Реферат
Resumen Introducción: La Sierra Santa Teresa se encuentra a 20 km al sureste de Hermosillo en la región central del estado de Sonora, México. Los estratos sedimentarios corresponden principalmente a textura de piedra caliza, mudstone, wackestone y packstone del Paleozoico superior. La biota está representada por crinoideos de las morfoespecies Baryschyr anosus, Cyclocaudex insaturatus, Floricyclus angustimargo, Cyclocion distictus, Lamprosterigma erathense y Preptopremnum rugosum en asociación con algas, foraminíferos fusulínidos, esponjas coralinas (Chaetetes sp), corales solitarios (Lophophyllidium sp., Fomichevella sp.), briozoos fenestélidos (Archimedes stoyanowi) y braquiópodos (Antiquatonia sp.). Objetivo: El objetivo principal de este estudio es dar a conocer la composición biótica de la Sierra Santa Teresa y sus consideraciones paleoecológicas y paleogeográficas. Métodos: En este estudio se sintetiza la información sobre las principales taxas recolectadas en afloramientos del Carbonífero de la Sierra, Santa Teresa. Resultados: La distribución de la biota, y particularmente de las morfoespecies de crinoideos, permitió hacer correlaciones paleobiogeográficas con otras localidades del Misisípico-Pensilvánico de México y de distintas regiones de los Estados Unidos de América, principalmente en Texas, Colorado, Illinois y Oklahoma, que se encontraban ubicadas al suroeste del Cratón norteamericano. Conclusiones: Se considera que el paleoambiente inferido con base en los registros paleontológicos de la Sierra Santa Teresa se trataba de mares someros que permitieron el desarrollo de comunidades de crinoideos, así como otros invertebrados como esponjas coralinas, corales solitarios, briozoos fenestélidos y braquiópodos, con un rango estratigráfico del Misisípico Medio-Superior (Chesteriano) al Pensilvánico Medio (Desmoinesiano).
Abstract Introduction: The Sierra Santa Teresa is located 20 km southeast of Hermosillo in the central region of Sonora state, Mexico. The sedimentary strata mainly correspond to limestone, mudstone, wackestone and packstone texture, from the upper Paleozoic. The biota is represented by crinoids of the morphospecies Baryschyr anosus, Cyclocaudex insaturatus, Floricyclus angustimargo, Cyclocion distictus, Lamprosterigma erathense, Preptopremnum rugosum in association with algae, fusulinid foraminifera, coralline sponges (Chaetetes sp.), solitary corals (Lophophyllidium sp., Fomichevella sp.), fenestellid bryozoans (Archimedes stoyanowi), and brachiopods (Antiquatonia sp.). Objective: The principal aim of this study is to analyze the biotic composition in the Sierra Santa Teresa and its paleoecological and paleogeographical considerations. Methods: In this study we synthetize information about the principal taxa collected in outcrops of the Carboniferous of the Sierra, Santa Teresa. Results: The distribution of the biota, and particularly the crinoid morphospecies, allowed paleobiogeographical correlations to be made with other Mississippian-Pennsylvanian localities of Mexico and different regions of the United States of America in Texas, Colorado, Illinois and Oklahoma, which were located in the southwestern of the North American Craton. Conclusions: It is considered that the paleoenvironment inferred based on the paleontological records of the Sierra Santa Teresa were shallow seas that allowed the development of communities of crinoids, as well as other invertebrates such as coralline sponges, solitary corals, fenestellid bryozoans and brachiopods, with a range stratigraphic from the Middle-Upper Mississippian (Chesterian) to the Middle Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian).
Тема - темы
Animals , Paleontology , Biota , Invertebrates/anatomy & histology , MexicoРеферат
Abstract Introduction: Even though only a few species are considered to be dangerous, pests or vectors, the majority of invertebrates produce a feeling of aversion in humans. This has contributed to the delay in the development of ethical considerations as regards this group in contrast with vertebrates, with the exception of cephalopods. Objective: In the present study, we provide an overview of the current situation on animal ethics and welfare in order to contribute to the development of a framework for ensuring invertebrate welfare. Methods: Today, animal welfare is multidisciplinary in nature to a very high degree as it includes ethology, physiology, pathology, biochemistry, genetics, immunology, nutrition, cognitive-neural, veterinary medicine, and ethics. Animal welfare is a complex concept, difficult to achieve successfully from one perspective. Results: As a consequence, we propose to include the five domains (nutrition, environment, health, behaviour and mental state) along with the three conceptions (basic health and functioning, affective state and natural living), as well as the 5R Principle (Replace, Reduction, Refinement, Respect and Responsibility) in seeking to achieve a comprehensive welfare state. Conclusions: We consider that in both research and animal production, the individual and collective ethical concerns coexist and, in fact, the main moral concern to account for is the collective one and that, within that collective view, the individual moral concern should be applied with responsibility and respect for the individual. Finally, we propose a practical example of invertebrate welfare production in sea urchin aquaculture with the aim of including animal production of invertebrates in this important discussion.
Resumen Introducción: Aunque sólo unas pocas especies son consideradas peligrosas, plagas o vectores, la mayoría de los invertebrados producen un sentimiento de aversión en el ser humano. Esto ha contribuido al retraso en el desarrollo de consideraciones éticas respecto a este grupo en comparación con los vertebrados, a excepción de los cefalópodos. Objetivo: En el presente trabajo, proporcionamos una visión general de la situación actual en materia de ética y bienestar animal con el fin de contribuir al desarrollo de un marco para garantizar el bienestar de los invertebrados. Métodos: Hoy en día, el bienestar animal es de naturaleza multidisciplinaria en un grado muy alto, ya que incluye etología, fisiología, patología, bioquímica, genética, inmunología, nutrición, cognitivo-neural, medicina veterinaria y ética. El bienestar animal es un concepto complejo, difícil de lograr con éxito desde una sola perspectiva. Resultados: Como consecuencia, proponemos incluir los cinco dominios (nutrición, ambiente, salud, comportamiento y estado mental) junto con las tres concepciones (Salud básica y funcionamiento, estado afectivo y vida natural), así como el Principio 5R (Reemplazar, Reducir, Refinar, Respetar y Responsabilidad) en la búsqueda de alcanzar un estado de bienestar integral. Conclusiones: Consideramos que tanto en la investigación como en la producción animal coexisten las preocupaciones éticas individuales y colectivas y, de hecho, la principal preocupación moral a dar cuenta es la colectiva y que, dentro de esa visión colectiva, se debe aplicar la preocupación moral individual. con responsabilidad y respeto por la persona. Finalmente, proponemos un ejemplo práctico de producción de bienestar de invertebrados en la acuicultura de erizos de mar con el objetivo de incluir la producción animal de invertebrados en esta importante discusión.
Тема - темы
Animals , Sea Urchins/growth & development , Aquaculture/ethics , Invertebrates/growth & development , Animal WelfareРеферат
Abstract Endozoochory by waterbirds is particularly relevant to the dispersal of non-flying aquatic invertebrates. This ecological function exercised by birds has been demonstrated in different biogeographical regions, but there are no studies for the neotropical region. In this work, we identified propagules of invertebrates in faeces of 14 syntopic South American waterbird species representing six families, and hatched additional invertebrates from cultured faeces. We tested whether propagule abundance, species richness and composition varied among bird species, and between the cold and warm seasons. We found 164 invertebrate propagules in faecal samples from seven different waterbirds species, including eggs of the Temnocephalida and Notonectidae, statoblasts of bryozoans (Plumatella sp.) and ephippia of Cladocera. Ciliates (including Paramecium sp. and Litostomatea), nematodes and rotifers (Adineta sp. and Nottomatidae) hatched from cultured samples. Potential for endozoochory was confirmed for 12 of 14 waterbird species. Our statistical models suggest that richness and abundance of propagules are associated with bird species and not affected by seasonality. Dispersal by endozoochory is potentially important to a broad variety of invertebrates, being promoted by waterbirds with different ecological and morphological traits, which are likely to drive the dispersal of invertebrates in neotropical wetlands.
Resumo A endozoocoria promovida por aves aquáticas é particularmente relevante para a dispersão de invertebrados aquáticos não-voadores. Essa função ecológica exercida pelas aves tem sido demonstrada para diferentes regiões biogeográficas, porém, não existem estudos para a região neotropical. Neste trabalho nós identificamos propágulos de invertebrados encontrados em fezes de 14 espécies sintópicas de aves aquáticas da América do Sul, representando seis famílias de aves, e também invertebrados emergidos de amostras fecais cultivadas em laboratório. Testamos se a abundância, riqueza de espécies e composição de propágulos de invertebrados variavam entre as espécies de aves e entre estações. Nós encontramos 164 propágulos de invertebrados em amostras fecais de sete espécies de aves, incluindo ovos de Temnocephalida e Notonectidae, estatoblastos de briozoários (Plumatella sp.) e efípios de Cladocera. Ciliados (incluindo Paramecium sp. e Litostomatea), nematóides e rotíferos (Adineta sp. e Nottomatidae) eclodiram de amostras cultivadas. O potencial para endozoocoria foi confirmado para 12 das 14 espécies de aves aquáticas investigadas. Nossos modelos estatísticos sugerem que a riqueza e abundância de propágulos estão associadas às espécies de aves e não são afetadas pela sazonalidade. A dispersão por endozoocoria é importante para uma ampla variedade de invertebrados, sendo promovida por aves aquáticas com diferentes características ecológicas e morfológicas as quais provavelmente regulam a dispersão de invertebrados entre áreas úmidas neotropicais.
Тема - темы
Humans , Animals , Wetlands , Invertebrates , Seasons , BirdsРеферат
Abstract The Seybouse is the second largest river basin in Algeria, hosting an important biodiversity and providing various ecosystem services. This watershed is highly influenced by agricultural and industrial activities, which threaten its biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. The use of benthic macroinvertebrates as biological indicators has a long tradition in developed countries and integrated into all assessments of the ecological quality of river systems. However, the macroinvertebrates of many North African regions are still not well studied, including those of the Seybouse river. The aim of this study is to assess the inventory and ecological role of benthic macroinvertebrates in inland waters of the Seybouse River and determine the impact of pollution on their spatial distributions. We sampled the benthic macrofauna of Wadi Seybouse and its affluents using regular surveys in three sites, of which one was in the upper Seybouse Bouhamdane in Medjez Amar and two in the middle Seybouse. Between December 2019 and May 2020, 10 physico-chemical parameters (pH, EC, OD, water speed, NO3, Salinity, NO2, MES, turbidity, depth) were measured in order to establish a health state diagnosis of these aquatic ecosystems. The complementary biological approach by the analysis of populations of macroinvertebrates identified 7482 individuals and 40 taxa divided into five classes: Crustaceans which were the most dominant, insects with the main orders (Ephemeroptera, Diptera, Trichoptera, Heteroptera and Odonata), Molluscs, Nematodes and Annelids. The physico-chemical analyzes and the application of the organic pollution indices indicated a strong to excessive pollution for all sites, especially in Seybouse upstream
Resumo O Seybouse é um rio no nordeste da Argélia, é o segundo maior rio, tem uma área de captação de cerca de 6.500 km2 que acolhe cerca de 1,5 milhões de habitantes. Importantes atividades agrícolas e industriais são desenvolvidas nesta bacia hidrográfica. O uso de macroinvertebrados bentônicos como indicadores biológicos tem uma longa tradição em países desenvolvidos e está integrado em todas as avaliações da qualidade ecológica dos sistemas fluviais. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar o inventário e o papel ecológico dos macroinvertebrados bentônicos nas águas interiores do rio Seybouse e determinar o impacto da poluição em suas distribuições. Resultados semelhantes foram relatados para outros países e rios argelinos. Este estudo enfoca a macrofauna bentônica de Wadi Seybouse e seus afluentes. Foram prospectados 03 locais, um no alto Seybousse Bouhamdane em Medjez Amar e dois no meio Seybousse Salah Salah Salah e Oued Zimba. Entre dezembro de 2019 e maio de 2020, dez parâmetros físico-químicos (pH, CE, DO, velocidade da água, NO3, Salinidade, NO2, MES, turbidez, deth) foram medidos para estabelecer um diagnóstico do estado de saúde desses ecossistemas aquáticos. A abordagem biológica complementar pela análise de populações de macroinvertebrados identificou 7.482 indivíduos e 40 táxons divididos em cinco classes: Crustáceos que são os mais dominantes, Insetos com as ordens principais (Ephemeroptera, Diptera, Trichoptera, Heteroptera e Odonata), Moluscos, Nematóides e Anelídeos. As análises físico-químicas e a aplicação dos índices de poluição orgânica, indicaram uma poluição forte a excessiva para todos os locais especialmente Salah Salah Salah.
Тема - темы
Humans , Animals , Ecosystem , Invertebrates , Environmental Monitoring , Biodiversity , RiversРеферат
Introducción: Las comunidades de macroinvertebrados son afectadas simultáneamente por la calidad del agua y las características físicas del hábitat acuático, complicando su uso en la bioindicación. Objetivo: Determinar cuáles variables del hábitat condicionan la comunidad de macroinvertebrados acuáticos en algunas corrientes (quebradas) de montaña del Oriente antioqueño (Colombia). Métodos: El muestreo se realizó en febrero 2021 (periodo de transición seco-lluvia), para evaluar variables físicas y químicas en tres tipos de mesohábitats: rápidos, rizos y pozas en corrientes con coberturas vegetales contrastantes. Los macroinvertebrados fueron recolectados en diez sitios de muestreo con red tipo net, pantalla y manual, y preservados en etanol al 70 %. Resultados: Se recolectaron 4 484 macroinvertebrados (16 órdenes, 46 familias y 75 géneros). El mesohábitat rizo presentó mayores valores de diversidad y abundancia, mientras las pozas presentaron los menores. Hubo diferencias en la concentración de oxígeno, profundidad, velocidad y abundancia de macroinvertebrados entre mesohábitats. Las pozas defirieron de los otros mesohábitats en profundidad, velocidad, así como en la composición, abundancia y riqueza de macroinvertebrados, y fue el hábitat de menor preferencia. Conclusión: La velocidad, profundidad y concentración de oxígeno disuelto, desempeñan un papel muy importante en el establecimiento de las comunidades de macroinvertebrados en los diferentes mesohábitats. En el mismo tipo de mesohábitat, la calidad de la cobertura vegetal determinó la diversidad y abundancia de esta comunidad.
Introduction: Macroinvertebrate communities are affected by water quality and physical characteristics of the aquatic habitat, simultaneously, complicating their use as bioindicators. Objective: To determine which habitat variables regulate the macroinvertebrate community in mountain streams in Eastern of Antioquia (Colombia). Methods: Sampling was carried out in February 2021 (dry-rain transition period), to evaluate physical and chemical variables in three types of mesohabitat: ripples, pools, and rapids in streams with contrasting vegetation covers. The macroinvertebrates were collected from ten sampling sites with a net, screen and manual type net preserved with 70 % ethanol. Results: 4 484 macroinvertebrates were collected (16 orders, 46 families and 75 genera). The ripples mesohabitat presented higher values of diversity and abundance, while the pools presented the lowest. There were differences for oxygen concentration, depth, speed, and macroinvertebrate abundance between mesohabitats. Pools differed from the other mesohabitats in depth, speed, as well as in composition, abundance, and richness in macroinvertebrates, and was the least preferred mesohabitat. Conclusion: Speed, depth, dissolved oxygen concentration played a very important role in the establishment of macroinvertebrates community in different mesohabitats. For the same type of mesohabitat, the quality of the plant cover determined both diversity and abundance of this community.
Тема - темы
Animals , Rivers , Invertebrates/anatomy & histology , River Pollution , ColombiaРеферат
Resumen Introducción: En Costa Rica, las turberas de altura se localizan en la Cordillera de Talamanca de 2 400 a 3 200 m. Se forman a partir de depósitos de materia orgánica en descomposición, con oxígeno reducido y baja disponibilidad de nutrientes. Objetivo: Evaluar la variación en la composición de macroinvertebrados acuáticos según parámetros fisicoquímicos de calidad del agua superficial en turberas de altura, Costa Rica. Métodos: Se colocaron 32 sustratos artificiales en las turberas para ser colonizados por macroinvertebrados. Se realizaron evaluaciones fisicoquímicas mensuales del agua superficial en ocho turberas con visitas mensuales durante la estación lluviosa. Se utilizaron los índices ICA-NSF y BMWP-CR para evaluar la calidad del agua. Resultados: Se registraron un total de diez familias correspondientes a siete géneros. Las familias más representativas fueron Chironomidae y Limnephilidae. La calidad del agua se clasificó según el ICA-NSF como de "calidad media" y como de "calidad regular a mala" según el BMWP-CR. Conclusiones: Las turberas de altura son ecosistemas poco estudiados, esta investigación evidencia la necesidad de diseñar metodologías e índices que evalúen la fauna acuática. Las turberas son diferentes entre sí, y las familias de macroinvertebrados encontrados son tolerantes a las características fisicoquímicas del agua. Es necesario realizar estudios periódicos que evalúen la calidad del agua y su relación con los macroinvertebrados acuáticos para entender la dinámica de las turberas, generar conocimiento e incrementar su protección.
Abstract Introduction: In Costa Rica, high peatbogs are located in the Cordillera de Talamanca from 2 400 to 3 200 m. They are formed from deposits of decomposing organic matter, with reduced oxygen and low nutrient availability. Objective: To evaluate the variation in the composition of aquatic macroinvertebrates according to physicochemical parameters of superficial water quality in high altitude peatbogs, Costa Rica. Methods: 32 artificial substrates were placed in the peatbogs to be colonized by macroinvertebrates. Monthly physicochemical evaluations of surface water were performed in eight peatbogs with monthly visits during the rainy season. The ICA-NSF and BMWP-CR indexes were used to evaluate the water quality. Results: A total of ten families corresponding to seven genera were recorded. The most representative family was Chironomidae and Limnephilidae. Water quality was classified according to the ICA-NSF as "medium quality" and as "regular to poor quality" according to BMWP-CR. Conclusions: The high peatbogs are poorly studied ecosystems; this research shows the need to design methodologies and indices to evaluate the aquatic fauna. The peatbogs are different from each other, and the families of macroinvertebrates found are tolerant to the physicochemical characteristics of the water. Periodic studies that evaluate water quality and its relationship with aquatic macroinvertebrates are necessary to understand the dynamics of peatlands, generate knowledge and increase their protection.
Тема - темы
Animals , Wetlands , Invertebrates/anatomy & histology , Substrates for Biological Treatment , Ecosystem , Costa RicaРеферат
Introduction: The Andes are characterized by an abundance of water resources and flows are frequently regulated by reservoirs for the generation of energy. The effects of regulation on aquatic macroinvertebrate communities are not well known in Colombia. Objective: To test the hypothesis that regulated currents have less macroinvertebrate diversity. Methods: We collected water and organism samples before, and after, the regulation of the Tafetanes, Calderas and Arenosa rivers, in Antioquia, Colombia, during various hydrological cycles (rain, transition and drought) and climatic phenomena (ENSO/El Niño Phenomenon) between 2016 and 2018. Results: We collected 53 214 individuals, from 165 taxa, mostly from the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Diptera (90 % of captures). Changes in diversity responded to spatial differences rather than to physicochemical variables: diversity was higher in non-regulated sites, regardless of the hydrological period or associated ENSO. Most species were found in all sampling sites, but abundance was higher in the site with the best habitat conservation status. Conclusion: The results support the hypothesis that physical barriers have effects on macroinvertebrate diversity at the local scale, however, the condition of adjacent habitats also seems to play an important role in preserving richness and abundance. The conservation of forest adjacent to the riverbed could mitigate the impacts of regulation.
Introducción: Los Andes se caracterizan por tener gran abundancia de recursos hídricos y las corrientes son frecuentemente reguladas por embalses para la generación de energía. Los efectos de la regulación en las comunidades de macroinvertebrados acuáticos no se conocen bien en Colombia. Objetivo: Probar la hipótesis de que las corrientes reguladas presentan menor diversidad de macroinvertebrados. Métodos: Recolectamos muestras de agua y organismos, antes y después de la regulación de los ríos Tafetanes, Calderas y La Arenosa, en Antioquia, Colombia, durante varios ciclos hidrológicos (lluvia, transición y sequía) y fenómenos climáticos (ENSO/Fenómeno de El Niño) entre 2016 y 2018. Resultados: Recolectamos 53 214 individuos, de 165 táxones, en su mayoría de los órdenes Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera y Diptera (90 % de las capturas). Los cambios en la diversidad respondieron a las diferencias espaciales más que a las variables fisicoquímicas: la diversidad fue mayor en sitios no regulados, independientemente del periodo hidrológico o del ENSO. La mayoría de las especies se encontraron en todos los sitios de muestreo, pero su abundancia fue mayor en el sitio de mejor estado de conservación del hábitat. Conclusiones: Los resultados apoyan la hipótesis de que las barreras físicas tienen efectos sobre la diversidad de macroinvertebrados a escala local, sin embargo, el estado de los hábitats adyacentes también parece jugar un papel importante en la preservación de la riqueza y abundancia. La conservación del bosque adyacente podría mitigar los impactos generados por la regulación.
Тема - темы
Animals , Rivers , Invertebrates/classification , Colombia , Hydroelectric EnergyРеферат
Resumen Introducción: Durante millones de años, los organismos marinos han venido desarrollando estrategias para adaptarse a los cambios ambientales y con esto, sintetizando una gran variedad de metabolitos secundarios con actividades biológicas. Objetivo: Evaluar las actividades antimicrobiana y antioxidante e identificar los ácidos grasos del extracto metanólico de la esponja marina Tetilla rodriguesi recolectada en la bahía de Cispatá. Métodos: Los especímenes de T. rodriguesi se sometieron a extracción para obtener el extracto metanólico, del cual se obtuvieron los ácidos grasos que fueron esterificados e identificados haciendo uso de técnicas cromatográficas. Con el extracto metanólico se realizó la actividad antioxidante frente a los radicales ABTS+• y DPPH• y la actividad antimicrobiana por el método de microdilución frente a cepas de referencia de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis y Candida albicans; además de aislados clínicos de Candida albicans (obtenida en sangre) y Candida krusei (obtenida en catéter). Resultados: Los resultados arrojaron la identificación de 19 ácidos grasos de diferente naturaleza. En el análisis de la actividad antioxidante se pudo encontrar, que la inhibición de los radicales evaluados fue moderada (296.98 ppm para ABTS+• y 3 523.62 ppm para DPPH•). La evaluación de la actividad antimicrobiana mostró, que el extracto metanólico de T. rodriguesi logró reducir en gran medida el crecimiento de todos los microorganismos evaluados. Conclusión: A pesar de que los poríferos tienden a poseer ácidos grasos de gran tamaño, en este trabajó no se encontró la presencia de ácidos grasos de cadena carbonada mayor a 20 miembros. Los resultados de la actividad antioxidante, se asemejan en gran medida al encontrado en otras especies del mismo phylum. En esta investigación, se pudo establecer que el extracto metanólico de T. rodriguesi logró disminuir en gran medida el crecimiento de todas las cepas bacterianas y fúngicas utilizadas.
Abstract Introduction: For millions of years, organisms that inhabit the marine environment have been developing strategies to adapt to environmental changes and with this, synthesizing a great variety of secondary metabolites with biological activities. Objective: Evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and identify the fatty acids of the methanolic extract of the marine sponge Tetilla rodriguesi collected in Cispatá bay, Colombian Caribbean. Methods: T. rodriguesi specimens were subjected to extraction to obtain the methanolic extract, of which the fatty acids were obtained, esterified and identified it using chromatographic techniques. With the methanolic extract, the antioxidant activity was carried out against the radicals ABTS+• and DPPH•, and the antimicrobial activity by the microdilution method against reference strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans; in addition to clinical isolates of Candida albicans (obtained in blood) and Candida krusei (obtained in catheter). Result: The results yielded the identification of 19 fatty acids of different nature. In the analysis of the antioxidant activity could be found that inhibition of radical evaluated was moderate (296.98 ppm for ABTS+• and 3 523.62 ppm for DPPH•). The evaluation of antimicrobial activity showed that the methanol extract of T. rodriguesi managed to greatly reduce the growth of all microorganisms tested. Conclusions: Despite the fact that porifers tend to have large fatty acids, in this study the presence of fatty acids with a carbon chain greater than 20 members was not found. The result of antioxidant activity is largely resembled that found in other species of the same phylum. In this research, it was established that the methanolic extract of T. rodriguesi managed to greatly reduce the growth of all the bacterial and fungal strains used.
Тема - темы
Animals , Crambe Sponge , Fatty Acids , Ecosystem , Invertebrates , Marine BiologyРеферат
Abstract Introduction: Analysis of functional feeding groups (FFG) in aquatic macroinvertebrates is important in understanding the structure, function, and dynamics of ecological processes in ecosystems. Modularity refers to the degree of compartmentalization of food webs and varies between -1 and 1. A network with a modularity value close to 1 is resilient to disturbances and can be interpreted as an indicating factor for the stability of communities. Objective: In this study, we analyzed the trophic structure of benthic macroinvertebrates in La Nitrera stream, the San Juan River, and the Cauca River in the Colombian Andes. Methods: The study was supported by ecological networking techniques using Gephi software. We studied nine sites in dry, rainy, and transition seasons in 2017 and 2018, monitoring changes in the altitude gradient. At each of the sites, the organisms were captured and determined, and physicochemical and hydraulic information was obtained. Results: The variance component analysis allowed to explain the variability of the data by relating the following environmental variables: FFG, diversity, richness, modularity, season, and time. Simple multifactorial ANOVA indicated that significant changes in FFG were associated with altitude, and modularity to time. The allocation of the FFG was done by stomach analysis and secondary information. Conclusion: The transition season had the highest modularity, possibly due to the recolonization of some biotopes caused by the decrease in the velocity of water currents. La Nitrera and San Juan presented higher values than the Cauca, which may indicate that the altitudinal change and velocity of water currents affects the compartmentalization of the network.
Resumen Introducción: El análisis de grupos funcionales de alimentación (GFA) en macroinvertebrados acuáticos es importante para comprender la estructura, función y dinámica de los ecosistemas de procesos ecológicos. La modularidad se refiere al grado de compartimentación de las redes alimentarias y varía entre -1 y 1. Una red con un valor de modularidad cercano a 1 es resistente a las alteraciones y puede interpretarse como un factor indicativo para la estabilidad de las comunidades. Objetivo: En este estudio se analizó la estructura trófica de los macroinvertebrados bentónicos, un elemento importante en la calidad ambiental, en el arroyo La Nitrera, el río San Juan y el río Cauca. Métodos: El estudio contó con el apoyo de técnicas de redes ecológicas utilizando el software Gephi. En 2017 y 2018, estudiamos nueve sitios en estaciones secas, lluviosas y de transición, monitoreando cambios en el gradiente de altitud. En cada uno de los sitios se capturaron y determinaron los organismos y se recogió información fisicoquímica e hidráulica. Resultados: El análisis de componentes de varianza permitió explicar la variabilidad de los datos relacionando las siguientes variables ambientales: GFA, diversidad, riqueza, modularidad, estación y tiempo. La ANOVA simple multifactorial indicó que existen cambios significativos en los GFA en relación con la altitud, y la modularidad con el tiempo. La asignación de los GFA se realizó mediante análisis estomacal e información secundaria. Conclusión: La temporada de transición tuvo la mayor modularidad, posiblemente debido a la recolonización de algunos biotopos provocada por la disminución de la velocidad del cauce. La Nitrera y San Juan presentaron valores superiores a los del Cauca, lo que puede indicar que el cambio altitudinal y la velocidad de las corrientes de agua influyen en la compartimentación de la red.
Тема - темы
Animals , Benthic Fauna , Colombia , Thermal Gradient , Invertebrates/anatomy & histologyТема - темы
Animals , Rivers , Invertebrates , Chile , Environmental Monitoring , Cities , EcosystemРеферат
One of the biological indicators most used to determine the health of a fluvial ecosystem are the benthic macroinvertebrates. The presence of recurrent species in a wide gradient of latitudes, dominates the biogeographic pattern of the benthic macroinvertebrates in Chilean fresh waters, nevertheless the knowledge on the communitarian ecology of these in the Chilean rivers continues to be scarce. Null models became a powerful statistical tool for describing the ecological mechanisms that drive the structure of an ecological community and the underlying patterns of diversity. The objective of this study was to determine the community structure of benthic invertebrates in the Allipén River by describing their composition, richness and abundance of species through richness models and null models based on presence/absence. The results reveal a high family richness and low diversity, three phyla, five classes, 11 orders and 28 families were identified in the study area during the four seasons of the year. The Arthropoda phylum was the most representative in abundance and richness. Regarding to richness, Trichoptera (7 families) and Diptera (6 families) followed by Ephemeroptera (3 families) were the orders that showed the greatest diversity of families, however, a low diversity with a H'≤ 1.5 nit was registered in the study area. We demonstrated through the null models, the randomization in the species associations corresponding to the three analyzed sites. The information provided here contributes to the understanding of the ecological patterns of the invertebrate communities in the Allipén River, establishing the basis for more complex ecological studies.
Um dos indicadores biológicos mais utilizados para determinar a saúde de um ecossistema fluvial são os macroinvertebrados bentônicos. A presença de espécies recorrentes em um amplo gradiente de latitudes domina o padrão biogeográfico dos macroinvertebrados bentônicos nas águas doces do Chile; no entanto, o conhecimento sobre a ecologia comunitária destes nos rios chilenos continua escasso. Os modelos nulos se tornaram uma poderosa ferramenta estatística para descrever os mecanismos ecológicos que orientam a estrutura de uma comunidade ecológica e os padrões subjacentes da diversidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a estrutura da comunidade de invertebrados bentônicos no rio Allipén, descrevendo sua composição, riqueza e abundância de espécies através de modelos de riqueza e modelos nulos baseados na presença / ausência. Os resultados revelam alta riqueza de espécies e baixa diversidade, sendo identificados três filos, cinco classes, 11 ordens e 28 famílias na área de estudo durante as quatro estações do ano. O filo de Arthropoda foi o mais representativo em abundância e riqueza. Em relação à riqueza, Trichoptera (7) e Diptera (6) seguidos por Ephemeroptera (3) foram as ordens que mostraram a maior diversidade de famílias, no entanto, uma baixa diversidade com H'≤ 1,5 nit foi registrada na área de estudo. Demonstramos através dos modelos nulos, a randomização nas associações de espécies correspondentes aos três locais analisados. As informações aqui fornecidas contribuem para a compreensão dos padrões ecológicos das comunidades de invertebrados no rio Allipén, estabelecendo a base para estudos ecológicos mais complexos.
Тема - темы
Animals , Ecosystem , Invertebrates/classification , FishesРеферат
Diante da falta de uma terapia eficaz e segura para o tratamento da doença de Chagas (DC) e da leishmaniose visceral, a busca por novos fármacos continua imprescindível. O ambiente marinho é uma rica fonte de produtos naturais bioativos, com aplicações contra parasitas, bactérias e outros patógenos que possam afetar humanos e animais. Entre as diversas classes de produtos naturais, os alcaloides têm um importante papel em aplicações terapêuticas. Neste trabalho, colônias de coral Tubastraea tagusensis foram coletadas, e a extração de seus metabolitos secundários foi realizada utilizando o solvente orgânico. Após fracionamento cromatográfico por diferentes técnicas, um alcaloide indolico foi isolado e elucidado estruturalmente por meio de técnicas espectrométricas e espectroscópicas. O alcaloide 6-bromo-2'-de-N-metillaplisinopsina (MR01), demonstrou atividade contra tripomastigotas e amastigota intracelulares de Trypanosoma cruzi, com valores de Concentração Efetiva 50% de 62 µM e 5 µM, respectivamente...(AU)
Considering the lack of effective and safe therapy for the treatment of Chagas disease (CD) and visceral leishmaniasis, the search for new chemotherapies remains indispensable. The marine environment is a well-known source of bioactive products, with applications against parasites, bacteria and other human / animal pathogenic microorganisms. Among different classes of natural products, alkaloids have a rich history of therapeutic applications. In this work, colonies of the coral Tubastraea tagusensis were collected and their secondary metabolites were extracted with ethyl acetate. Using different chromatographic techniques, an indole alkaloid was isolated and elucidated through spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques, resulting in the 6-bromo-2'-de-Nmethylaplisinopsin (MR01). The compound MR01 demonstrated activity against Trypanosoma cruzi, against both trypomastigote and amastigote forms, resulting in 50% Effective Concentration (EC50) values of 62 µM and 5 µM, respectively. The studies with Leishmania infantum amastigotes showed lack of activity. No cytotoxicity was observed for NCTC cells, to the maximal concentration of 200 µM. The mechanism of action was also explored. After incubation with the trypomastigotes, no alteration was observed in the permeability of the plasma membrane. The compound reduced the ATP and induced mitochondrial depolarization with no alterations in the reactive oxygen species levels. The intracellular calcium levels were reduced after treatment with MR01, including the pH alterations of the acidocalcisomes. Using MALDI-TOF/MS, the protein profile of the parasite was altered to a different manner to that observed for the standard drug benznidazole, suggesting a distinct mechanism of action. In silico studies of the pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic properties (PKPD) and physicochemical properties using the SwissADME software, suggested a good drug-like. In conclusion, this study showed for the first time the anti-T. cruzi activity of the alkaloid MR01. In addition, considering the potency and selectiveness, our study can suggest this compound to be explored as a new prototype for CD. (AU)
Тема - темы
Trypanosoma cruzi , Indole Alkaloids , Neglected Diseases , Invertebrates , Leishmania , AnthozoaРеферат
The Cautín River is closely related with the economic development of Temuco city, (38°S; Chile). Existing knowledge of the Cautín River is limited to information about its biological characteristics as a reference for the evaluation and assessment of water quality. The object of this study was to develop taxonomic characterisation of the benthic macroinvertebrates along the main course of the Cautín River, and to study the community structure using correlation analysis between community parameters. To carry out this research, the macroinvertebrate community was studied in 10 sampling sites distributed along the main course of the river. The samples were taken in summer (1997 and 2000), when optimal hydrological conditions existed. Analysis of the samples showed that the benthic fauna was composed of 56 taxa, the dominant group being insects with 48 taxa. Three main sectors were recognized in the course of the Cautín River: high, middle and low. Each sector has restricted-distribution species, while other species are widely distributed along the river. These distribution patterns seem to be influenced by dissolved oxygen concentration, temperature, altitudinal distribution and anthropo-cultural activity, present at every sampling site. Finally, this research provides a first approach to the biology of the Cautín River. Further studies could be planned on the basis of this knowledge to investigate water quality indicators based on macroinvertebrate communities.
O rio Cautín está intimamente relacionado ao desenvolvimento econômico da cidade de Temuco (38°S; Chile). Quanto ao conhecimento total do rio Cautín, existem informações limitadas sobre as características biológicas que podem servir de referência para a avaliação da qualidade da água. Este estudo tem o objetivo de caracterizar os macroinvertebrados bentônicos taxonomicamente ao longo do curso principal do rio Cautín e estudar a estrutura da comunidade usando análise de correlação entre os parâmetros dela. Para realizar esta pesquisa, a comunidade de macroinvertebrados foi estudada em dez locais de estudo distribuídos ao longo do rio principal. As amostras foram coletadas no verão (1997 e 2000), em razão das condições hidrológicas ideais. A análise das amostras mostrou que a fauna bentônica é composta de 56 táxons, sendo o grupo dominante o de insetos com 48 táxons. Na distribuição do principal no curso do rio, três setores são reconhecidos: alto, médio e baixo no rio Cautín. Cada setor possui espécies de distribuição restrita e outro com ampla distribuição ao longo do rio. Esses padrões de distribuição parecem influenciar a concentração de oxigênio dissolvido, a temperatura, a distribuição altitudinal e a atividade antropocultural desenvolvida em todos os locais de amostragem. Finalmente, esta pesquisa fornece uma primeira abordagem biológica do rio Cautín e, de acordo com esses conhecimentos, um estudo posterior pode ser planejado em relação aos indicadores de qualidade da água e com base nas comunidades de macroinvertebrados.
Тема - темы
Animals , Rivers , Invertebrates , Chile , Environmental Monitoring , Cities , EcosystemРеферат
One of the biological indicators most used to determine the health of a fluvial ecosystem are the benthic macroinvertebrates. The presence of recurrent species in a wide gradient of latitudes, dominates the biogeographic pattern of the benthic macroinvertebrates in Chilean fresh waters, nevertheless the knowledge on the communitarian ecology of these in the Chilean rivers continues to be scarce. Null models became a powerful statistical tool for describing the ecological mechanisms that drive the structure of an ecological community and the underlying patterns of diversity. The objective of this study was to determine the community structure of benthic invertebrates in the Allipén River by describing their composition, richness and abundance of species through richness models and null models based on presence/absence. The results reveal a high family richness and low diversity, three phyla, five classes, 11 orders and 28 families were identified in the study area during the four seasons of the year. The Arthropoda phylum was the most representative in abundance and richness. Regarding to richness, Trichoptera (7 families) and Diptera (6 families) followed by Ephemeroptera (3 families) were the orders that showed the greatest diversity of families, however, a low diversity with a H'≤ 1.5 nit was registered in the study area. We demonstrated through the null models, the randomization in the species associations corresponding to the three analyzed sites. The information provided here contributes to the understanding of the ecological patterns of the invertebrate communities in the Allipén River, establishing the basis for more complex ecological studies.
Um dos indicadores biológicos mais utilizados para determinar a saúde de um ecossistema fluvial são os macroinvertebrados bentônicos. A presença de espécies recorrentes em um amplo gradiente de latitudes domina o padrão biogeográfico dos macroinvertebrados bentônicos nas águas doces do Chile; no entanto, o conhecimento sobre a ecologia comunitária destes nos rios chilenos continua escasso. Os modelos nulos se tornaram uma poderosa ferramenta estatística para descrever os mecanismos ecológicos que orientam a estrutura de uma comunidade ecológica e os padrões subjacentes da diversidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a estrutura da comunidade de invertebrados bentônicos no rio Allipén, descrevendo sua composição, riqueza e abundância de espécies através de modelos de riqueza e modelos nulos baseados na presença / ausência. Os resultados revelam alta riqueza de espécies e baixa diversidade, sendo identificados três filos, cinco classes, 11 ordens e 28 famílias na área de estudo durante as quatro estações do ano. O filo de Arthropoda foi o mais representativo em abundância e riqueza. Em relação à riqueza, Trichoptera (7) e Diptera (6) seguidos por Ephemeroptera (3) foram as ordens que mostraram a maior diversidade de famílias, no entanto, uma baixa diversidade com H'≤ 1,5 nit foi registrada na área de estudo. Demonstramos através dos modelos nulos, a randomização nas associações de espécies correspondentes aos três locais analisados. As informações aqui fornecidas contribuem para a compreensão dos padrões ecológicos das comunidades de invertebrados no rio Allipén, estabelecendo a base para estudos ecológicos mais complexos.
Тема - темы
Humans , Animals , Ecosystem , Rivers , Chile , Environmental Monitoring , Fresh Water , InvertebratesРеферат
Abstract Soft-bottom macrobenthic invertebrates are sensitive to natural or anthropogenic changes in aquatic ecosystems. The distribution patterns of sublittoral macrobenthic species in Guanabara Bay were studied from 2005 to 2007. Samples were collected at ten stations during six surveys throughout the rainfall regime (dry, early and late rainy). Ten replicates were collected at each station by Gravity corer or skin diving. Van Dorn bottles (bottom water) and by Ekman sediment sampler (granulometry) provided material for abiotic data. Stations were grouped into sectors (Entrance, Intermediary and Inner) based on abiotic data and location. The Redundancy Analysis (RDA) and Parsimonious RDA for all years and each annual cycle showed indicator taxa with high dominance in each sector. PERMANOVA indicated a regular seasonality between the surveys for the first annual cycle (p <0.05), and an atypical pattern for the second (p> 0.05), possibly due the low rainfall observed during this period. The mosaic of soft-bottom substrates infers structural variables, and patterns of temporal distribution were basically influenced by parameters those indicating pollution and the SACW (South Atlantic Central Water) intrusion, as well as ecological attributes among species, such as: predation, competition. The Ervilia concentrica and Cypridinidae could be used as indicators for anthropic and natural impacts in the Guanabara Bay for the Entrance sector, while Cyprideis salebrosa and Cyprideis sp. for the Intermediary sector and Heleobia australis for the Inner sector.
Resumo Os invertebrados macrobentônicos são sensíveis as alterações naturais e antrópicas nos ecossistemas aquáticos. O padrão de distribuição das espécies macrobentônicas do infralitoral da Baía de Guanabara foram estudados de 2005 até 2007. Amostras foram coletadas em dez estações durante seis campanhas em todo o regime pluviométrico (seco, pré e pós chuvoso). Dez réplicas foram coletadas em cada estação por meio do amostrador Gravity corer ou por mergulho livre. Os dados abióticos foram coletados por meio de garrafa oceanográfica do tipo van Dorn (água de fundo) e por busca fundo do tipo Ekman (granulometria). As estações foram agrupadas em setores (Entrada, Intermediária e Interna) baseada nos dados abióticos e localização. A Análise de Redundância (RDA) e RDA Parcimoniosa para todos os anos e em cada ano evidenciou taxa indicadores como elevada dominância em cada setor. A PERMANOVA indicou sazonalidade regular entre as campanhas para o primeiro ciclo anual (p<0.05), padrão atípico para o segundo ano (p> 0.05), possivelmente por causa da baixa pluviosidade observada durante esse período. O mosaico do substrato não consolidado infere que as variáveis estruturais, e os padrões de distribuição temporal foram basicamente influenciadas por parâmetros que indicam poluição e intrusão de ACAS (Água Central do Atlântico Sul), bem como atributos ecológicos entre espécies, tais como: predação, competição, entre outros. Ervilia concentrica e Cypridinidae podem ser utilizados como indicadores de alterações naturais e antrópicos no setor da Entrada da Baía de Guanabara, enquanto Cyprideis salebrosa e Cyprideis sp. para o setor Intermediário e Heleobia australis para o setor Interno.
Тема - темы
Animals , Ecosystem , Bays , Brazil , Environmental Monitoring , Geologic Sediments , Crustacea , InvertebratesРеферат
Introduction: The Three R´s Principle (Refinement, Reduction, and Replacement), postulated more than 60 years ago, is the main ethical framework currently applied for conducting animal research. This principle has never been reviewed applying a philosophical reflection during all of these years, even though a variety of animal ethics studies have presented new insights. The Three R´s Principle was designed to be used as a policy tool to ameliorate the suffering of animals and to reduce the use of animals in research, but has failed in achieving these goals. This principle is only applied when using sentience vertebrates, and fails to consider invertebrates as their capacity to sentience is still disputed. In this way, invertebrates are reified, which has been determined to be detrimental as their suffering has been consistently denied. As a consequence, new insights are necessary to improve scientific practices. Epistemology and ethics have always been viewed as opposing approaches. ´Epistemology-based Ethics' subordinate ethical concern to scientific facts and 'Ethics-based Epistemology' purports that ethical practice should guide epistemological practices. Objective: In this paper, we maintain that unifying both approaches under a broader conceptual framework may result in the view that these are not, actually, opposite approaches. We propose to progress beyond the Three R's Principle and extend it to a position equal to the level of the ethical and epistemological approaches. We also propose to use the Precautionary Principle as it is always better to be safe than sorry, and to include two more Rs. Methods: This paper is based on the analysis of different ethical frameworks used in biology and ecology that can be implemented in invertebrates experimentation. Results: The analysis revealed that different ethical approaches are frequently used in biological research, but not all of them are implemented in experimental research that involves invertebrates. We argue that the ethical considerations used in any research field can be implemented in invertebrate research. Conclusion: We propose a Five R´s Principle: the traditional Refinement, Reduction, and Replacement, used along with Respect and Responsibility (a respectful relationship with every living being regardless of its complexity and personal commitment to conscientiously apply ethics concepts).
Introducción: El Principio de las Tres R (Refinamiento, Reducción y Reemplazo), postulado hace más de 60 años, es el principal marco ético que se aplica actualmente para realizar investigaciones en animales. Este principio no ha sido revisado desde una reflexión filosófica a pesar de tantos años y de lavariedad de estudios en ética animal que han presentado nuevas ideas. Este principio solo se aplica cuando se utilizan vertebrados sintientes, y no tiene en cuenta a los invertebrados, ya que su capacidad de sentiencia aún está cuestinada. De esta manera, los invertebrados son cosificados, lo que ha sido en su detrimento ya que su sufrimiento ha sido constantemente negado. El Principio de las Tres R fue diseñado para ser utilizado como una herramienta de política para mejorar el sufrimiento de los animales y reducir el uso de animales en la investigación, pero no ha logrado alcanzar estos objetivos. Como consecuencia, se necesitan nuevas ideas para mejorar las prácticas científicas. La epistemología y la ética siempre se han visto como enfoques opuestos. La concepción ética subordinada de a los hechos científicos se llama "Ética basada en la epistemología" y, en cambio, la "Epistemología basada en la ética" pretende que la práctica ética guie las prácticas epistemológicas. Objetivo: En este trabajo, proponemos que unificar ambos enfoques bajo un marco conceptual más amplio y eliminar la percepción de que son enfoques opuestos. Proponemos avanzar más allá del Principio de las Tres R , extenderlo y colocar un mismo nivel a los enfoques éticos y epistemológicos. También proponemos utilizar el Principio de precaución, ya que siempre es mejor prevenir que curar e incluir dos R más. Métodos: El trabajo está basado en un análisis de diferentes corrientes éticas utilizadas en biología y ecología que pueden ser implementadas en la experimentación con invertebrados. Resultados: El análisis de los trabajos reveló que hay diferentes posturas éticas que se usan frecuentemente en biología, pero no todas ellas son implementadas en la experimentación con invertebrados. Bajos nuestra argumentación sostenemos que las consideraciones éticas usadas en cualquier campo de investigación puede ser implementada en la experimentación con invertebrados. Conclusión: De esta manera, proponemos un Principio de las Cinco R: Refinamiento, Reducción, Reemplazo para ser usados junto con el Respeto y la Responsabilidad (una relación respetuosa con cada ser vivo independientemente de su complejidad y un compromiso personal de aplicar conscientemente los conceptos éticos).
Тема - темы
Animals , Research , Ethics, Research , InvertebratesРеферат
Introduction: The marine biodiversity is well known in some areas and for some marine ecosystems of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. The marine sector of Área de Conservación Guanacaste, in the North Pacific of the country, is a priority area for conservation of marine and coastal biodiversity. Objective: Our aim was to increase the knowledge of marine biodiversity in a conservation priority site in Costa Rica and in poorly or scarcely studied marine ecosystems, such as rocky reefs and Sargassum beds, respectively. Methods: The study was conducted in Bahía Salinas and Golfo de Santa Elena in 2013. In January, four rocky reefs were visited; while in February three rocky reefs and one Sargassum bed were visited. We identified the macroinvertebrates and conspicuous fish species through underwater visual census methods (timed swim and band transects). The mean density of each species was estimated through band transects method. Results: A total of 25 invertebrates and 34 fish species were identified. We found a high number of species of invertebrates (23) and fish species (33) in rocky reefs, but few species on Sargassum beds (eight invertebrates and ten fish species). Species composition differed between marine ecosystems. Conclusions: Our study further evidence the limited knowledge of invertebrates and fish communities in these marine ecosystems in the North Pacific of Costa Rica. Considerably more surveys and field work are required to support management decisions that are backed by sound scientific knowledge.
Introducción: La biodiversidad marina es bien conocida en algunas áreas y para algunos ecosistemas marinos de la costa Pacífica de Costa Rica. El sector marino del Área de Conservación Guanacaste, en el Pacífico norte del país, es un área prioritaria para la conservación de la biodiversidad marina y costera. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo fue el de incrementar el conocimiento de la biodiversidad marina en un sitio prioritario de conservación de Costa Rica y en ecosistemas marinos poco o nulamente estudiados, como son los arrecifes rocosos y mantos de Sargassum, respectivamente. Métodos: El estudio se realizó en Bahía Salinas y Golfo de Santa Elena en el 2013. En enero, cuatro arrecifes rocosos fueron visitados; mientras que en febrero tres arrecifes rocosos y un manto de Sargassum fueron visitados. Identificamos las especies de invertebrados y peces conspicuos a través métodos de censos visuales submarinos (buceos cronometrados y transectos de banda). La densidad promedio de cada especie se estimó mediante el método de transectos de banda. Resultados: Se registró un total de 25 invertebrados y 34 especies de peces. Encontramos un mayor número de especies de invertebrados (23) y peces (33) en los arrecifes rocosos, pero pocas especies en el manto de Sargassum (ocho especies de invertebrados y diez de peces). La composición de especies difirió entre ecosistemas marinos. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio evidencia el limitado conocimiento de las comunidades de invertebrados y peces en estos ecosistemas marinos en el Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica. Considerablemente más encuestas y trabajo de campo son requeridos para apoyar decisiones de manejo que sean respaldados por conocimientos científicos solidos.
Тема - темы
Animals , Biodiversity , Fishes/classification , Invertebrates/classification , Echinodermata , Coral Reefs , MolluscaРеферат
Abstract The rocky shores in Chile have a wide invertebrate species diversity, that include species with marked abundances in determined regions. The aim of the present study is to analyse the spatial distribution pattern in different marine invertebrate species in rocky shore of Araucania region, considering if these species have random, uniform or associated patterns, and extrapolate if these patterns have Poisson, binomial or negative binomial distribution respectively. The results revealed the presence mainly of gastropods molluscs that would graze on benthic algae, these species have mainly aggregated pattern that has a robust negative binomial distribution pattern. The obtained results agree with observations for marine benthic fauna that mentioned the presence of aggregated pattern, has negative binomial distribution. Other ecological topics about spatial distribution were discussed.
Resumo As costas rochosas no Chile têm uma ampla diversidade de espécies de invertebrados, que incluem espécies com abundância marcada em determinadas regiões. O objetivo do presente estudo é analisar o padrão de distribuição espacial em diferentes espécies de invertebrados marinhos na costa rochosa da região de Araucanía, considerando se essas espécies possuem padrões aleatórios, uniformes ou associados, e extrapolar se esses padrões possuem distribuição binomial de Poisson, binomial ou negativa. respectivamente. Os resultados revelaram a presença principalmente de moluscos gastrópodes que pastam em algas bentônicas, estas espécies têm principalmente agregado padrão que tem um padrão robusto de distribuição binomial negativa, padrão agregado de grupos, e a fauna de água doce que apresenta distribuição binomial negativa. Outros tópicos ecológicos sobre distribuição espacial foram discutidos.
Тема - темы
Animals , Gastropoda , Invertebrates , Chile , Ecosystem , Aquatic OrganismsРеферат
Introducción: Describir los patrones de biodiversidad y los mecanismos que los subyacen es indispensable para afrontar las desenfrenadas presiones sobre los ecosistemas de agua dulce en el trópico. Esto es particularmente relevante en regiones escasamente estudiadas como el escudo guayanés colombiano Objetivo: Describir la estructura taxonómica y funcional de las comunidades de macroinvertebrados, y evaluar su variación a lo largo de escalas espaciales y temporales Métodos: Las comunidades de macroinvertebrados de cuatro ríos fueron muestreadas durante la época seca del 2017 y 2018. Adicionalmente, se evaluaron los patrones de diversidad dentro y entre los ríos y entre diferentes meses de muestreo en uno de los cursos hídricos. Los patrones de diversidad fueron evaluados mediante la comparación de los patrones entre y dentro de los ríos de la diversidad alfa (diferencias en la riqueza y abundancia de taxones entre comunidades) y de la diversidad beta (diferencias en la composición de taxones entre comunidades). La diversidad alfa fue estimada usando los números de Hill, mientras que la diversidad beta se estimó usando los índices de Sørensen y Morisita-Horn y comparada usando un análisis de similaridad (ANOSIM). Resultados: La composición de taxones fue distinta dentro (escala de mesohábitat) y entre los ríos (escala regional). Sin embargo, la composición de FFG cambió entre, pero no dentro de los ríos. La comparación de los números de Hill y de la composición de taxones sugiere que el tipo de mesohábitat es un factor determinante de la diversidad taxonómica pero no de la diversidad de FFG en distintas escalas. En la escala temporal, la diversidad alfa fue baja para los meses con altas precipitaciones (febrero-abril) y alta para la temporada seca (enero). La diversidad beta temporal fue alta para los periodos muestreados y los procesos de anidamiento fueron el componente más notable de la diversidad beta a lo largo del año. Conclusión: Los ríos de la Serranía de la Lindosa albergan una alta diversidad de macroinvertebrados acuáticos. La estacionalidad y las diferencias en la heterogeneidad del hábitat dentro de los ríos parecen determinar los patrones de diversidad observados a diferentes escalas temporales y espaciales. Profundizar en su estudio es necesario para entender el funcionamiento de estos ecosistemas y mejorar la habilidad para generar estrategias de manejo y conservación.
Introduction: Describing biodiversity patterns and the underlying drivers is relevant for tackling the rampant pressures on tropical freshwaters. This is particularly relevant in scarcely studied regions, such as in the Colombian Guiana shield. Objective: To describe the taxonomic and functional structure of macroinvertebrate communities and assess their variability across spatial and temporal scales. Methods: We sampled the invertebrate communities in four streams during the dry seasons of 2017 and 2018. Additionally, we assessed diversity patterns within and among streams and between different sampling months in one stream. To assess diversity patterns, we compared alpha (differences in taxon richness and abundance within communities) and beta (differences in taxon composition among communities) diversity patterns among and within rivers. Alpha diversity was estimated using the numbers of Hill, while beta diversity was estimated using the Sørensen and Morisita-Horn indices and compared using a similarities analysis (ANOSIM). Results: The taxon composition of the communities was different within (mesohabitat scale) and among streams (regional scale). However, the composition of FFGs changed among but not within streams. The comparison of the numbers of Hill and the taxon composition suggested that the mesohabitat type is a determining factor of the taxonomic but not FFG diversity across scales. At the temporal scale, alpha diversity was low for months with high precipitation (February-April) and high for the dry season (January). The temporal beta diversity was high among sampling periods, being nestedness processes driving beta diversity among years and turnover processes driving beta diversity within years. Conclusion: Streams from Serranía de la Lindosa host a high diversity of freshwater macroinvertebrates. Seasonality and differences in the in-stream habitat heterogeneity seem to determine the diversity patterns observed at different temporal and spatial scales. A deeper study is needed to understand the functioning of these ecosystems and improve the ability to generate management and conservation strategies.
Тема - темы
Animals , Seasons , Aquatic Fauna , Invertebrates/classification , Colombia , Tropical Ecosystem , BiodiversityРеферат
Abstract The Cautin river is located in the 137 years old Araucania region, Chile (38°S), and is characterized by alterations through human interference due agriculture and towns in its surrounding basin, the presence of salmonids, and by its mixed regime, originated from snow melting in summer and rains in winter. The aim of the present study was to make a review of the inventory and ecological role of the benthic inland water macroinvertebrates of the River Cautin, in order to understand their importance in the ecosystem of the river. The fauna of this river includes a fauna composed of endemic and introduced fish, which has, however, been only poorly studied until now. The literature revealed the presence of abundant populations of Diptera, Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera larval stages, and few crustaceans specifically amphipods and freshwater crabs along the river's course. Many of these macroinvertebrates are prey for both introduced salmonids and native fishes. Similar results have been reported for other southern Argentinean and Chilean Patagonian rivers.
Resumo O rio Cautin está localizado na região de Araucania, no Chile (38°S), é caracterizado por alterações através da interferência humana devido à agricultura e as cidades da bacia circundante, a presença de salmonídeos e pelo seu regime misto, originado pela queda de neve verão e chuvas no inverno. O objetivo do presente estudo foi fazer uma revisão do papel ecológico dos macroinvertebrados bentônicos das águas interiores do rio Cautin, para entender sua importância no ecossistema do rio. A fauna deste rio inclui uma fauna composta de espécies de peixes endêmicos e introduzidos, que, no entanto, tem sido mal estudada até agora. A literatura revelou a presença de abundantes populações de estádios de larvas Diptera, Trichoptera e Ephemeroptera, e poucos crustáceos especificamente anfípodes e caranguejos de água doce ao longo do curso do rio. Muitos desses macroinvertebrados são presas tanto para salmonídeos introduzidos quanto para peixes nativos. Resultados semelhantes foram relatados para outros rios sul da Patagônia Chilena e Argentina.