemia. El diagnóstico es bioquímico, sin necesidad de estudio imagenológico, el cual se realiza únicamente como pruebas localizadoras prequirúrgicas. El tratamiento definitivo es quirúrgico, siendo la paratiroidectomía con abordaje cervical el procedimiento de elección.

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) is defined as an endocrine disorder characterized by hypercalcemia and elevated or inadequately normal parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels resulting from the excessive secretion of PTH from one or more parathyroid glands. The cause of this disorder is due, in 85%, to a single parathyroid adenoma and most cases (95%) are sporadic, without an identifiable etiologic factor. PHP is asymptomatic in most patients, however, classic symptoms or signs include those derived from renal involvement, where nephrolithiasis is the most frequent clinical manifestation, and those derived from bone affectation and hypercalcemia. The diagnosis is biochemical, without the need for an imaging study, which is performed only as pre-surgical locator tests. The definitive treatment is surgical, being the parathyroidectomy with cervical approach the procedure of choice.

Hiperparatiroidismo primario por carcinoma paratiroideo: caso problema y revisión / Primary hyperparathyroidism by parathyroid cancer: case report and review

El carcinoma paratiroideo (CP) es una neoplasia maligna con una incidencia de 0,015 cada 100.000 habitantes por año. Representa el 1% de los diagnósticos de hiperparatiroidismo primario y se manifiesta entre la 4.a y 5.a década de la vida, con una incidencia similar entre hombres y mujeres. La etiología del CP es incierta, ha sido asociada a formas esporádicas o familiares. Está caracterizado por altos niveles séricos de calcio y PTH y el desafío clínico-quirúrgico es el diagnóstico diferencial con otras entidades benignas como el adenoma o la hiperplasia de paratiroides. Aunque el diagnóstico de certeza es anatomopatológico, la sospecha clínica y el uso de métodos de baja complejidad (ecografía) con operadores avezados permite una correcta localización y abordaje pertinente del paciente para dirigir el tratamiento quirúrgico adecuado (resección en bloque) evitando persistencias y recurrencias de enfermedad. Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente masculino que ingresa por síndrome de impregnación asociado a hipercalcemia, su abordaje diagnóstico, tratamiento y manejo interdisciplinario con discusión y revisión bibliográfica. (AU)

Parathyroid carcinoma (CP) is a malignant disease with an incidence of 0.015 per 100,000 inhabitants per year. It accounts for 1% of primary hyperparathyroidism diagnoses and occurs between the 4th and 5th decade of life, with a similar incidence between men and women. The etiology of CP is uncertain and has been associated with sporadic or family forms. CP is characterized by high serum calcium and PTH levels and the clinical-surgical challenge is the differential diagnosis with other benign entities such as parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia. Although the diagnosis of certainty is achieved by pathological anatomy examination, the clinical suspicion and the use of low complexity methods (ultrasound) by experienced operators allows a correct localization and a patient-specific approach to direct the appropriate surgical treatment (block resection), avoiding persistence and recurrences of disease. The clinical case of a male patient admitted for severe hypercalcemia with multiple organ disfunction, the diagnostic approaches, treatment, and interdisciplinary management, together with review and discussion of the current literature are presented. (AU)

Preeclampsia as an inaugural manifestation of primary hyperparathyroidism: A case report / Pré-eclâmpsia como manifestação inaugural de hiperparatiroidismo primário: Um caso clínico

Abstract Primary hyperparathyroidism is an endocrine disorder characterized by hypercalcemia and elevated or inappropriately normal levels of parathyroid hormone. The diagnosis is based on a biochemical evaluation, and a neck ultrasound is the first choice during pregnancy to access the parathyroid glands. Manifestations during pregnancy are rare and can be present with life-threatening complications, so the diagnosis is challenging. The conservative treatment is limited, and there is not enough data about its safety and efficacy during pregnancy. Surgery is the only curative treatment, and a parathyroidectomy performed during the second or third trimesters is considered safe. Recently, some authors suggested an association between primary hyperparathyroidism and preeclampsia. We describe a case of preeclampsia with severe features at 27 weeks of gestational age. The severity of the preeclampsiamotivated an early termination of the pregnancy by cesarean section. During the postpartum period, the patient presented life-threatening complications, such as severe hypercalcemia and acute pancreatitis. An ultrasound exam found two parathyroid nodules, suggestive of parathyroid adenomas. The patient recovered after the pharmacological correction of the calcemia levels.

Resumo O hiperparatiroidismo primário é umdistúrbio endócrino caraterizado pela elevação do cálcio sérico associada a níveis de paratormona elevados ou inapropriadamente normais. O diagnóstico é baseado em análises bioquímicas, e, na gravidez, o exame de imagem de primeira linha é a ecografia cervical. É uma doença rara na gravidez, e pode se apresentar com complicações ameaçadoras de vida, pelo que o seu diagnóstico é desafiante. O tratamento médico disponível é limitado, havendo poucos dados relativos à sua eficácia e segurança na gravidez. A cirurgia é o único tratamento curativo, e pode ser realizada no segundo ou terceiro trimestres. Tem sido descrita uma relação entre hiperparatiroidismo primário e pré-eclâmpsia. Apresenta-se um caso de uma grávida de 27 semanas com pré-eclâmpsia com critérios de gravidade, o que obrigou ao término da gravidez por cesariana. Verificou-se agravamento clínico no período pós-parto, com aparecimento de complicações graves, tais como hipercalcemia grave e pancreatite aguda. Ecograficamente, constataram-se duas massas paratiróideias sugestivas de adenomas da paratiroide. A doente recebeu tratamento médico, e teve melhora apenas após a correção dos níveis de cálcio sérico.

Hiperparatiroidismo primario: reporte de caso clínico / Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Case report

Antecedentes: El hiperparatiroidismo primario, tercer trastorno metabólico más común a nivel mundial, provoca un aumento del calcio sérico y de la hormona paratiroidea, causado por una hiperactividad de las glándulas paratiroideas. En el 85% de los casos, se debe a un adenoma paratiroideo. Es predominantemente asintomático (>80%), pero sus manifestaciones pueden ser musculo-esqueléticas, neurológicas, psiquiátricas, renales, cardiovasculares, y gastrointestinales. Descripción del Caso Clínico: Paciente femenina de 53 años de edad, con antecedente de hipercolesterolemia familiar heterocigoto e hipertensión arterial; presenta insomnio, náuseas, pérdida de peso, mialgias, astenia, relujo gastroesofágico e irritabilidad. Ante indicación de exámenes de labo-ratorio muestra hipercalcemia leve. Se comprueba un adenoma paratiroideo derecho y nódulos tiroideos coloides benignos en lóbulo izquierdo mediante gammagrafía Tc99m MIBI, siendo sometida a su resección con posterior evolución satisfactoria. Conclusiones: Considerando la predilección asintomática del hiperparatiroidismo primario y su preferencia de presentación como adenoma, resulta indispensable su sospecha ante toda hipercalcemia. Requiere entonces una concientización amplia no solo en el ámbito médico sino también en la comunidad, ampliando esfuerzos entre el clínico, cirujano, y patólogo. Se recomienda medir el calcio y fósforo sérico de forma rutinaria en la evaluación clínica cotidiana de cada paciente para su detección...(AU)

Hiperparatiroidismo primario en adolescente. Reporte de caso / Primary hyperparathyroidism in adolescent. Case report

INTRODUCTION: The hypercalcemia is infrequent in pediatrics, its clinical is diverse, and its etiology is determined by age. Among the dependent causes of parathormone (PHT) is the hyperthyroidism, state of hypersecretion of PHT by parathyroid glands (PG). The primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is rare in children, there are 200 reported cases. In older children, the causes for PHPT correspond to parathyroid adenoma, multiglandular disease and parathyroid carcinoma. OBJECTIVE: Report a case of an 11 years old male adolescent. He presents three months symptoms of constipation, anorexia, vomiting and weight loss. Urgent consultation due to an increase of his symptoms, in exams stand out: calcemia 16.67 mg/dl (NV 8.8-10.8 mg/dl), phosphatemia 2.21 mg/dl (NV 4.5-5.5 mg/dl), parathormone (PHT) 308.7 pg/ml (NV 15-68.3 pg/ml), calciuria/creatininuria 0.56 (NV < 0.2). He was hospitalized to manage his severe hypercalcemia, it was indicated hyperhydration, monopotassium phosphate, intravenous hydrocortisone and furosemide. In his study was performed a cervical ultrasound which showed a solid node in the right parathyroid gland, hypoechogenic and scintigram parathyroid compatible with right superior parathyroid adenoma. In the waiting for surgery was necessary the administration of intravenous pamidronate. In the post-operatory, he evolved with hipocalcemia that was corrected with intravenous calcium carbonate, overlapping to oral calcium and calcitriol. CONCLUSION: The PHPT is a pathology of low prevalence in pediatrics, one hundred times less than adults. In the adolescent, the most frequent cause is the parathyroid adenoma. It should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases of symptomatic hypercalcemia in this age group

Crisis hipercalcémica causada por adenoma paratiroideo: reporte de un caso clínico / Hypercalcemic crisis due to parathyroid adenoma: report of a clinical case

La hipercalcemia es un trastorno común que representa aproximadamente el 0,6% de todas las admisiones médicas agudas. El hiperparatiroidismo primario (HPTP) y las neoplasias malignas son las dos causas más comunes de elevación de los niveles séricos de calcio; constituyen, en conjunto, alrededor del 90% de todos los casos. La presentación sintomática clásica de la hipercalcemia se observa con relativa poca frecuencia en el mundo desarrollado; la presentación más común es la detección asintomática en las pruebas bioquímicas. Sin embargo, en casos raros, el HPTP puede desarrollar hipercalcemia aguda, grave y sintomática, llamada crisis hipercalcémica (CH). Esta condición se asocia a alteraciones profundas en el estado mental y las funciones cardíaca, renal y gastrointestinal en presencia de concentraciones marcadamente elevadas de calcio sérico y paratohormona (PTH). Mientras que algunas elevaciones en el calcio sérico pueden ser bien toleradas, los síntomas de la CH son severos. Si el tratamiento se retrasa, la CH puede provocar la muerte. Describimos el caso de un paciente masculino que ingresa en la unidad de cuidados críticos por una CH secundaria a un HPTP por adenoma paratiroideo. (AU)

Hypercalcaemia is a most common disorder, accounting for approximately 0,6% of all acute medical admissions. Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and malignancy are the two most common causes of increased serum calcium levels, together accounting for about 90% of all cases. The classical symptomatic presentation of hypercalcaemia is seen relatively rarely in the developed world, the most common presentation being asymptomatic and detected following on biochemical testing. However, in rare cases HPTP can result in acute, severe and symptomatic hypercalcemia, called hypercalcemic crisis (HC). This condition is associated with profound disturbances in mental status, and cardiac, renal, and gastrointestinal function in the presence of markedly increased serum calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations. While some elevations in serum calcium can be well tolerated, symptoms of HC are severe. If treatment is delayed, HC can result in death. We describe herein a case of a male patient who was admitted to the intensive care unit as a consequence of HC resulting from elevated PTH, secondary to a parathyroid adenoma. We describe the case of a male patient who was admitted to the critical care unit for a HC mediated by PTH secondary to a parathyroid adenoma. (AU)

Hiperparatiroidismo primario asintomático en mujeres / Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism in women

El hiperparatiroidismo primario puede tener diferentes características. Una de ellas es la forma asintomática. Esta es una variante leve del hiperparatiroidismo primario hipercalcémico, que se caracteriza por una calcemia no mayor a 1 mg/dl sobre el límite superior del método, hormona paratiroidea intacta (PTHi) elevada, ausencia de litiasis renal, deterioro de la función renal y de osteoporosis, edad menor de 50 años, y calciuria menor a 400 mg/día. No es una entidad quirúrgica, pero en su evolución puede llegar a serlo. Se estudiaron 24 mujeres postmenopáusicas, todas mayores de 50 años, con diagnóstico de hiperparatiroidismo asintomático, se describieron las manifestaciones clínicas, los cambios densitométricos, los parámetros bioquímicos y del remodelado óseo y se compararon los resultados con las variantes clásica y normocalcémica de la enfermedad. Se establecieron los criterios diagnósticos y se observó que solo 2 (8.3%) de las pacientes, durante un seguimiento de 44 ± 12 meses tuvo necesidad de paratiroidectomía. En definitiva, el hiperparatiroidismo primario asintomático es una alteración benigna, de seguimiento clínico periódico que, en pocas ocasiones, durante el seguimiento puede requerir cirugía.

Primary hyperparathyroidism may have different characteristics. One is the asymptomatic form. This is a mild variant of hypercalcemic hyperparathyroidism, characterized by a calcemia not greater than 1 mg/dl above the upper limit of the method, a high intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), absence of renal stones, renal function impairement, and osteoporosis, less than 50 years of age, and less than 400 mg/day calciuria. It is not a surgical entity, but its evolution may require it. Twenty-four postmenopausal women, all older than 50 years, with a diagnosis of asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism, were studied. Clinical manifestations, densitometric changes, biochemical parameters and bone remodeling were analyzed and the results were compared with the classic and normocalcemic variants of the disease. Diagnostic criteria were established and observed that only 2 (8.3%) of patients, during a follow up of 44 ± 12 months, had need for a parathyroidectomy. In conclusion, the asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism is a benign disorder, of periodic clinical follow-up, which rarely may require surgery.

Neoplasia endocrina múltiple tipo 1 con mutación negativa y fenocopias / Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 with negative mutation and phenocopies

Introducción: existen 4 tipos de neoplasias endocrinas múltiples, las cuales se caracterizan por la aparición de tumores en 2 o más glándulas endocrinas. La prevalencia de neoplasia endocrina múltiple 1 es aproximadamente 2 por 100 000, y constituyen una enfermedad poco frecuente. Objetivo: descartar, ante la sospecha de una neoplasia endocrina múltiple 1 con mutación negativa, otras enfermedades para poder diagnosticarla como tal. Presentación del caso clínico: mujer de 36 años, con diagnóstico de macroprolactinoma e hiperparatiroidismo primario normocalcémico (neoplasia endocrina múltiple 1 clínica), hallazgos clínicos que justificaron el estudio genético. Inicialmente para neoplasia endocrina múltiple 1, resultó negativo. En pacientes con neoplasia endocrina múltiple 1 clínica -o alta sospecha de neoplasia endocrina múltiple 1 en los que no se identifica mutación- hay que considerar que se trate de una fenocopia y ampliar el estudio genético: CDC73, CDKN1B, CaSR y AIP. También se analizaron estos genes, y fueron negativos. Otra entidad a considerar sería el hiperparatiroidismo aislado familiar. Conclusiones: llegar al diagnóstico de neoplasia endocrina múltiple 1 a veces no es tan simple, como identificar una mutación positiva. Es importante descartar fenocopias, para poder diagnosticar correctamente al paciente, pues esto determinará el seguimiento en búsqueda de otros posibles tumores, lo que -en último término- puede condicionar el pronóstico(AU)

Introduction: there are four types of multiple endocrine neoplasias which are characterized by occurrence of tumors in two or more endocrine glands. The prevalence rate of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 is 2 per 100 000 patients approximately and it is a rare disease. Objective: to rule out the existence of any other disease in order to properly diagnose a suspected multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 with negative mutation. Clinical case presentation: a 36 years-old woman diagnosed with macroprolactinoma and primary normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism (clinical multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1) and clinical findings supporting the performance of a genetic study. The study initially yielded negative results for the above-mentioned disease. However, in those patients with clinical multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1- or high suspicious of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 with no identified mutation- it must be considered that there is a phenocopy and the genetic study must be extended to include CDC 73, CDKN1B, CaSR and AIP. These genes were also analyzed with negative results. Another disease to be considered would be isolated family hyperparathyroidism. Conclusions: making the diagnosis of a multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 is not sometimes as simple as identifying a positive mutation. It is important to rule out possible phenocopies to be able to adequately diagnose a patient, since this will determine the search for other probable tumors which may ultimately influence this prognosis(AU)

Experience with a third-generation parathyroid hormone assay (BIO-PTH) in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism in a Brazilian population

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the usefulness of a third-generation PTH assay in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Subjects and methods Forty-one PHPT patients (4 men and 37 women) with 61.2 ± 10.9 (mean ± SD) years, were studied and had PTH levels measured with two different methods using the same immunochemiluminescent assay plataform (Elecsys 2010 System, Roche). We compared a second-generation assay (I-PTH) with a third-generation PTH assay (Bio-PTH). Two populations of 423 and 120 healthy adults with serum 25OHD levels above 25 ng/mL were used to define normal values in the I-PTH and Bio-PTH assays respectively. Results Normal PTH values based in the healthy adults population were 24.2-78.0 pg/mL for the I-PTH assay and 19.9-58.5 pg/mL for Bio-PTH assay. In PHPT patients, PTH values ranged from 67 to 553 pg/mL (median: 168 pg/mL) using the I-PTH assay and from 55 to 328 pg/mL (median: 111 pg/mL) using the Bio-PTH assay. Results obtained with the Bio-PTH assay were significantly lower (p < 0.0001, Wilcoxon). In general I-PTH and Bio-PTH showed highly significant correlation (r = 0.952, p < 0.0001). Passing–Bablok analysis gave a regression equation of Bio PTH = 13.44 + 0.59 x intact PTH. PHPT patients had 25OHD levels ranging from 4 to 36 ng/mL (mean 16.2 ng/mL); 35 subjects (85.3%) had values bellow 25 ng/mL. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that both second and third generation PTH methods are strongly correlated in PHPT patients and control subjects. Lower results with Bio-PTH tests are expected in function of the assay specificity determined by the amino-terminal antibody used.

Regression of orbital brown tumor after surgical removal of parathyroid adenoma

Brown tumors are rare skeletal manifestations that occur in less than 2% of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) cases. Even rarer is the occurrence of brown tumor of the orbit, and few cases have been reported around the world. The rare instance of this benign tumor has prompted us to report the case and treatment of an orbital brown tumor in a patient with PHPT caused by parathyroid adenoma. We present the case of a patient undergoing follow-up at a referral center. The 60-year-old female patient, presented herself with progressive swelling in the nasal region, epistaxis and proptosis, she had noticed seven months prior to our examination. Multiple imaging and laboratory findings revealed parathyroid hormone (PTH)-dependent hypercalcemia (total calcium = 14.3 mg/dL and PTH = 1,573 pg/mL), a nodular lesion in the upper pole of the left thyroid lobe and increased uptake in left upper cervical region. The patient underwent left superior parathyroidectomy in September 2011, which led to the normalization of hypercalcemia and regression of the orbital tumor, as seen on control CT scan. This case highlights the spontaneous regression of the brown tumor after surgical management of the parathyroid adenoma.

Hiperplasia paratiroidea en un adolescente / Parathyroid hyperplasia in an adolescente

El hiperparatiroidismo primario esporádico es una de las causas de hipercalcemia en la edad pediátrica. Constituye una entidad muy poco frecuente, más aún si es debido a hiperplasia paratiroidea. Se presenta el caso de un adolescente con historia de litiasis renal, hipercalcemia asociada a cifras elevadas de la hormona paratiroidea, e imágenes sugestivas de adenoma en paratiroide inferior izquierda por gammagrafía con sestamibi marcado con tecnecio-99m. Se realizó exéresis quirúrgica de la glándula afectada. El examen anatomo-patológico de la pieza arrojó hiperplasia paratiroidea. La presentación de este caso contribuye al reconocimiento del hiperparatiroidismo primario, entre las posibilidades diagnósticas al evaluar un paciente pediátrico con hipercalcemia(AU)

Sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism is one of the causes of hypercalcemia in pediatric ages. A very uncommon condition, it is even less frequent when caused by parathyroid hyperplasia. A presentation is provided of the case of an adolescent with a history of renal lithiasis, hypercalcemia associated to high parathyroid hormone values, and imaging suggestive of lower left parathyroid adenoma by gammagraphy with sestamibi marked with technetium-99m. Surgical exeresis of the affected gland was performed. Anatomopathological examination of the piece revealed the presence of parathyroid hyperplasia. This case presentation contributes to the recognition of primary hyperparathyroidism as one of the diagnostic possibilities when evaluating a pediatric patient with hypercalcemia(AU)

Hiperparatireoidismo primário: apresentação atípica. Relato de caso / Primary hyperparathyroidism: an atypical presentation. Case report

O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar um caso de hiperparatireoidismo primário com características clínicas, laboratoriais e de imagem atípicas, levando a suspeita diagnóstica de carcinoma de para tireoide que é uma causa rara de hiperparatireoidismo primário. Paciente do gênero masculino, 55 anos, apresentava quadro de perda ponderal significativa, astenia e mal estar generalizado. Ao exame físico, foi encontrada uma massa cervical palpável à esquerda. Procedeu-se assim à investigação laboratorial que evidenciou aumento das concentrações de cálcio e de paratormônio. Foi realizada ultrassonografia cervical que confirmou a presença de nódulo cervical e cintilografia por SESTAMIBI-99mTc que mostrou nódulo hipercaptante, de 2,5cm de diâmetro, próximo à tireoide. Outros exames evidenciaram litíase renal e lesões ósseas líticas disseminadas. Tais achados levaram à hipótese de hiperparatireoidismo primário causado por carcinoma de paratireoide. O paciente foi então submetido a procedimento cirúrgico e à biópsia de congelamento da lesão. Esta revelou características benignas, afastando a hipótese de carcinoma e a necessidade de uma ressecção inbloc associada à linfadenectomia, procedimento indicado em caso positivo para malignidade. A análise anatomopatológica do nódulo evidenciou um adenoma. Um ano após o tratamento,o paciente permanece livre de doença. O carcinoma de paratireoide deve ser considerado quando da presença de níveis extremamente elevados de cálcio sérico e paratormônio. Apesar do diagnóstico de carcinoma não ter se confirmado na análise histopatológica, a manutenção desta patologia entre os diagnósticos diferenciais foi essencial para a abordagem adequada do caso e para sua exclusão diagnóstica com maior segurança...

The aim of this article is to report a case of primary hyperparathyroidism with atypical clinical, laboratory and imaging features. These findings raised a diagnostic suspicion for parathyroid carcinoma, a rare cause of primary hyperparathyroidism. A 55 year-old male patient presented complaints of significant weight loss, weakness and general malaise. He also had a palpable cervical mass. Imagingm studies evidenced nephrolithiasis and diffuse lytic bone lesions. Laboratory tests showed very high levels of serum calcium and parathormone. These findings prompted a neck ultrasonography and SESTAMIBI-99mTc scintigraphy, which revealed a 2.5cm nodule with increased captation near the thyroid gland. The patient was submitted to surgical exploration and a frozen section biopsy of the lesion. The lesion showed benign patterns, and there was, therefore, no need for an in bloc resection and lymphadenectomy, which is the appropriate procedure in malignancy cases. The histopathologic analysis of the nodule revealed an adenoma. At the one year follow-up, the patient remained disease-free. Parathyroid carcinoma must be considered in cases with very high levels of serum calcium and parathormone. Although the diagnosis of carcinoma was not confirmed histologically, keeping this pathology in mind among the differential diagnosis was essential for the appropriate management of the case and the safe diagnostic exclusion of that malignancy...

Correlación entre estudios diagnósticos prequirúrgicos y hallazgos operatorios en el hiperparatiroidismo primario / Correlation between pre-surgical diagnosis studies and the surgical findings in primary hyperparathyroidism

El hiperparatiroidismo primario (HPT 1°) se caracteriza por presentar niveles elevados de calcio(Ca) en sangre debido a un exceso en la producción de parathormona (Pth) por parte de las glándulasparatiroides (GP). El tratamiento primario es quirúrgico.En la actualidad, la utilización de métodos imagenológicos de localización preoperatorio facilitansu ubicación, disminuyen los tiempos quirúrgicos, laestadía hospitalaria y en ocasiones otorgan la posibilidadde abordajes de invasión mínima. El objetivo principalde este trabajo es determinar la correlación entre elhallazgo operatorio y los estudios de localización preoperatoria, pudiendo valorar de esta manera la utilidadde dichos estudios.RESULTADOS: Al total de la muestra se le realizó Centellograma y Ecografía y se los consideró positivocuando identificaron la presencia de una o más glándulasaumentadas de tamaño. En 43 casos la ecografíafue positiva (71.6 %). En relación a la gammagrafía en52 casos fue positiva (86.6%). En aquellos casos en loscuales ambos estudios de localización preoperatoriafueron positivos y coincidentes entre sí, se correspondierontambién con el hallazgo operatorio. Cuatro pacientes merecieron un análisis particular debido a las característicasde su presentación y hallazgos quirúrgicos obtenidos.CONCLUSIONES: Si bien los estudios de localizaciónprequirúrgicos son importantes en el manejo de estapatología, no coinciden en todos los casos con los hallazgosoperatorios.En relación a esto, es necesario un amplio conocimientodel cirujano especializado de los aspectosembriológicos y anatómicos de las glándulasparatiroides.Tales aspectos son indispensables en la exploraciónregional y el abordaje bilateral para la identificación deectopías y patología multiglandular...

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PYH1)is a pathology characterized for presenting high levels ofcalcium in the blood due to an excess of Parathyroidhormone (PTH) production by the parathyroid glands. The primary treatment is surgery. Currently, the use ofpre-surgical localized images studies help provideposition, diminishes the surgical time as well as the hospitalstay and in some occasions offers the possibility ofminimal invasion approach. The main goal of this workis to determine the correlation between surgical findingsand pre-surgical localization studies, being able to valuethe use of such studies. RESULTS: All samples underwent ultrasound andscintigraphy, it was considered positive to those were thepresence and identification of one or more glandsincreased in size. In 43 cases the ultrasound was positive(71.6%). Regarding the gammagraphy, 52 cases werepositive (86.6%). In cases were both methods of presurgicallocalization were positive, they were also inaccordance with the surgical findings in all cases. Only4 patients required a specific analysis because of itscharacteristics in display and surgical findings previouslyobtained.CONCLUSIONS: Although the pre-surgical localizedstudies are important when managing this pathology, theydo not meet in all the cases with surgical findings. Inrelation to this, it is necessary for a surgeon to have awide specialized knowledge regarding embryological andanatomical aspects of parathyroid glands. This isessential in regional exploration and bilateral approachfor identifying ectopic and multi-glandular pathologies...

Frequency of various types of neoplasia in a group of acromegalic patients / Frequência de neoplasia de diversos tipos em um grupo de pacientes acromegálicos

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of colon cancer, primary hyperparathyroidism, thyroid tumor, and skin cancer in all acromegalic patients in follow-up at the Clinics Hospital - Botucatu Medical School, from 2005 to 2011. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: These patients were evaluated retrospectively for colon cancer, primary hyperparathyroidism, dermatological, and thyroid tumors. RESULTS: Of 29 patients included at the beginning of the study, two were excluded. Among 19 patients submitted to colonoscopy, one presented colon adenocarcinoma (5%). Thyroid nodules were present in 63% of patients, and papilliferous carcinoma was confirmed in two patients (7,7%). Four patients were confirmed as having primary hyperparathyroidism (15%). The most common dermatologic lesions were thickened skin (100%), acrochordons (64%), epidermal cysts (50%), and pseudo-acanthosis nigricans (50%). Only one patient presented basal cell carcinoma. CONCLUSION: Although a small number of acromegalic patients was studied, our findings confirm the high frequency of thyroid neoplasias and primary hyperparathyroidism in this group of patients.

OBJETIVO: Determinar a frequência de câncer de cólon, hiperparatireoidismo primário, tumores de tireoide e pele em todos os acromegálicos em seguimento no Hospital de Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu de 2005 a 2011. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Esses pacientes foram avaliados retrospectivamente quanto a presença de câncer de cólon, hiperparatiroidismo primário, tumores da tiroide e pele. RESULTADOS: Dos 29 pacientes incluídos no início do estudo, dois foram excluídos. Dentre os 19 pacientes submetidos à colonoscopia, um apresentou adenocarcinoma de cólon (5%). Nódulos de tireoide estiveram presentes em 65% dos pacientes e carcinoma papilífero, em dois deles (7,7%). Quatro pacientes apresentaram hiperparatireoidismo primário (15%). A maioria das lesões de pele foram: espessamento (100%), acrochordons (64%), cistos epidérmicos (50%), pseudoacantose nigricans (50%) e apenas um paciente apresentou carcinoma basocelular. CONCLUSÃO: O tamanho da amostra é pequeno, mas nossos achados confirmam a alta frequência da neoplasia da tireoide e hiperparatireroidismo neste grupo de pacientes.

A Rare Case of Primary Hyperparathyroidism Associated with Primary Aldosteronism, Hurthle Cell Thyroid Cancer and Meningioma

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome includes varying combinations of endocrine and non-endocrine tumors. There are also a considerable number of atypical MEN1 syndrome. In this case, a 68-yr-old woman was referred to the Department of Endocrinology for hypercalcemia. Five years ago, she had diagnosed as primary hyperaldosteronism and now newly diagnosed as parathyroid hyperplasia with laboratory and pathologic findings. Hurthle-cell thyroid cancer was also resected during the parathyroid exploration and small meningioma was found on brain MRI. Her general condition has markedly improved and her adrenal mass and meningioma are being closely observed now. We could find the loss of heterozygosity of the MEN1 locus in parathyroid glands, suggesting a MEN1-related tumor, but not a germline mutation. Considering a variety of phenotypic expression and a limitation of current molecular analysis, periodic follow up will be needed in patients with a MEN1-like phenotype.

Tumores pardos múltiples en un paciente con hiperparatiroidismo primario / Multiple brown tumors in primary hyperparathyroidism: report of one case

Brown tumors are an uncommon manifestation of primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. We report a 38 years old male consulting for generalized bone pain and prostration caused by multiple osteolytic lesions. Diagnostic work up disclosed a primary hyperparathyroidism secondary to a right parathyroid adenoma. The patient was subjected to a parathyroidectomy. After one year of follow up, symptoms have decreased considerably, laboratory parameters are normal and bone lesions are disappearing.

Hiperparatiroidismo primario: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Primary hyperparathyroidism: clinical case and literature review

Hypercalcemia is infrequent in pediatrics, causes include mutations of calcium sensing receptor (CaSRs), PT adenoma or hyperplasia, D or A hypervitaminosis, inborn errors of metabolism, parenteral nutrition, and others. Objective: To report a case of severe hypercalcemia in a adolescent due to primary hyperparathyroidism. Case: Fourteen years old adolescent girl with 2 weeks of weight loss, polyuria, malaise and emotional lability. Laboratory reveals hypercalcemia (16.6 mg/dl), hypophosphemia (2.2 mg/dl) and elevated PTH (450 pg/ml). Management of severe hypercalcemia at ICU was done. PT Scintigraphy study reveals increased uptake in the lower pole of right thyroid lobe. Right inferior parathyroidectomy was performed and biopsy revealed right lower parathyroid hyperplasia. Discusion: Primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is an uncommon condition in children. The main causes are parathyroid adenomas or hyperplasia, frequently one or two PT glands involved. HPT must be suspected in symptomatic hypercalcemia, nephrourinary symptoms in scholars and adolescents (polyuria and nephrolithiasis) and in newborn with pathologic fractures and costal rosary. The pathogenesis includes mutations in CaSRs, cyclin D1/PRAD 1 and MEN 1 genes.

La hipercalcemia es infrecuente en pediatría, existen diferentes causas que incluyen mutaciones del receptor sensible al calcio (CaSRs), adenoma o hiperplasia de PT, hipervitaminosis D o A, errores congénitos del metabolismo, nutrición parenteral total, etc. Objetivo: Comunicar un caso de hipercalcemia severa en una adolescente causado por un hiperparatiroidismo primario. Caso: Escolar de 14 años con cuadro de 2 semanas de baja de peso, poliuria, compromiso del estado general y labilidad emocional. Los exámenes revelaron hipercalcemia (16 mg/dl), hipofosfemia (2,2 mg/dl) y PTH elevada (450 pg/ml). Se hospitalizó para manejo de hipercalcemia severa, con diagnósticos de Hiperparatiroidismo primario. Se completó estudio con cintigrama de PT, encontrando hipercaptación en polo inferior de lóbulo tiroideo derecho. Se realizó una paratiroidectomia inferior derecha y la biopsia reveló hiperplasia de paratiroides inferior derecha. Discusión: El hiperparatiroidismo primario es una condición infrecuente en niños. Las principales causas son adenomas o hiperplasia de paratiroides, frecuentemente con 1 o dos glándulas PT comprometidas. Debe sospecharse en casos de hipercalcemia sintomática, escolares o adolescentes con síntomas nefrourinarios (poliuria importante y nefrolitiasis) y frente a un recién nacido grave, con fracturas patológicas o rosario costal. La etiopatogenia incluye mutaciones del gen CaSRs, Ciclin D1/PRAD 1 y el MEN 1.

Hiperparatiroidismo primario de origen multiglandular con glándula paratiroides intratiroídea hiperfuncionante / Multiglandular primary hyperparathyroidism with a hyperfunctional intrathyroid gland: case report

We report a 56 years old female, admitted to the hospital for the study of general weakness, constipation, a recent radial fracture, hypercalcemia of 18 mg/dl, hypophosphatemia of 1.2 meq/dl and a serum parathormone (PTH) of 995 pg/ml. A thyroid ultrasound disclosed a nodule of 6 cm diameter. Following emergency management and normalization of the hypercalcemia, that patient was subjected to a total thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy. The pathological study of the surgical piece showed a multiglandular hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands. One of these was located inside the left thyroid lobe.

Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 56 años que ingresó al hospital por una historia caracterizada por decaimiento, constipación, fractura reciente de radio, hipercalcemia de 18 mg/dl, hipofosfemia de 1,2 meq/ dl y elevación de paratohormona de 995 pg/ml. Además, presentaba un nódulo tiroídeo de 6 cm. Posterior al tratamiento médico de la hipercalcemia, se realizó el tratamiento quirúrgico con el diagnóstico definitivo de hiperplasia paratiroídea multiglandular con una de ellas en ubicación intratiroídea.