Análise das condições bucais e microbiológicas salivar de pacientes infantis em programação para o transplante hepático e avaliação da qualidade de vida da saúde geral de seus doadores / Analysis of the oral conditions and salivary microbiology of pediatric patients in programming for liver transplantation and evaluation of the quality of life of their donors' general health

O transplante hepático (Tx) pediátrico é o tratamento definitivo e indicado para doenças hepáticas terminais. Nele, estão envolvidos dois cenários: o da criança receptora e do doador, que abrangem questões como a saúde geral e bucal, imunossupressão e qualidade de vida. A imunossupressão pode acarretar infecções oportunistas como os poliomavírus BK e JC que causam complicações clínicas no pós-transplante. Assim, esta pesquisa trata-se de um estudo longitudinal que se propôs avaliar três vertentes: i) as condições odontológicas das crianças no processo do transplante hepático; ii) avaliar a excreção oral e viremia dos poliomavírus BK e JC nas crianças antes e após o Tx; iii) avaliar o impacto da qualidade de vida (QV) dos doadores. Para analisar as vertentes relacionadas ao receptor, foram incluídas 84 crianças em programação para o transplante hepático no Hospital Municipal Infantil Menino Jesus em São Paulo, mas apenas 51 fizeram parte da amostra final. Foram utilizadas as categorias avaliativas do Bedside Oral Exam BOE para avaliar as condições bucais pré- e pós-transplante imediato. Juntamente com o exame clínico bucal, foram realizadas seis coletas, uma pré-transplante e cinco semanalmente no pós-transplante, de saliva e sangue para avaliar a presença dos poliomavírus. Em contrapartida, para avaliar a QV dos doadores, participaram desse estudo 25 adultos. Para essa avaliação foi utilizado o questionário SF-36 versão 2, que é autoaplicável e aborda oito domínios sobre a saúde física e emocional, sendo aplicado no pré-Tx (um dia anterior a cirurgia) e no pós-Tx (um mês após a cirurgia). As análises estatísticas utilizadas para cada objetivo foram: i) análise descritiva das condições bucais nos dois momentos e comparadas através do teste de Wilcoxon; ii) análise da variável dicotômica e o teste de McNemar para identificar a presença do BK e JC; iii) teste de Shapiro-Wilk, seguido pela comparação dos dados paramétricos pelo teste t pareado e dados não paramétricos pelo teste de Wilcoxon considerando significância estatística de p<0,05 para a avaliação da QV do doador. As análises foram realizadas através do software JAMOVI. Assim, os resultados encontrados para cada objetivo foram: i) no pré-transplante a característica mais frequente foi à alteração de cor nas mucosas (78.6% n=84) e no pós-transplante alteração nos lábios (27.4% n=51), na função deglutição (13.8% n=51) e na cor dos dentes (27.4% n=51); apesar disso as crianças apresentavam BOE escore 8, 9 ou 10 tanto no pré-transplante (92.8% n=84) como no pós-transplante (90.4% n=51); ii) em relação à excreção oral e viremia dos poliomavírus, apenas observamos a presença do BK na saliva em uma amostra (2%) na segunda e uma amostra (2%) na quinta semana pós-Tx; e no plasma em uma amostra (2%) na terceira e em uma amostra (2%) na quinta semana pós-Tx. O JC não foi detectado em nenhuma das amostras analisadas; iii) em relação à QV do doador, foi possível verificar uma diferença estatisticamente significativa nos domínios relacionados à capacidade funcional (média no pré-Tx= 85.4 e média no pós-Tx= 47.6; p<0.001), limitação por aspectos físicos (média no pré-Tx= 82.5 e média no pós-Tx= 52.5; p<0.001), dor (média no pré-Tx= 83.9 e média no pós-Tx= 60.5; p=0.002) e limitação por aspectos emocionais (média no pré-Tx= 82.5 e média no pós-Tx= 52.5; p<0.001). Conclui-se que as crianças possuíam uma boa condição bucal no pré e pós-transplante apesar de terem sido encontradas alterações na mucosa no pré-transplante e alterações em lábios e dentes no pós-transplante. A presença do poliomavírus BK é um evento raro em pacientes pediátricos no processo de transplante hepático. No que diz respeito ao impacto da QV nos doadores, houve uma piora no pós-transplante considerando os aspectos físicos e emocionais.

Descripción de polimorfismos genéticos en CYP3A5 y MDR-1 y su impacto en el rechazo agudo clínico de pacientes trasplantados de hígado del Hospital San Vicente Fundación Rionegro / Description of genetic polymorphisms in CYP3A5 and MDR-1 and their impact on clinical acute rejection in liver transplant patients at Hospital San Vicente Fundación Rionegro

Introducción. El tacrolimus es un medicamento inmunosupresor ampliamente usado en trasplante hepático, que presenta una gran variabilidad interindividual la cual se considera asociada a la frecuencia de polimorfismos de CYP3A5 y MDR-1. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la frecuencia de los polimorfismos rs776746, rs2032582 y rs1045642 y su asociación con rechazo clínico y toxicidad farmacológica. Métodos. Se incluyeron pacientes inmunosuprimidos con tacrolimus a quienes se les realizó trasplante hepático en el Hospital San Vicente Fundación Rionegro entre 2020 y 2022, con supervivencia mayor a un mes. Se evaluaron las variables clínicas, rechazo agudo y toxicidad farmacológica. Se secuenciaron los genes de estudio mediante PCR, comparando la expresión o no en cada uno de los pacientes. Resultados. Se identificaron 17 pacientes. El 43 % de los pacientes se clasificaron como CYP3A5*1/*1 y CYP3A5*1/*3, entre los cuales se encontró asociación con aumento en la tasa de rechazo agudo clínico, al comparar con los pacientes no expresivos (100 % vs. 44 %, p=0,05); no hubo diferencias en cuanto a la toxicidad farmacológica u otros desenlaces. Se encontró el polimorfismo rs2032582 en un 50 % y el rs1045642 en un 23,5 % de los pacientes, sin embargo, no se identificó asociación con rechazo u otros eventos clínicos. Conclusiones. Se encontró una asociación entre el genotipo CYP3A5*1/*1 y CYP3A5*1/*3 y la tasa de rechazo clínico. Sin embargo, se requiere una muestra más amplia para validar estos datos y plantear modelos de medicina personalizada.

Introduction. Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug widely used in liver transplantation, which presents great interindividual variability which is considered associated with the frequency of CYP3A5 and MDR-1 polymorphisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of the rs776746, rs2032582 and rs1045642 polymorphisms and their association with clinical rejection and drug toxicity. Methods. Immunosuppressed patients with tacrolimus who underwent a liver transplant at the Hospital San Vicente Fundación Rionegro between 2020 and 2022 were included, with survival of more than one month. Clinical variables, acute rejection and pharmacological toxicity were evaluated. The study genes were sequenced by PCR, comparing their expression or not in each of the patients. Results. Seventeen patients were identified. 43% of the patients were classified as CYP3A5*1/*1 and CYP3A5*1/*3, among which an association was found with increased rates of clinical acute rejection when compared with non-expressive patients (100% vs. 44%, p=0.05). There were no differences in drug toxicity or other outcomes. The rs2032582 polymorphism was found in 50% and rs1045642 in 23.5% of patients; however, no association with rejection or other clinical events was identified. Conclusions. An association was found between the CYP3A5*1/*1 and CYP3A5*1/*3 genotype and the clinical rejection rate. However, a larger sample is required to validate these data and propose models of personalized medicine.

Estatística geral de doação e transplantes de orgãos - Goiás - 2023 (Janeiro a setembro) / General statistics on organ donation and transplants - Goiás - 2023 (January to September)

Estatística geral de doação e transplantes de orgãos - Goiás que tem como objetivo transcrever em números os resultados de todo o trabalho executado pela Gerência de Transplantes em Goiás

General statistics on organ donation and transplants - Goiás which aims to transcribe into numbers the results of all the work carried out by the Transplant Management in Goiás

Estatística geral de doação de orgãos - Goiás - 2023 (Janeiro a abril) / General organ donation statistics - Goiás - 2023 (January to April)

Esta Estatística Geral de Doação e Transplantes de Órgãos - Goiás tem como objetivo transcrever em números os resultados de todo o trabalho executado pela Gerência de Transplantes em Goiás de janeiro a abril de 2023

This General Statistics of Organ Donation and Transplantation - Goiás aims to transcribe in numbers the results of all the work carried out by the Transplant Management in Goiás from January to April 2023

Indicación de amigdalectomía en pacientes pediátricos por sospecha de trastorno linfoproliferativo postrasplante / Indication for tonsillectomy in pediatric patients with suspected post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder

Un sitio común de hiperplasia linfoidea en los trastornos linfoproliferativos postrasplante (TLPT) son las amígdalas palatinas. Sin embargo, la hipertrofia amigdalina es extremadamente común en niños, lo que dificulta la sospecha de estos trastornos. Se realizó un estudio de una serie de casos de pacientes trasplantados intervenidos de amigdalectomía por sospecha de TLPT en un hospital pediátrico de alta complejidad en Argentina desde enero de 2014 hasta diciembre de 2021. El objetivo de este trabajo es exponer las características clínicas de los pacientes trasplantados a los que se les indicó amigdalectomía con fin diagnóstico de TLPT.

A common site of lymphoid hyperplasia in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) is the palatine tonsils. However, tonsillar hypertrophy is extremely common in children, which hinders the suspicion of PTLD. A case series of transplanted patients undergoing tonsillectomy for suspected PTLD was conducted at a tertiary care children's hospital in Argentina between January 2014 and December 2021. The objective of this study is to expose the clinical characteristics of transplanted patients who underwent a tonsillectomy to diagnose PTLD

Impact of orthotopic liver transplantation on serum lipid level and growing development in patients with homozygous or compound heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To investigate the impact of orthotopic liver transplantation on serum lipid and growing development in patients with homozygous (HoFH) or compound heterozygotes (cHeFH) familial hypercholesterolemia. Methods: Patients who were treated in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from August 2019 to August 2021, entered the rare disease database and underwent liver transplantation, were included in this single center retrospective cohort study. The height for age Z score (HAZ) and length for age Z score (WAZ) at birth, at the time of transplantation and one year after transplantation were calculated respectively by collecting demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, echocardiography, lipid-lowering treatment, blood lipid level data and donor characteristics data of liver transplantation. The serum cholesterol level and growing development changes before and after liver transplantation were evaluated. Results: A total of five patients with HoFH or cHeFH, including two females, were included in this study. The median age was 10 years (6-22 years). The median follow up duration was 28 months (24-33 months). All HoFH or cHeFH patients in this study received the maximum daily dosage of the lipid-lowering drug combined with low salt and low-fat diet control treatment for at least 3 months before orthotopic liver transplantation. The average level of total cholesterol (TC) decreased by 27% compared with that before treatment, the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) decreased by 21% after 3 months treatment. There was no intervention of lipid-lowering therapy after operation. One month after liver transplantation, the average levels of TC and LDL-C further decreased rapidly by 68% and 76% respectively. One year after liver transplantation, the level of LDL-C decreased from (17.1±1.6)mmol/L without any intervention before transplantation to (3.0±0.7)mmol/L, and remained stable thereafter. In addition, compared with no intervention before liver transplantation, the serum triglyceride (TG) level decreased after the maximum daily dosage of the lipid-lowering drug and low salt and low-fat diet control for 3 months ((1.88±0.27) mmol/L vs. (1.12±0.55)mmol/L, P=0.031), and the HDL-C level also decreased significantly ((1.95±0.49)mmol/L vs. (0.95±0.30)mmol/L, P=0.006) at the same time period. TG and HDL-C remained stable after liver transplantation during the 24-month follow-up period (P>0.05). One and two years after liver transplantation, there was no significant difference in height and weight, malnutrition and growth retardation between the patients in this cohort and Chinese children of the same age. Conclusion: Early liver transplantation is a feasible and effective treatment option for HoFH or cHeFH patients with extremely high serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.

Application of a novel artificial perfusate based on oxygen-carrying nanoparticles in normothermic machine perfusion for porcine liver preservation after cardiac death / 浙江大学学报·医学版

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the efficacy of a novel artificial perfusate based on oxygen-carrying perfluoronaphthalene-albumin nanoparticles in normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) for preservation of porcine liver donation after cardiac death.@*METHODS@#Artificial perfusate with perfluoronaphthalene-albumin nanoparticles was prepared at 5% albumin (w/v) and its oxygen carrying capacity was calculated. The livers of 16 Landrace pigs were isolated after 1 h of warm ischemia, and then they were divided into 4 groups and preserved continuously for 24 h with different preservation methods: cold preservation with UW solution (SCS group), NMP preservation by whole blood (blood NMP group), NMP preservation by artificial perfusate without nanoparticles (non-nanoparticles NMP group) and NMP preservation by artificial perfusate containing nanoparticles (nanoparticles NMP group). Hemodynamics, tissue metabolism, biochemical indices of perfusate and bile were monitored every 4 h after the beginning of NMP. Liver tissue samples were collected for histological examination (HE and TUNEL staining) before preservation, 12 h and 24 h after preservation.@*RESULTS@#The oxygen carrying capacity of nanoparticles in 100 mL artificial perfusate was 6.94 μL/mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa). The hepatic artery and portal vein resistance of nanoparticles NMP group and blood NMP group remained stable during perfusion, and the vascular resistance of nanoparticles NMP group was lower than that of blood NMP group. The concentration of lactic acid in the perfusate decreased to the normal range within 8 h in both nanoparticles NMP group and blood NMP group. There were no significant differences in accumulated bile production, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in perfusate between nanoparticles NMP group and blood NMP group (all P>0.05). After 24 h perfusion, the histological Suzuki score in blood NMP group and nanoparticles NMP group was lower than that in SCS group and non-nanoparticles NMP group (all P<0.05), and the quantities of TUNEL staining positive cells in blood NMP group and non-nanoparticles NMP group was higher than those in nanoparticles NMP group and SCS group 12 h and 24 h after preservation (all P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Artificial perfusate based on oxygen-carrying nanoparticles can meet the oxygen supply requirements of porcine livers donation after cardiac death during NMP preservation, and it may has superiorities in improving tissue microcirculation and alleviating ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Fontan-associated liver disease current status and transplantation consideration / 中华肝脏病杂志

Fontan-associated liver disease (FALD) is one of the main complications after the Fontan procedure, manifesting mostly as liver fibrosis and even cirrhosis, with a high incidence rate and a lack of typical clinical symptoms that seriously affect patient prognosis. The specific cause is unknown, although it is considered to be associated with long-term elevated central venous pressure, impaired hepatic artery blood flow, and other relevant factors. The absence of association between laboratory tests, imaging data, and the severity of liver fibrosis makes clinical diagnosis and monitoring difficult. A liver biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing and staging liver fibrosis. The most important risk factor for FALD is time following the Fontan procedure; therefore, it is recommended to do a liver biopsy 10 years after the Fontan procedure and to be cautious for the presence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Combined heart-liver transplantation is a recommended choice with favorable outcomes for patients with Fontan circulatory failure and severe hepatic fibrosis.

Assessment of liver transplant benefit and a novel strategy for liver donor allocation in acute-on-chronic liver failure / 中华肝脏病杂志

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a type of complex clinical syndrome that is mainly characterized by acute deterioration of liver function based on chronic liver disease, hepatic and extrahepatic organ failures, and a high short-term mortality rate. The comprehensive medical treatment efficacy of ACLF is currently limited; thus, liver transplantation is the only viable potential treatment method. However, considering the severe liver donor shortage, economic and social costs, as well as the differences in disease severity and prognosis of different disease courses, it is particularly important to accurately assess the benefits of liver transplantation in patients with ACLF. Early identification and prediction, timing, prognosis, and survival benefits are discussed here by combining the latest research findings so as to optimize the liver transplantation treatment strategy for ACLF.

Management of liver transplantation perioperative period in acute-on-chronic liver failure / 中华肝脏病杂志

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a potentially reversible entity that occurs in patients with chronic liver disease accompanied with or without cirrhosis and is characterized by extrahepatic organ failure and high short-term mortality. Currently, the most effective treatment method for patients with ACLF is liver transplantation; therefore, admission timing and contraindications must be emphasized. The function of vital organs such as the heart, brain, lungs, and kidneys should be actively supported and protected during the liver transplantation perioperative period in patients with ACLF. Focusing on the anesthesia management level during anesthesia selection, intraoperative monitoring, three-stage management, prevention and treatment of post-perfusion syndrome, monitoring and management of coagulation function, volume monitoring and management, and body temperature monitoring management for liver transplantation should strengthen anesthesia management. Additionally, standard postoperative intensive care treatment should be recommended, and grafts and other vital organ functions should be monitored throughout the perioperative period to promote early postoperative recovery in patients with ACLF.

Focusing on timing selection and whole-course management of liver transplantation treatment for patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure / 中华肝脏病杂志

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a clinical syndrome of acute decompensation accompanied by organ failure that occurs on the basis of chronic liver disease and has a high short-term mortality rate. Currently, there are still differences in relation to the definition of ACLF; thus, baseline characteristics and dynamic changes are important bases for clinical decision-making in patients with liver transplantation and others. The basic strategies for treating ACLF currently include internal medicine treatment, artificial liver support systems, and liver transplantation. Multidisciplinary active collaborative management throughout the whole course is of great significance for further improving the survival rate in patients with ACLF.

Treatment and management for children with urea cycle disorder in chronic stage / 浙江大学学报·医学版

Urea cycle disorder (UCD) is a group of inherited metabolic diseases with high disability or fatality rate, which need long-term drug treatment and diet management. Except those with Citrin deficiency or liver transplantation, all pediatric patients require lifelong low protein diet with safe levels of protein intake and adequate energy and lipids supply for their corresponding age; supplementing essential amino acids and protein-free milk are also needed if necessary. The drugs for long-term use include nitrogen scavengers (sodium benzoate, sodium phenylbutyrate, glycerol phenylbutyrate), urea cycle activation/substrate supplementation agents (N-carbamylglutamate, arginine, citrulline), etc. Liver transplantation is recommended for pediatric patients not responding to standard diet and drug treatment, and those with severe progressive liver disease and/or recurrent metabolic decompensations. Gene therapy, stem cell therapy, enzyme therapy and other novel technologies may offer options for treatment in UCD patients. The regular biochemical assessments like blood ammonia, liver function and plasma amino acid profile are needed, and physical growth, intellectual development, nutritional intake should be also evaluated for adjusting treatment in time.

Characteristics of Gram-positive cocci infection and the therapeutic effect after liver transplantation / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#Gram-positive cocci is the main pathogen responsible for early infection after liver transplantation (LT), posing a huge threat to the prognosis of liver transplant recipients. This study aims to analyze the distribution and drug resistance of Gram-positive cocci, the risk factors for infections and efficacy of antibiotics within 2 months after LT, and to guide the prevention and treatment of these infections.@*METHODS@#In this study, data of pathogenic bacteria distribution, drug resistance and therapeutic efficacy were collected from 39 Gram-positive cocci infections among 256 patients who received liver transplantation from donation after citizens' death in the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from January 2019 to July 2022, and risk factors for Gram-positive cocci infection were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Enterococcus faecium was the dominant pathogenic bacteria (33/51, 64.7%), followed by Enterococcus faecalis (11/51, 21.6%). The most common sites of infection were abdominal cavity/biliary tract (13/256, 5.1%) and urinary tract (10/256, 3.9%). Fifty (98%) of the 51 Gram-positive cocci infections occurred within 1 month after LT. The most sensitive drugs to Gram-positive cocci were teicoplanin, tigecycline, linezolid and vancomycin. Vancomycin was not used in all patients, considering its nephrotoxicity. Vancomycin was not administered to all patients in view of its nephrotoxicity.There was no significant difference between the efficacy of daptomycin and teicoplanin in the prevention of cocci infection (P>0.05). Univariate analysis indicated that preoperative Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score >25 (P=0.005), intraoperative red blood cell infusion ≥12 U (P=0.013) and exposure to more than 2 intravenous antibiotics post-LT (P=0.003) were related to Gram-positive cocci infections. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that preoperative MELD score >25 (OR=2.378, 95% CI 1.124 to 5.032, P=0.024) and intraoperative red blood cell transfusion ≥ 12 U (OR=2.757, 95% CI 1.227 to 6.195, P=0.014) were independent risk factors for Gram-positive cocci infections after LT. Postoperative Gram-positive cocci infections were reduced in LT recipients exposing to more than two intravenous antibiotics post-LT (OR=0.269, 95% CI 0.121 to 0.598, P=0.001).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Gram-positive cocci infections occurring early after liver transplantation were dominated by Enterococcus faecalis infections at the abdominal/biliary tract and urinary tract. Teicoplanin, tigecycline and linezolid were anti-cocci sensitive drugs. Daptomycin and teicoplanin were equally effective in preventing cocci infections due to Gram-positive cocci. Patients with high preoperative MELD score and massive intraoperative red blood cell transfusion were more likely to suffer Gram-positive cocci infection after surgery. Postoperative Gram-positive cocci infections were reduced in recipients exposing to more than two intravenous antibiotics post-LT.

Experiencia de downstaging versus criterios de Milán para trasplante hepático por carcinoma hepatocelular en una cohorte prospectiva / Experience with downstaging versus Milan criteria for liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in a prospective cohort

Introducción. El acceso al trasplante hepático (TH) en pacientes con carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) se basa en la aplicación de criterios morfológicos rigurosos estipulados desde 1996, co-nocidos como criterios de Milán. Una de las estrategias descritas para expandir estos criterios se conoce como downstaging (reducción del estadiaje tumoral mediante terapias locorregionales). El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el comportamiento postrasplante de pacientes con CHC que ingresaron dentro de los parámetros de Milán, comparado con el de aquellos pacientes llevados a terapia de downstaging en un centro colombiano. Metodología. Se incluyeron pacientes adultos con cirrosis hepática (CH) y CHC que fueron llevados a TH en el Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe, entre julio de 2012 a septiembre de 2021. Como desenlace principal se definió recurrencia y tiempo de recurrencia de la enfermedad tumoral, muerte por todas las causas y tiempo al fallecimiento. Se evaluaron las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de cada grupo. Se incluyeron scores pronósticos de recurrencia de la enfermedad tumoral. Resultados. Se trasplantaron 68 pacientes con CH y CHC, 50 (73,5 %) eran hombres y la edad promedio fue 59 años; 51 pacientes (75 %) cumplían con los criterios de Milán y 17 (25 %) fueron llevados a terapia de downstaging previo al TH. No hubo diferencias significativas en la supervivencia global y supervivencia libre de trasplante entre los dos grupos evaluados, p=0,479 y p=0,385, respectivamente. Tampoco hubo diferencia significativa en la recurrencia de la enfermedad tumoral entre ambos grupos (p=0,81). En total hubo 7 casos de recurrencia tumoral (10,2 %) y 11 casos de muerte (16,2 %). Conclusiones. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en recurrencia y mortalidad entre los pacientes que cumplían los criterios de Milán y los trasplantados luego de la terapia de downstaging, en un tiempo de se-guimiento de 53 meses hasta el último control posterior al trasplante hepático. Esta sería la primera evaluación prospectiva de un protocolo de downstaging para CHC en Colombia.

Introduction. Access to liver transplantation (LT) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is based on the application of rigorous morphological criteria stipulated since 1996, known as the Milan criteria. One of the strategies described to expand these criteria is known as downstaging (tu-mor staging reduction through locoregional therapies). The objective of this study was to describe the post-transplant performance of patients with HCC who were admitted within the Milan parameters, compared with those of patients taken to downstaging therapy, in a Colombian center. Methodolo-gy. Adult patients with cirrhosis and HCC that received LT between July 2012 and September 2021 at the Pablo Tobón Uribe Hospital were included. The main outcome was defined as recurrence and time to recurrence of the tumor disease, death from all causes, and time to death. The socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of each group were evaluated. Tumor disease recurrence prognostic scores were included. Results. Sixty-eight patients with cirrhosis and HCC received LT in the time frame, 50 (73.5%) were men and the mean age was 59 years. Fifty-one patients were trans-planted (75%) fulfilling Milan criteria, and 17 (25%) patients received downstaging therapies before LT. There were no significant differences in overall survival and transplant-free survival between the two groups, p=0.479 and p=0.385, respectively. There was also no significant difference in the recurrence of the tumor disease between both groups (p=0.81). In total there were 7 tumoral recurrences (10.2%) and 11 deaths (16.2%). Conclusions. There were no differences in recurrence and survival between patients transplanted fulfilling Milan criteria and those receiving downstaging therapies, following a mean time of 53 months after LT. This is the first prospective evaluation of the downstaging protocol in Colombia.

Caracterización clínico-epidemiológica de los pacientes sometidos a trasplante hepático por cirrosis alcohólica en el Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe de Medellín entre 2004 y 2015 / Clinical-epidemiological characterization of patients undergoing liver transplantation for alcoholic cirrhosis at the Pablo Tobón Uribe Hospital in Medellín between 2004 and 2015

Introducción. El alcohol ha sido asociado con más de 60 enfermedades diferentes y es el tercer factor de riesgo más común relacionado con muerte y discapacidad en el mundo. La enfermedad alcohólica hepática (EAH) es la causa más común de enfermedad hepática terminal (EHT) en los países occidentales. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la población adulta sometida a trasplante ortotópico hepático (TOH) indicado por EHT secundaria a EAH, en el Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe (HPTU) de Medellín entre 2004 y 2015. Metodología. Estudio observacional retrospectivo. Se revisaron las historias clínicas electrónicas de todos los pacientes trasplantados en el HPTU entre los años 2004 y 2015, sometidos a TOH indicado por EHT secundaria a EAH. Se registraron las características demográficas, comorbilidades médicas y psiquiátricas, complicaciones tempranas y tardías, recaída en el consumo de alcohol posterior al TOH, supervivencia y causa de la muerte. Resultados. Se encontraron 59 pacientes trasplantados por cirrosis de origen alcohólico. El 91,5 % fueron de sexo masculino, el 82,6 % (38/46) tuvo un período abstinencia previo al TOH mayor o igual a 6 meses, y solamente el 10,2 % (6/59) de los pacientes estuvieron vinculados a un programa de adicciones. Se encontró comorbilidad psiquiátrica en el 30 % (18/59) con predomino de depresión. Se identificó recaída pesada en el consumo de alcohol postrasplante en 6 pacientes, este subgrupo se caracterizó por una alta mortalidad (66 %), pobre adherencia a la terapia inmunosupresora y alta frecuencia de depresión (83 %). En general, la cohorte tuvo una supervivencia a 5 y 10 años de 60,8 % y 28,1 %, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Las características epidemiológicas de la población son compartidas con reportes previos en relación al predominio de sexo masculino y adultos en la sexta década de la vida. La recaída en el consumo pesado de alcohol no es la regla, sin embargo, se encuentra asociada con abandono del tratamiento inmunosupresor y muerte. En comparación con reportes de otros países, nuestras tasas de complicaciones y mortalidad a 5 años son superiores.

Introduction. Alcohol has been associated with more than 60 different diseases and is the third most common risk factor related to death and disability throughout the world. Alcoholic liver disease is the most common cause of end-stage liver disease in Western countries. The main objective of this study was to characterize adult patients with orthotopic liver transplant due to alcoholic cirrhosis at the Pablo Tobón Uribe Hospital in Medellín between 2004 to 2015. Methodology. Observational retrospective study. We reviewed clinical records of all patients with orthotopic liver transplant due to alcoholic cirrhosis at the HPTU between 2004 and 2015, and retrieved demographic data, comorbidities, complications, consumption relapse and survival. Results. We analyzed 59 patients, 91.5% were male, 82.6% had an abstinence period previous to liver transplant equal or greater to six months, 10.2% were part of an addiction program, and 30% had psychiatric morbidities, mainly depression. We identified 6 patients with heavy alcoholic relapse after transplantation, this subgroup was characterized by a high mortality (66%), poor adherence to immunosuppressive therapy and high rates of depression (83%). In general, this cohort had a 5- and 10-year survival of 60.8% and 20.1%, respectively. Conclusions. The epidemiological characteristics of the population are shared with previous reports regarding the predominance of males and adults in the sixth decade of life. Relapse into heavy alcohol consumption is not the rule, however, it is associated with discontinuation of immunosuppressive treatment and death. In comparison with other reports, we have higher complications and mortality rates at 5 five years.

Recaída en el consumo de alcohol después del trasplante de hígado por hepatopatía alcohólica / Alcohol relapse after liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease

Introducción. La enfermedad hepática inducida por uso de alcohol se ha considerado una enferme-dad autoinfligida que limitaba el acceso al trasplante. Actualmente es una de las principales indicacio-nes de trasplante hepático en Colombia y el mundo, con excelente sobrevida. Metodología. Estudio descriptivo observacional donde se realizó una caracterización de los pacientes con trasplante hepá-tico por hepatopatía alcohólica en una institución de cuarto nivel, que incluyó un estudio cualitativo de la recaída en el consumo de alcohol postrasplante. Resultados. De 87 pacientes de una cohorte inicial de 96 pacientes trasplantados entre 2003 y 2021, se describieron características sociodemo-gráficas, comorbilidades previas y adquiridas posterior al trasplante, supervivencia del paciente y del injerto, y factores de riesgo asociados al consumo de alcohol. Adicionalmente, a 65 pacientes se les pudo realizar una entrevista estructurada para evaluar la recaída en el consumo de alcohol, 41,53 % volvieron a consumir alcohol; 23,07 % en patrón de riesgo de recaída y 18,46 % en patrón de slip (desliz). El antecedente de hepatitis alcohólica tuvo un RR de 3,273 (1,464­7,314) y p=0,007 para recaída en el consumo de alcohol, y la comorbilidad psiquiátrica un RR de 2,395 (1,002­5,722) y p=0,047. Finalmente, haber presentado al menos una recaída postrasplante tuvo un RR de 5,556 (1,499­20,588) con p=0,005 para rechazo del injerto. Conclusiones. La recaída en el consumo de alcohol fue frecuente, la hepatitis alcohólica previa y la comorbilidad psiquiátrica son factores de riesgo asociados. La recaída se asoció a rechazo del injerto sin afectar la sobrevida del paciente.

Introduction. Alcohol-induced liver disease has been considered a self-inflicted disease that limited access to transplantation. It is currently one of the main indications for liver transplantation in Colom-bia and the world, with excellent survival. Methodology. Observational descriptive study where a characterization of liver transplant patients due to alcoholic liver disease was carried out in a fourth level institution, which included a qualitative study of relapse in post-transplant alcohol consumption. Results. Of 87 patients from an initial cohort of 96 transplant patients between 2003 and 2021, sociodemographic characteristics, previous and acquired post-transplant comorbidities, patient and graft survival, and risk factors associated with alcohol consumption were described. Additionally, 65 patients were able to undergo a structured interview to assess relapse in alcohol consumption, 41.53% returned to alcohol consumption; 23.07% in risk relapse pattern, and 18.46% in slip pattern. The history of alcoholic hepatitis had a RR of 3.273 (1.464-7.314) and a p=0.007 for relapse in alcohol consumption, and psychiatric comorbidity a RR of 2.395 (1.002-5.722) and a p=0.047. Finally, having presented at least one post-transplant relapse had a RR of 5.556 (1.499-20.588) with ap=0.005 for graft rejection. Conclusions. Relapse in alcohol consumption was fre-quent, previous alcoholic hepatitis and psychiatric comorbidity were associated risk factors. Relapse was associated with graft rejection without affecting patient survival.

Frecuencia de síndrome hepatopulmonar en pacientes pediátricos trasplantados en un hospital de alta complejidad en Medellín, Colombia / Frequency of hepato-pulmonary syndrome in pediatric transplanted patients in a high complexity hospital in Medellín, Colombia

Introducción. El síndrome hepatopulmonar (SHP) es una complicación grave en los pacientes con enfermedad hepática crónica y/o hipertensión portal. La frecuencia descrita en adultos es entre 4 % y 47 %. En pediatría, los reportes también son muy variables y van desde el 3 % hasta el 40 %, desconociendo la real incidencia de este. El objetivo de esta descripción es conocer la frecuencia del SHP en pacientes pediátricos en un hospital de alta complejidad, por medio de una búsqueda activa del SHP en los estudios pretrasplante hepático hallados en las historias clínicas. Metodolo-gía. Estudio retrospectivo de 5 años, en un hospital de alta complejidad en Colombia, en menores de 15 años con un primer trasplante hepático. Resultados. Se contó con la información de 24 pacientes, se analizaron variables demográficas y se confirmó el SHP en 18 pacientes (75 %), encontrando una gravedad leve o moderada en el 33 % y 44 %, respectivamente, siendo en este grupo la cirrosis con complicaciones por hipertensión portal la indicación más frecuente para el trasplante, y como etiología de base, la atresia de vías biliares en un 61 %. Conclusión. El SHP en nuestra población se encontró con una alta frecuencia de presentación, por encima de lo reportado en la literatura, llevando a recomendar una búsqueda activa, con el objetivo de brindar un manejo integral y oportuno.

Introduction. Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a serious complication in patients with chronic liver disease and/or portal hypertension. The frequency described in adults is between 4% and 47%. In pediatrics, reports are also highly variable and range from 3% to 40%, with the real incidence not clear yet. The objective of this study is to know the frequency of HPS in our population through an active search for HPS in pre-liver transplant studies in clinical records. Methodology. This is a 5-year retrospective study, in a reference hospital in Colombia, that included children under 15 years of age with a first liver transplant. Results. In 24 patients, the information was available, demographic variables were analyzed, and HPS was confirmed in 18 patients (75%), finding mild and moderate severity in 33% and 44%, respectively. In this group, cirrhosis with complications due to portal hyper-tension was the most frequent indication for transplantation and biliary atresia was the main etiology in 61%. Conclusion. HPS in our population was found with a high frequency, higher than is described in the literature, leading to the recommendation of an active search, with the aim of providing com-prehensive and timely management.

Progress in perioperative management of ABO-incompatible pediatric liver transplantation / 中华外科杂志

ABO incompatible(ABO-I) liver grafts will affect the prognosis of liver transplantation. With the improvement of perioperative treatment,including plasma exchange,rituximab,splenectomy,etc.,the prognosis of ABO-I liver transplantation has been greatly improved. Because children's immune systems are not fully developed,the perioperative management of ABO-I pediatric liver transplantation is significantly different from that of adults. Reducing the perioperative anti-donor ABO antibody titer is the key to the perioperative management of ABO-I liver transplantation. This article summarizes literatures on the perioperative management of ABO-I pediatric liver transplantation, including the perioperative anti-rejection regimen in pediatric recipients of different ages, splenectomy, postoperative monitoring and postoperative complications, etc.

Utilizing ultra-small volume graft in auxiliary liver transplantation for portal hypertension / 中华外科杂志

Objective: To examine the clinical effect of auxiliary liver transplantation with ultra-small volume graft in the treatment of portal hypertension. Methods: Twelve cases of portal hypertension treated by auxiliary liver transplantation with small volume graft at Liver Transplantation Center,Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University between December 2014 and March 2022 were studied retrospectively. There were 8 males and 4 females,aged 14 to 66 years. Model for end-stage liver disease scores were 1 to 15 points and Child scores were 6 to 11 points. The grafts was derived from living donors in 9 cases,from split cadaveric donors in 2 cases,from whole cadaveric liver of child in 1 case. The graft recipient body weight ratios of 3 cadaveric donor livers were 0.79% to 0.90%, and of 9 living donor livers were 0.31% to 0.55%.In these cases, ultra-small volume grafts were implanted. The survivals of patient and graft, complications, portal vein blood flow of residual liver and graft, abdominal drainage and biochemical indexes of liver function were observed. Results: All the grafts and patients survived. Complications included outflow tract torsion in 2 cases, acute rejection in 1 case, bile leakage in 1 case, and thyroid cancer at the later stage of follow-up in 1 case, all of which were cured. The torsion of outflow tract was attributed to the change of anastomotic angle after the growth of donor liver. After the improvement of anastomotic method, the complication did not recur in the later stage. There was no complication of portal hypertension. The measurement of ultrasonic portal vein blood flow velocity showed that the blood flow of residual liver decreased significantly in the early stage after operation, and maintained a very low blood flow velocity or occlusion in the long term after operation, and the blood flow of transplanted liver was stable. Conclusions: Auxiliary liver transplantation can implant ultra-small donor liver through compensation of residual liver. This method may promote the development of living donor left lobe donation and split liver transplantation. However, the auxiliary liver transplantation is complex, and it is difficult to control the complications. Therefore, this method is currently limited to centers that are skilled in living related liver transplantation and that have complete ability to monitor and deal with complications.