Medical faculty's perception of students' mental health: a qualitative survey study / Percepción de los profesores de medicina sobre la salud mental de los estudiantes: un estudio cualitativo / Percepção dos docentes de medicina sobre a saúde mental dos estudantes: um estudo qualitativo

This study sought to explore the perspective of medical faculty on the mental health of their students. This qualitative study based on a focus group is part of a longitudinal research that studied the mental health of Brazilian students. One group was conducted with faculty employed at a medical school. Topics discussed covered the concept of mental health and medical education. Six professors participated in one group. The mental health of medical students is a construct that encompasses emotional aspects, ability to solve problems and multiple facets of a human being, according to the participants. Artistic practices, moments of socialization and leisure were perceived as stimulating students' good mental health. Excessive demands generate competitiveness and the teacher's expectation of the student's good performance based on their own experience can harm the student's mental health. Participants also highlighted that a pedagogical reformulation that makes sense for the student's learning process is necessary to update traditional curricula. Medical students' mental health is influenced by experiences and exchanges during the medical school, mainly between professor and student, understood as necessary and inherent to the process of becoming physician. The findings of this study show the need for curriculum changes in the medical education process and updating teacher training for good practices that reinforce good mental health.

Este estudio buscó explorar la perspectiva de los profesores de medicina sobre la salud mental de sus estudiantes. Este estudio cualitativo basado en un grupo focal es parte de una investigación longitudinal que estudió la salud mental de estudiantes brasileños. Un grupo se llevó a cabo con profesores empleados en una escuela de medicina. Los temas tratados abarcaron el concepto de salud mental y educación médica. Seis docentes participaron en un grupo. La salud mental de los estudiantes de medicina es un constructo que abarca aspectos emocionales, capacidad de resolución de problemas y múltiples facetas del ser humano, según los participantes. Las prácticas artísticas, los momentos de socialización y el ocio fueron percibidos como estimulantes de la buena salud mental de los estudiantes. Las exigencias excesivas generan competitividad y la expectativa del docente sobre el buen desempeño del estudiante basándose en su propia experiencia puede perjudicar la salud mental del estudiante. Los participantes también resaltaron que es necesaria una reformulación pedagógica que tenga sentido para el proceso de aprendizaje del estudiante para actualizar los currículos tradicionales. La salud mental de los estudiantes de medicina está influenciada por las experiencias y los intercambios durante la carrera de medicina, principalmente entre profesor y estudiante, entendidos como necesarios e inherentes al proceso de convertirse en médico. Los hallazgos de este estudio muestran la necesidad de cambios curriculares en el proceso de formación médica y de actualización de la formación docente hacia buenas prácticas que refuercen la buena salud mental.

Este estudo buscou explorar a perspectiva dos docentes de medicina sobre a saúde mental de seus alunos. Este estudo qualitativo baseado em grupo focal faz parte de uma pesquisa longitudinal que estudou a saúde mental de estudantes brasileiros. Um grupo foi conduzido com professores empregados em uma faculdade de medicina. Os temas discutidos abrangeram o conceito de saúde mental e educação médica. Seis professores participaram de um grupo. A saúde mental dos estudantes de medicina é um construto que engloba aspectos emocionais, capacidade de resolução de problemas e múltiplas facetas do ser humano, segundo os participantes. As práticas artísticas, os momentos de socialização e de lazer foram percebidos como estimuladores da boa saúde mental dos estudantes. Exigências excessivas geram competitividade e a expectativa do professor pelo bom desempenho do aluno com base na própria experiência pode prejudicar a saúde mental do aluno. Os participantes destacaram também que é necessária uma reformulação pedagógica que faça sentido para o processo de aprendizagem do aluno para atualizar os currículos tradicionais. A saúde mental dos estudantes de medicina é influenciada pelas experiências e trocas durante o curso de medicina, principalmente entre professor e aluno, entendidas como necessárias e inerentes ao processo de tornar-se médico. Os achados deste estudo mostram a necessidade de mudanças curriculares no processo de formação médica e de atualização da formação docente para boas práticas que reforcem a boa saúde mental.

Anthropometric Characteristics, Training Intensity Distribution, Physiological Profile and Performance of an Elite Trail Runner: A Longitudinal Case Study / Características Antropométricas, Distribución de la Intensidad del Entrenamiento, Perfil Fisiológico y Rendimiento de un Corredor de Montaña de Élite: Un Estudio de Caso Longitudinal

SUMMARY: Trail running (TR), an extreme endurance sport, presents unique challenges due to the variety of terrain and distances, where physiological capacity and body composition have been considered better predictors of performance. This longitudinal case study examines the impact of training intensity distribution (TID) on an elite trail runner's physiological profile and performance over four years. Two TID models were implemented: polarized (POL) and pyramidal (PYR). Physiological assessments included maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), lactate thresholds (LT1 and LT2), and anthropometric characteristics. The training was classified according to the 3-zone intensity model (zone 1: below the first lactate threshold; zone 2: between the first and second lactate threshold; zone 3: above the second lactate threshold). During the four years, the average TID distribution was 75 % zone 1, 18 % zone 2, and 7 % zone 3. Physiological capacity increased by 7.14 % (14 to 15 km/h) for velocity at LT1 (vLT1) and 8.13 % (16 to 17.3 km/h) for velocity at LT2 (vLT2). The most significant increases were observed during the second year when the percentage of training time in zone 1 was lower (65 %) and in zone 2 greater (30 %) than those reported in other years. Consequently, vLT1 and vLT2 increased by 3.5 % (from 14.1 to 14.6 km/h) and 3.6 % (from 16.5 to 17.1 km/h), respectively. In conclusion, this case study revealed that emphasizing training in zone 2 (moderate intensity) and increasing the training load significantly improved performance at lactate thresholds. Despite modifying body composition, no influence on improving endurance performance was observed. These findings underscore the importance of TID in elite trail runners and highlight the potential to optimize physiological adaptations and performance outcomes.

Trail running (TR), un deporte de resistencia extrema, presenta desafíos únicos debido a la variedad de terrenos y distancias, donde la capacidad fisiológica y la composición corporal se han considerado mejores predictores del rendimiento. Este estudio de caso longitudinal examina el impacto de la distribución de la intensidad del entrenamiento (TID) en el perfil fisiológico y el rendimiento de un corredor de montaña de élite durante cuatro años. Se implementaron dos modelos TID: polarizado (POL) y piramidal (PYR). Las evaluaciones fisiológicas incluyeron el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2max), los umbrales de lactato (LT1 y LT2) y las características antropométricas. El entrenamiento se clasificó según el modelo de intensidad de 3 zonas (zona 1: por debajo del primer umbral de lactato; zona 2: entre el primer y segundo umbral de lactato; zona 3: por encima del segundo umbral de lactato). Durante los cuatro años, la distribución TID promedio fue 75 % zona 1, 18 % zona 2 y 7 % zona 3. La capacidad fisiológica aumentó un 7,14 % (14 a 15 km/h) para la velocidad en LT1 (vLT1) y un 8,13 % (16 a 17,3 km/h) para velocidad en LT2 (vLT2). Los incrementos más significativos se observaron durante el segundo año cuando el porcentaje de tiempo de entrenamiento en la zona 1 fue menor (65 %) y en la zona 2 mayor (30 %) que los reportados en otros años. En consecuencia, vLT1 y vLT2 aumentaron un 3,5 % (de 14,1 a 14,6 km/h) y un 3,6 % (de 16,5 a 17,1 km/h), respectivamente. En conclusión, este estudio reveló que enfatizar el entrenamiento en la zona 2 (intensidad moderada) y aumentar la carga de entrenamiento mejoró significativamente el rendimiento en los umbrales de lactato. A pesar de modificar la composición corporal, no se observó influencia en la mejora del rendimiento de resistencia. Estos hallazgos subrayan la importancia del TID en los corredores de trail de élite y resaltan el potencial para optimizar las adaptaciones fisiológicas y los resultados de rendimiento.

Impacto de la implementación de la estrategia multimodal de la OMS para mejorar la higiene de manos en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos / Impact on implementation of multimodal of World Health Organization strategies to improve hand hygiene in an Intensive Care Unit

INTRODUCCIÓN: La higiene de manos (HM) es la principal medida para disminuir las IAAS, las que en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) presentan una alta prevalencia. En Chile no existe información sobre el impacto de la estrategia multimodal de la OMS para la HM en adultos. El objetivo fue evaluar el impacto de la implementación de la estrategia en una UPC. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio longitudinal con evaluación pre y post-intervención, entre los años 2018 y 2021, en la UCI del Hospital del Trabajador (HT), Santiago, Chile. La implementación se evaluó con pautas de cumplimiento de HM, consumo de jabón y productos en base alcohólica (PBA). El impacto se midió con las tasas de neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica (NAVM), infecciones del torrente sanguíneo asociadas a CVC (ITS- CVC) y del tracto urinario por CUP (ITU-CUP), y la incidencia anual de dermatitis. RESULTADOS: El cumplimiento de pautas aumentó de 91 a 96% (p < 0,05). El consumo total de productos para la HM aumentó de 0,17 a 0,31 L/día/cama y de PBA en 10%. Las tasas de IAAS pre y post-intervención fueron para NAVM de 10,3 y 8,4; ITS-CVC de 0,8 y 1,5 e ITU-CUP de 4,2 y 5,3 por 1.000 días de exposición. La incidencia anual de dermatitis disminuyó en 30% (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: La implementación de la estrategia multimodal se asoció a una disminución de las tasas de NAVM y de dermatitis en la UCI del HT.

INTRODUCTION: Hand hygiene is the main measure to decrease infections related to healthcare and the Intensive Care Unit has a high prevalence. In Chile there aren't reports about the impact of the World Health Organization multimodal hand hygiene improvement strategy. AIM: To assess the implementation impact of this strategy at the ICU. METHODOLOGY: Longitudinal study with pre- and postintervention evaluation during the years 2018-2021 at ICU. The implementation was assessed against hand hygiene compliance guidelines, soap consumption and alcohol-based products. The impact was evaluated with the rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), catheter related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) and catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) and the annual dermatitis incidence. RESULTS: The guidelines compliance increased from 91% to 96% (p < 0.05). The total product consumption increased from 0.17 to 0.31 Liters/day/bed. The use of alcohol-based products increased by 10%. HAI rates pre- and post-intervention were for VAP 10.3 and 8.4, CRBSI 0.8 and 1.5 and CAUTI 4.2 and 5.3. The annual dermatitis incidence decreased by 30.8% (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The strategy implementation benefited the decrease of VAP and the dermatitis prevention in ICU.

Factores de riesgo y biomarcadores de la enfermedad de Alzheimer / Risk factors and biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease

Introducción: La enfermedad de Alzheimer, constituye un problema sanitario y social de gran magnitud; precisa de diagnóstico y terapéutica precoces. Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos sobre factores de riesgo y biomarcadores de la enfermedad en las bases de datos PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Scielo y Lilacs, y mediante el buscador Google académico; desde el año 2017 hasta el 2023, en idioma español, inglés y portugués. Objetivo: Analizar los factores de riesgo y los biomarcadores de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Desarrollo: Los principales factores de riesgo encontrados son edad avanzada, menor educación, poca actividad física, hábito de fumar, consumo excesivo de alcohol, hipertensión arterial, diabetes, obesidad, depresión, pérdida o disminución de la audición, aislamiento social, los traumas craneales y la contaminación ambiental. Los biomarcadores fundamentales son: los marcadores que se utilizan en los estudios de neuroimágenes como la PET Amiloide, PET tau, PET FDG; y en LCR y plasma: Aß42, Aß42/Aß40, p tau 217, p tau 181, GFAP, y neurofilamentos de cadena ligeras. Conclusiones: Se requieren estudios longitudinales, a partir de la presencia de los factores de riesgo asociados a biomarcador, desde edades pregeriátricas en pacientes sanos, que tengan como salidas el deterioro cognitivo y el desarrollo de la demencia, para construir un modelo de predicción(AU)

Introduction: Alzheimer's disease is a health and social problem of great magnitude; it requires early diagnosis and therapy. A search for articles on risk factors and biomarkers of the disease was conducted; in the databases PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Scielo and Lilacs, and through the Google scholar search engine; from 2017 to 2023, in Spanish, English and Portuguese. Objective: To analyze the risk factors and biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Development: The main risk factors found are advanced age, lower education, little physical activity, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, depression, hearing loss or decrease, social isolation, head trauma and environmental pollution. The fundamental biomarkers are: markers used in neuroimaging studies such as amyloid PET, tau PET, FDG PET; and in CSF and plasma: Aß42, Aß42/Aß40, p tau 217, p tau 181, GFAP, and light chain neurofilaments. Conclusions: Longitudinal studies are required, based on the presence of risk factors associated with biomarkers, from pregeriatric ages in healthy patients, which have cognitive impairment and the development of dementia as outputs, to build a prediction model(AU)

Fluoruro de estaño en el control de cavidades sin restauración en dientes temporales / Stannous fluoride in nonrestorative cavity control in primary teeth

Introducción: el control de cavidades sin restauración (NRCC, por sus siglas en inglés), es una opción de tratamiento conservador y no invasivo para dentina cariosa, sobre todo en dentición temporal. Una de las estrategias del NRCC es la remineralización. El fluoruro de estaño (FDE) puede considerarse, como una opción viable ya que existe evidencia de su eficacia cariostática. Objetivo: valorar al FDE como remineralizante alternativo en dentina de molares temporales, asociado al NRCC. Material y métodos: se efectuó un estudio clínico, epidemiológico, y descriptivo con preescolares voluntarios de 3 a 5 años de edad con consentimiento firmado de participación en el estudio, y que presentaron molares con ICDAS 5 y 6. La aplicación del FDE a 0.8%, la evaluación de la dureza de la dentina con los criterios de Nyvad, y el diagnóstico del estado pulpar, la efectuó un operador entrenado para esta finalidad. Se aplicó un análisis estadístico descriptivo y uno no paramétrico. Resultados: el efecto cariostático producido por el FDE a 0.8%, sobre dentina afectada de molares temporales de niños mexicanos fue estadísticamente significativo durante cinco meses. Conclusiones: la aplicación de fluoruro de estaño puede considerarse como una alternativa de tratamiento cariostático asociado al NRCC para niños de 3 a 5 años de edad (AU)

Introduction: nonrestorative cavity control (NRCC), is a conservative and non-invasive treatment option for carious dentin, especially in primary dentition. One of the NRCC strategies is remineralization. Stannous Fluoride (SDF) can be considered as a viable option since there is evidence of its cariostatic efficacy. Objective: to evaluate FDE as an alternative remineralizing agent in the dentin of primary molars, associated with NRCC. Material and methods: a clinical, epidemiological, and descriptive study was carried out with preschool volunteers aged 3 to 5 years with signed consent to participate in the study, and who presented molars with ICDAS 5 and 6. The application of FDE at 0.8%, the evaluation of dentin hardness with the Nyvad criteria, and the diagnosis of pulp status, was carried out by an operator trained for this purpose. A descriptive and non-parametric statistical analysis was applied. Results: the cariostatic effect produced by 0.8% FDE on affected dentin of primary molars of Mexican children was statistically significant for five months. Conclusions: the application of stannous fluoride can be considered as an alternative cariostatic treatment associated with NRCC for children 3 to 5 years of age (AU)

Longitudinal study on catch-up growth in preterm infants with small for gestational age at corrected ages 0-24 months / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To understand the growth and development status and differences between small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) preterm infants during corrected ages 0-24 months, and to provide a basis for early health interventions for preterm infants.@*METHODS@#A retrospective study was conducted, selecting 824 preterm infants who received regular health care at the Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center from July 2019 to July 2022, including 144 SGA and 680 AGA infants. The growth data of SGA and AGA groups at birth and corrected ages 0-24 months were analyzed and compared.@*RESULTS@#The SGA group had significantly lower weight and length than the AGA group at corrected ages 0-18 months (P<0.05), while there were no significant differences between the two groups at corrected age 24 months (P>0.05). At corrected age 24 months, 85% (34/40) of SGA and 79% (74/94) of AGA preterm infants achieved catch-up growth. Stratified analysis by gestational age showed that there were significant differences in weight and length at corrected ages 0-9 months between the SGA subgroup with gestational age <34 weeks and the AGA subgroups with gestational age <34 weeks and 34 weeks (P<0.05). In addition, the weight and length of the SGA subgroup with gestational age 34 weeks showed significant differences compared to the AGA subgroups with gestational age <34 weeks and 34 weeks at corrected ages 0-18 months and corrected ages 0-12 months, respectively (P<0.05). Catch-up growth for SGA infants with gestational age <34 weeks and 34 weeks mainly occurred at corrected ages 0-12 months and corrected ages 0-18 months, respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#SGA infants exhibit delayed early-life physical growth compared to AGA infants, but can achieve a higher proportion of catch-up growth by corrected age 24 months than AGA infants. Catch-up growth can be achieved earlier in SGA infants with a gestational age of <34 weeks compared to those with 34 weeks.

Incidence of Dental Caries and Associated Factors in the School Period in a Municipality in Southern Brazil

Abstract Objective: To estimate the incidence of dental caries and associated factors in the school period from six/seven to ten years of age. Material and Methods: A longitudinal study involving 168 children was followed up between 2015 and 2019 in the municipality of Palhoça, Brazil. The dependent variable was the caries incidence rate in the mixed dentition. The independent variables included information regarding demographic and socioeconomic status. Multivariate analyzes were carried out using Poisson Regression with a robust estimator. Variables with p <0.20 in the bivariate analysis were included in the adjusted model. Relative risks were estimated, as well as 95% confidence intervals. Results: Of 168 followed schoolchildren, 32 developed the disease, providing an incidence rate of 19.0%. Female children had a 10% higher risk [RR = 1.10 (95% CI 1.03; 1.18)] of developing caries than males. Also, children born from fathers with ≤ 8 years of schooling at baseline had a 9% higher risk [RR = 1.09 (95% CI 1.01; 1.16)] of developing dental caries compared to fathers with higher education. Conclusion: The incidence of dental caries in a four-year period was 19.0%. Females and children born from fathers with a lower level of education showed higher incidence rates.

The "Phase Down" of Dental Amalgam Restorations - What are the Criteria for Replacement and Indication?

ABSTRACT Objective: To guide professionals about the criteria for replacing amalgam restorations and inform them about the new guidelines regarding the use/indication of this (amalgam) material after the Minamata Convention - COP-4. Material and Methods: The articles were selected from the databases (PubMed, Scielo, Bireme), and relevant articles on the subject between the years 2003-2021 were selected. Recently, social media have been flooded with dental treatments that aim to perform restorations only with composite resins or other types of esthetic material and completely replace all dental amalgam restorations, irrespective of their time in place, size, and functionality. Results: Although improperly, it has been noted that this information reaches patients, and they are led to believe in the inaccurate data that is passed on, such as, for example, (that amalgam leads to) permanent contamination by mercury, causing systemic problems and the loss of the tooth. Conclusion: The "phase down" of amalgam in research and teaching has previously been observed in several countries worldwide; however, its use is still necessary given particular circumstances, which, theoretically, make it a material with exact indication.

Validación de la técnica de ganglio centinela en cáncer de cuello uterino en el Hospital de la Mujer / Validation of the sentinel lymph node technique in cervical cancer at the Women's Hospital / Validação da técnica do linfonodo sentinela em câncer de colo do útero no Hospital da Mulher

Introducción: el cáncer de cuello (CC) uterino representa un problema de salud pública. En Uruguay ocupa el tercer lugar en incidencia en mujeres, provocando 133 fallecimientos anuales. La afectación ganglionar es uno de sus principales factores pronósticos y condiciona el tratamiento. El ganglio centinela (GC) en estadios precoces de cáncer cervicouterino es una técnica segura que permite una adecuada estadificación y reduce la morbilidad asociada a la linfadenectomía convencional. Objetivo: validar la utilización de la técnica de la biopsia GC en estadios precoces de CC como estándar de tratamiento para la detección de metástasis ganglionares en el Hospital de la Mujer. Material y método: se realizó un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal, de casos. Se incluyó a 30 usuarias con CC en estadios iniciales, en el período comprendido entre enero de 2018 y noviembre de 2022. La marcación se realizó con tecnecio 99m (99mTc). En el mismo acto quirúrgico se realizó la linfadenectomía pélvica sistemática. Resultados: se detectó GC de forma bilateral en 29 de 30 pacientes. Con una tasa de detección por región de 98,3%. En cinco pacientes se detectaron GC metastásicos, no encontrando ganglios no centinela positivos. Una de ellas correspondió a una micrometástasis detectada por ultraestadificación. La sensibilidad fue de 100%: IC95% (56,55 -100) con VPN 100% IC95% (86,68 - 100). Conclusiones: de acuerdo con los resultados arrojados por el estudio, el equipo interdisciplinario del Hospital de la Mujer está en condiciones de utilizar la biopsia de GC de cérvix como estándar de tratamiento en el CC uterino en estadio precoz.

Introduction: Cervical cancer (CC) is a public health problem. In Uruguay, it ranks third in incidence in women, causing 133 deaths annually. Lymph node involvement is one of its main prognostic factors and determines treatment. The sentinel lymph node (SLN) in early stages of cervical cancer is a safe technique that allows for adequate staging and reduces morbidity associated with conventional lymphadenectomy. Objective: To validate the use of the SLN biopsy technique in early stages of CC as the standard treatment for detecting lymph node metastases at the Women's Hospital. Method: A prospective, longitudinal case study was conducted. Thirty patients with early-stage cervical cancer between January 2018 and November 2022 were included in the study. The marking was done with Tc99. Systematic pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed in the same surgical procedure. Results: Sentinel lymph nodes were detected bilaterally in 29 out of 30 patients. With a detection rate per region of 98.3%, metastatic SLNs were detected in 5 patients, with no positive non-sentinel nodes found. One of them corresponded to a micrometastasis detected by ultra-staging. Sensitivity was 100% (95% CI 56.55,100) with a negative predictive value of 100% (95% CI 86.68, 100). Conclusions: According to the results of the study, the interdisciplinary team at the Women's Hospital is in a position to use cervical SLN biopsy as the standard treatment for early-stage cervical cancer.

Introdução: O câncer do colo do útero (CCU) representa um problema de saúde pública. No Uruguai, ocupa o terceiro lugar em incidência em mulheres, causando 133 mortes por ano. O acometimento dos linfonodos é um dos principais fatores prognósticos e condiciona o tratamento. O linfonodo sentinela (LS) em estágios iniciais do câncer do colo do útero é uma técnica segura que permite o estadiamento adequado e reduz a morbidade associada à linfadenectomia convencional. Objetivo: Validar o uso da técnica de biópsia por LS em estágios iniciais do CCU como tratamento padrão para a detecção de metástases linfonodais no Hospital da Mulher. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizado um estudo de caso prospectivo e longitudinal. Trinta usuárias com LS em estágio inicial foram incluídas no período de janeiro de 2018 a novembro de 2022. A marcação foi realizada com Tc99. A linfadenectomia pélvica sistemática foi realizada no mesmo ato cirúrgico. Resultados: O LS foi detectado bilateralmente em 29 das 30 usuárias, com uma taxa de detecção por região de 98,3%. Em 5 pacientes foram detectados LS metastáticos e não foram encontrados nódulos não-sentinela positivos. 1 deles correspondia a uma micrometástase detectada por ultrassonografia. A sensibilidade foi de 100% CI 95% (56,55,100) com NPV 100% CI 95% (86,68, 100). Conclusões: Com base nos resultados do estudo, a equipe interdisciplinar do Hospital da Mulher está em condições de usar a biópsia de LS cervical como padrão de tratamento no câncer cervical em estágio inicial.

Early ultra-processed foods consumption and hyperactivity/inattention in adolescence

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between childhood consumption of ultra-processed foods and symptoms of hyperactivity/inattention in adolescents from São Leopoldo, a city in southern Brazil. METHODS Data were collected at four distinct stages: when participants were 12-16 months old in 2001 and 2002 and later when they were 3-4, 7-8, and 12-13 years old. During the interview at 12-16 months, mothers were asked about the introduction of sugar in their child's diet. Two 24-hour recall surveys were conducted with children aged 3-4, 7-8, and 12-13 years to assess their consumption of ultra-processed foods. At the age of 12-13 years, the participants completed the Hyperactivity/Inattention subscale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), which screens for mental health problems. RESULTS Among the 173 adolescents, 22.5% exhibited hyperactivity symptoms. The consumption of ultra-processed foods in grams, kilocalories, and as a percentage of energy intake at 3-4 years old were found to be predictors of hyperactivity/inattention symptoms (RR: 0.81, 95%CI: 0.69-0.95; RR: 1.01, 95%CI: 1.00-1.02; RR: 1.02, 95%CI:1.01-1.02; RR: 1.25, 95%CI:1.04-1.51, respectively). CONCLUSION The consumption of ultra-processed foods at an early age was associated with hyperactivity and inattention symptoms in adolescence.

Índices para avaliar dietas sustentáveis e promotoras de saúde cardiovascular: desenvolvimento, validação e aplicação / Indices for evaluating sustainable and cardiovascular health-promoting diets: development, validation, and application

Introdução: Índices de avaliação da dieta são instrumentos úteis para identificar a qualidade global da dieta e verificar se a adesão às recomendações dietéticas possui efeitos benéficos na saúde. Em 2019, a Comissão EAT-Lancet propôs um modelo de dieta sustentável, enquanto que a American Heart Association (AHA) possui recomendações dietéticas para promoção da saúde cardiovascular. No entanto, não existem índices baseados nestas recomendações. Objetivo: Desenvolver e validar dois índices de avaliação da dieta baseados na dieta sustentável do EAT-Lancet e nas recomendações dietéticas da AHA e sua aplicação na análise de associação com aterosclerose subclínica. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil), uma coorte multicêntrica que acompanha 15.105 funcionários de seis instituições públicas de ensino e pesquisa. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado através de um Questionário de Frequência Alimentar (QFA). A aterosclerose subclínica foi avaliada através do escore de calcificação arterial coronariano (CAC) na linha de base (2008-2010) e na segunda onda (2012-2014) e a espessura médio-intimal das carótidas (IMT) na linha de base e na terceira onda (2017-2019). Para o desenvolvimento do Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI), foram utilizadas as recomendações da Comissão EAT-Lancet e para o desenvolvimento do Cardiovascular Health Diet Index (CHDI), foram utilizadas as recomendações dietéticas da American Heart Association. Após o desenvolvimento dos índices, técnicas de validade e confiabilidade interna foram empregadas. Para avaliar os fatores associados aos índices, foram empregados modelos de regressão linear simples e múltiplos. Modelos de Poisson com variância robusta foram construídos para avaliar a associação entre os índices e a incidência e progressão do CAC, enquanto modelos lineares mistos foram construídos para avaliar os índices e as mudanças no IMT. Resultados: A população apresentou uma média de 60,4 pontos no PHDI (de uma variação possível de 0 - 150 pontos) e de 57,1 pontos no CHDI (de uma variação possível de 0 - 110 pontos). Análises de validade relativa e confiabilidade demonstraram que ambos os índices possuem desempenho satisfatórios, demonstrando boa validade e confiabilidade interna. Observou-se que as mulheres, os idosos, pessoas com maior renda per capita, prática de atividade física moderada e vigorosa apresentaram, em média, maiores pontuações. Ao passo que, os fumantes e as pessoas com sobrepeso e obesidade apresentaram, em média, menores pontuações em ambos os índices. Não foram observadas associações significantes entre o PHDI com CAC e IMT. No entanto, após um período médio de acompanhamento de 8 anos, um aumento de 10 pontos no CHDI foi associado a uma diminuição de 0,0023 mm (IC 95% -0,0045; -0,0002) no IMT. Nenhuma associação foi observada entre o escore CHDI e a incidência e progressão de CAC após um período de acompanhamento de 4 anos. Conclusões: Os resultados demonstram a validade dos índices propostos como ferramentas adequadas para avaliação da dieta. Foi possível observar que a adesão as recomendações de dieta sustentável e promotoras da saúde cardiovascular estão associadas com condições sociodemográficas e de estilo de vida. Além disso, maior adesão à uma dieta cardioprotetora está inversamente associada com um marcador de aterosclerose subclínica.

Introduction: Dietary indices are useful tools to identify the overall dietary quality and to verify whether adherence to dietary recommendations has beneficial effects on health. In 2019, the EAT-Lancet Commission proposed a sustainable diet model, while the American Heart Association (AHA) has dietary recommendations for promoting cardiovascular health. However, there are no indices based on these recommendations. Objective: To develop and validate two dietary indices based on the EAT-Lancet sustainable diet and AHA dietary recommendations and their application in analyzing associations with subclinical atherosclerosis. Methods: Data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), a multicenter cohort following 15,105 employees from six public teaching and research institutions, were used. Dietary intake was assessed through a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Subclinical atherosclerosis was assessed through coronary artery calcification score (CAC) at baseline (2008-2010) and the second wave (2012-2014) and carotid intima media thickness (IMT) at baseline and the third wave (2017-2019). For the development of the Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI), the recommendations of the EAT-Lancet Commission were used, and for the development of the Cardiovascular Health Diet Index (CHDI), the dietary recommendations of the American Heart Association were used. After index development, techniques of validity and internal reliability were employed. To assess factors associated with the indices, simple and multiple linear regression models were used. Poisson models with robust variance were constructed to assess the association between the indices and the incidence and progression of CAC, while mixed linear models were constructed to assess the indices and changes in IMT. Results: The population had a mean score of 60.4 points on the PHDI (out of a possible range of 0-150 points) and 57.1 points on the CHDI (out of a possible range of 0-110 points). Relative validity and reliability analyses demonstrated that both indices performed satisfactorily, showing good internal validity and reliability. It was observed that women, the elderly, individuals with higher per capita income, moderate and vigorous physical activity, on average, had higher scores. Conversely, smokers and overweight and obese individuals, on average, had lower scores on both indices. No significant associations were observed between the PHDI and CAC and IMT. However, after a mean follow-up period of 8 years, a 10-point increase in the CHDI was associated with a decrease of 0.0023 mm (95% CI -0.0045; -0.0002) in IMT. No association was observed between the CHDI score and the incidence and progression of CAC after a 4-year follow-up period. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the validity of the proposed indices as suitable tools for dietary assessment. It was possible to observe that adherence to sustainable diet and cardiovascular health-promoting recommendations is associated with sociodemographic and lifestyle conditions. Additionally, greater adherence to a cardioprotective diet is inversely associated with a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis.

Fatores associados a agravos agudos de saúde em prematuros / Factores asociados a problemas de salud agudos en prematuros / Factors Associated With Acute Health Problems In Premature Infants

Objetivo: analisar fatores neonatais e socioeconômicos associados ao desenvolvimento de agravos agudos de saúde de prematuros tardios e moderados no primeiro ano de vida. Método: estudo epidemiológico, longitudinal, em que foram acompanhados 151 prematuros (nascidos com idade gestacional de 32 a 37 semanas incompletas) durante o primeiro ano de vida. A coleta de dados ocorreu, trimensalmente, por meio de instrumento de caracterização com variáveis neonatais e socioeconômicas. O acompanhamento se deu por meio da utilização de formulários, aplicados via telefonema aos pais dos prematuros, para identificação dos agravos agudos de saúde. Os dados foram submetidos à estatística analítica com a aplicação da correlação de Pearson. Resultados: os agravos agudos apresentaram tendência linear ao longo do primeiro ano de vida. As afecções gastrointestinais foram mais frequentes nos primeiros meses, e a alergia de pele e as afecções respiratórias ocorreram mais frequentemente ao final do primeiro ano de vida. A vitalidade neonatal foi fator associado a maior intensidade de agravos agudos. Conclusão: a intensidade dos agravos agudos tem correlação significativa com fatores neonatais no primeiro trimestre de vida.(AU)

Objetivo:analizar los factores neonatales y socioeconómicos asociados al desarrollo de problemas de salud agudos en prematuros tardíos y moderados durante el primer año de vida. Método:estudio epidemiológico, longitudinal, en el que se siguieron 151 prematuros (nacidos con una edad gestacional de 32 a 37 semanas incompletas) durante el primer año de vida. La recolección de datos se realizó trimestralmente mediante un instrumento de caracterización con variables neonatales y socioeconómicas. El seguimiento se llevó a cabo mediante la utilización de formularios aplicados por teléfono a los padres de los prematuros, para la identificación de problemas de salud agudos. Los datos se sometieron a un análisis estadístico utilizando la correlación de Pearson. Resultados:los problemas de salud agudos mostraron una tendencia lineal a lo largo del primer año de vida. Las afecciones gastrointestinales fueron más frecuentes en los primeros meses, y las alergias cutáneas y las afecciones respiratorias ocurrieron más a menudo al final del primer año de vida. La vitalidad neonatal fue un factor asociado a una mayor intensidad de problemas de salud agudos. Conclusión:la intensidad de los problemas de salud agudos tiene una correlación significativa con factores neonatales en el primer trimestre de vida.(AU)

Objective: to analyze neonatal and socioeconomic factors associated with the development of acute health problems in late and moderate preterm infants in the first year of life. Method: longitudinal epidemiological study, in which 151 premature babies (born with a gestational age of 32 to 37 incomplete weeks) were followed during the first year of life. Data collection occurred, quarterly, using a characterization instrument with neonatal and socioeconomic variables. Monitoring took place using forms, applied via telephone call to parents of premature babies, to identify acute health problems. The data were subjected to analytical statistics using Pearson's correlation. Results: acute illnesses showed a linear trend throughout the first year of life. Gastrointestinal disorders were more frequent in the first months, and skin allergies and respiratory disorders occurred more frequently at the end of the first year of life. Neonatal vitality was a factor associated with greater intensity of acute illnesses. Conclusion: the intensity of acute illnesses has a significant correlation with neonatal factors in the first trimester of life.

Incorporación a nivel nacional de tecnología no invasiva para valoración del dolor y/o disconfort neonatal / Incorporation of non-invasive technology for the assessment of neonatal pain and/or discomfort at national level / Incorporação a nível nacional de tecnologia não invasiva para avaliação da dor e/ou desconforto neonatal

Introducción: la exposición a estímulos dolorosos y estrés en la etapa neonatal, sin un correcto tratamiento, tiene consecuencias a corto y largo plazo. El diagnóstico adecuado es un desafío, ya que las escalas clínicas son subjetivas y se requieren herramientas de detección con mejor objetividad y capacidad de interpretación del disconfort/dolor neonatal. Newborn Infant Parasympathetic Evaluation (NIPE™) es una tecnología no invasiva de monitorización continua del dolor en neonatos, desarrollada recientemente dada la dificultad de objetivar el dolor mediante los métodos convencionales en la práctica clínica. Esta tecnología se basa en el análisis de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca (FC), lo que permite aproximarse a la actividad del sistema parasimpático. Objetivos: el objetivo de esta investigación fue valorar el disconfort en un modelo de cerdo recién nacido (RN) y en humanos neonatos expuestos a maniobras nociceptivas con la utilización de tecnología no invasiva (NIPE), en la maternidad del Hospital Universitario. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, longitudinal, en seis cerdos RN, anestesiados, monitorizados hemodinámicamente y sometidos a un procedimiento quirúrgico mayor (toracotomía lateral izquierda con abordaje cardíaco, pericardiostomía y acceso vascular pulmonar transventricular derecho) y 12 procedimientos mínimamente invasivos de la práctica clínica habitual, como vacunación BCG, hemoglucotest y pesquisa, que generan un estímulo nociceptivo en ocho RN de término sanos. Se incluyeron RN sanos de término (EG entre 37-41 semanas más seis días) internados en el alojamiento conjunto madre-hijo, se excluyeron de la muestra los RN que presentaron alguna patología y aquellos cuyos padres no aceptaron la participación en el estudio. Resultados: se comparó la variabilidad de la FC mediante detección automatizada (NIPE™) para estimación objetiva del dolor/disconfort. Se comparó en la clínica con una escala validada y ampliamente utilizada en neonatos: Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP). Para valorar la asociación entre variables NIPE™ y FC se utilizaron correlación de Spearman, el test de Kruskall-Wallis o test de chi cuadrado con corrección de Fisher, según correspondiera. Se encontró una correlación negativa entre FC y NIPE™ tanto para el grupo de neonatos humanos (r=-1; p=0,008) como para el modelo animal (r=-0,6; p=0,0004). No se encontró asociación significativa entre NIPE™ y la escala PIPP. La variación entre valores de NIPE™ pre y posestímulo en RN humanos fue significativa (p=0,008). Conclusiones: determinamos que en ambos escenarios explorados los valores de NIPE™ descienden ante estímulos nociceptivos y los cambios en la FC se relacionan con sus valores, independientemente de la especie o la agresividad de la maniobra. Este trabajo es el primero a nivel nacional incorporando el uso de esta tecnología, creemos que tendrá impacto en la forma de evaluar y abordar el dolor por parte de los equipos asistenciales y de experimentación.

Introduction: exposure to painful stimuli and stress in the neonatal stage, without correct treatment, has short and long-term consequences. Proper diagnosis is a challenge since clinical scales are subjective, and we require more objective screening tools and a better ability to interpret neonatal discomfort/pain. Newborn Infant Parasympathetic Evaluation (NIPE™) is a non-invasive technology for continuous pain monitoring in neonates, recently developed given the difficulty to objectify pain using conventional methods in clinical practice. This technology is based on the analysis of heart rate variability (HR), which allows us to approximate the activity of the parasympathetic system. Objectives: the objective of this research was to assess discomfort in a newborn pig model (NB) and in human neonates exposed to nociceptive maneuvers with the use of non-invasive technology (NIPE), in the maternity ward of the University Hospital. Material and methods: an observational, longitudinal study was carried out in 6 NB pigs, anesthetized, hemodynamically monitored and subjected to a major surgical procedure (left lateral thoracotomy with cardiac approach, pericardiostomy and right trans ventricular pulmonary vascular access) and 12 minimally invasive procedures, from clinical practice. routine such as BCG vaccination, hemoglucotest and screening, which generate a nociceptive stimulus in 8 healthy term newborns. Healthy term newborns (GA between 37-41 weeks plus 6 days) admitted to the mother-child joint accommodation were included, We excluded those NB patients who presented some pathology or whose parents did not accept participation in the study. Results: HR variability was compared using automated detection (NIPETM) for objective estimation of pain/discomfort. It was compared in the clinic with a validated and widely used scale in neonates: Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP). We used the Spearman's correlation, the Kruskall-Wallis test or the Chi square test with Fisher's correction to assess the association between NIPE™ variables and HR, as needed. A negative correlation was found between HR and NIPETM for both the group of neonates. humans (r=-1; p=0.008) and for the animal model (r=-0.6; p=0.0004). No significant association was found between NIPETM and the PIPP scale. The variation between pre- and post-stimulus NIPE™ values in human NBs was significant (p=0.008). Conclusions: we conclude that in both scenarios explored, NIPE™ values decrease when faced with nociceptive stimuli and changes in HR are related to its values, regardless of the species or the aggressiveness of the maneuver. This paper is the first at a national level to incorporate the use of this technology, we believe it will have an impact on the way pain is assessed and addressed by healthcare and experimental teams.

Introdução: a exposição a estímulos dolorosos e ao estresse na fase neonatal, sem tratamento correto, traz consequências a curto e longo prazo. O diagnóstico adequado é um desafio, uma vez que as escalas clínicas são subjetivas e são necessárias ferramentas de triagem com melhor objetividade e capacidade de interpretar o desconforto/dor neonatal. A Avaliação Parassimpática do Recém-Nascido (NIPE™) é uma tecnologia não invasiva para monitoramento contínuo da dor em neonatos, desenvolvida recentemente devido à dificuldade de objetivar a dor usando métodos convencionais na prática clínica. Esta tecnologia baseia-se na análise da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (FC), o que nos permite aproximar a atividade do sistema parassimpático. Objetivos: o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o desconforto em recém-nascido modelo suíno (RN) e em neonatos humanos expostos a manobras nociceptivas com uso de tecnologia não invasiva (NIPE), na maternidade do Hospital Universitário. Material e métodos: foi realizado um estudo observacional, longitudinal, em 6 suínos RN, anestesiados, monitorados hemodinamicamente e submetidos a um procedimento cirúrgico de grande porte (toracotomia lateral esquerda com abordagem cardíaca, pericardiostomia e acesso vascular pulmonar transventricular direito) e 12 procedimentos minimamente invasivos, da prática clínica. rotina como vacinação BCG, hemoglicoteste e triagem, que geram estímulo nociceptivo em 8 recém-nascidos a termo saudáveis. Foram incluídos recém-nascidos a termo saudáveis (IG entre 37-41 semanas mais 6 dias) internados no alojamento conjunto mãe-filho, foram excluídos do A amostra incluiu RNs que apresentavam alguma patologia e aqueles cujos pais não aceitaram a participação no estudo. Resultados: a variabilidade da FC foi comparada por meio de detecção automatizada (NIPETM) para estimativa objetiva de dor/desconforto. Foi comparado na clínica com uma escala validada e amplamente utilizada em neonatos: Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP). Para avaliar a associação entre as variáveis do NIPE™ e a FC, utilizou-se a correlação de Spearman, o teste de Kruskall-Wallis ou o teste Qui-quadrado com correção de Fisher, conforme apropriado. Foi encontrada correlação negativa entre a FC e o NIPETM para ambos os grupos de neonatos. (r=-1; p=0,008) e para o modelo animal (r=-0,6; p=0,0004). Não foi encontrada associação significativa entre o NIPETM e a escala PIPP. A variação entre os valores de NIPE™ pré e pós-estímulo em RN humanos foi significativa (p=0,008). Conclusões: concluímos que em ambos os cenários explorados, os valores do NIPE™ diminuem diante de estímulos nociceptivos e as alterações na FC estão relacionadas aos seus valores, independente da espécie ou da agressividade da manobra. Este trabalho é o primeiro a nível nacional a incorporar a utilização desta tecnologia, acreditamos que terá impacto na forma como a dor é avaliada e abordada pelas equipas de saúde e experimentais.

Changes of adolescent sleep patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE The COVID-19 pandemic has raised numerous concerns regarding its effects on individuals' health and lifestyle. We aim to analyze potential changes in adolescent sleep patterns from before and during the pandemic and identify specific predictors of changes. METHODS A subgroup of adolescents from a population-based birth cohort from Pelotas, Brazil, was assessed pre-pandemic (T1, November-2019 to March-2020) and peri-pandemic (T2, August-2021 to December-2021) in in-person interviews (n = 1,949). Sleep parameters, including sleep duration and latency time on workdays and free days, as well as social jetlag (SJL), were assessed using the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ). Socio-demographic, pre-pandemic, and pandemic-related predictors were analyzed. Changes in sleep parameters from T1 to T2 were estimated by multivariate latent change score modeling. RESULTS The latent change factor shows a significant mean increase in workday sleep duration (M = 0.334, p < 0.001), workday sleep latency (M = 0.029, p = 0.002), and free day sleep latency (M = 0.021, p = 0.034), and a decreased in SJL (M = −0.758, p < 0.001) during the pandemic. Female adolescents presented higher increases in workday sleep duration. Adolescents who adopted a stricter social distancing level during the pandemic presented greater increases in workday sleep duration and smaller reductions in SJL. Self-evaluated insomnia during the pandemic predicted lower increases in workday and free day sleep duration and higher increases in workday and free day sleep latency. CONCLUSION The COVID-19 outbreak brought certain advantages regarding increased sleep duration and reduced SJL. However, the observed increase in sleep latency and the influence of self-reported insomnia could be related to psychological distress inherent to the pandemic.

Tratamiento de reemplazo enzimático en pacientes cubanos con enfermedad de Gaucher: experiencia de 15 años / Enzyme replacement treatment in Cuban patients with Gaucher disease: 15 years of experience

Introducción: La enfermedad de Gaucher es una entidad de acúmulo lisosomal, con un patrón de herencia autosómico recesivo, debido a la deficiencia de le enzima betaglucocerebrosidasa ácida. El gen está mapeado en el cromosoma 1q21 y se han descrito más de 500 mutaciones. Se caracteriza por presentar anemia, trombocitopenia, hepatoesplenomegalia, manifestaciones esqueléticas y, en ocasiones, compromiso neurológico. Entre los tratamientos se utiliza el reemplazo enzimático con imiglucerasa. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados de la aplicación de imiglucerasa (Cerezyme®) en pacientes con enfermedad de Gaucher. Métodos: Se realiza un estudio longitudinal, descriptivo para evaluar el comportamiento de las variables clínicas, hematológicas y ultrasonográficas de ocho pacientes cubanos con enfermedad de Gaucher tras recibir el tratamiento sustitutivo enzimático. Se evaluaron al año, cinco y de diez a quince años de tratamiento. Resultados: Al inicio, todos los pacientes presentaron anemia y la mayoría tuvieron trombocitopenia y hepatoesplenomegalia al diagnóstico de la enfermedad. Los pacientes con manifestaciones neurológicas y la mutación L444P en estado homocigótico se clasificaron en EG tipo 3, el resto en tipo1. En todos los pacientes se constató aumento de las cifras de hemoglobina, la elevación del número de plaquetas y reducción de la hepatoesplenomegalia posterior al año de tratamiento. Los pacientes con tipo 3 mantuvieron la afectación neurológica. No se reportaron reacciones adversas al medicamento. Conclusiones: La terapia de reemplazo enzimática con imiglucerasa (Cerezyme®) es un pilar fundamental en el tratamiento de los pacientes con esta enfermedad, lo cual influye de forma positiva en la calidad de vida, obteniéndose mejores resultados con su comienzo en edad pediátrica.

Introduction: Gaucher disease is an entity of lysosomal accumulation, with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, due to the deficiency of the acid betaglucocerebrosidase enzyme. The gene is mapped on chromosome 1q21 and more than 500 mutations have been described. It is characterized by anemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, skeletal manifestations and sometimes neurological involvement. Among the treatments, enzyme replacement with imiglucerase is used. Objective: To evaluate the results of the application of imiglucerase in patients with Gaucher disease. Methods: A longitudinal, descriptive study to evaluate the behavior of the clinical, hematological and ultrasonographic variables of eight Cuban patients with Gaucher disease after receiving enzyme replacement treatment was carried out. They were evaluated after one, five and ten to fifteen years of treatment. Results: At debut, all patients presented anemia, and the majority showed thrombocytopenia and hepatosplenomegaly at diagnosis of the disease. Patients with neurological manifestations and the L444P mutation in a homozygous state were classified as type 3 GD, the rest as type 1. In all patients, an increase in hemoglobin levels, an increase in the number of platelets and a reduction in hepatosplenomegaly was observed after one year of treatment. Patients with type 3 maintain neurological involvement. No adverse reactions to the medication were reported. Conclusions: Enzyme replacement therapy with imiglucerase (Cerezyme®) is a fundamental pillar in the treatment of patients with this disease, which positively influences quality of life, obtaining better results with its onset in pediatric age.

Os caminhos do entrincheiramento no serviço público: uma análise longitudinal em multigrupos / Los caminos de atrincheramiento en el servicio público: un análisis longitudinal en multigrupos / The paths of entrenchment in the public service: a longitudinal analysis in multigroups

Resumo Pouco mais de uma década separa este estudo da primeira proposição acadêmica do entrincheiramento organizacional, e, até o momento, pesquisas longitudinais não foram realizadas, apesar da importância reconhecida desse método para enriquecer os estudos no campo comportamental. Este artigo objetivou identificar características do entrincheiramento organizacional entre servidores de instituições federais de ensino no Brasil, com base na avaliação longitudinal dos perfis latentes. Realizou-se uma pesquisa quantitativa e longitudinal com 1060 participantes na primeira coleta. Foram feitas análises descritivas, de comparação de médias e análise de transição latente. Os servidores da amostra apresentaram baixos níveis de entrincheiramento. Entre os principais achados, está a estabilidade dos perfis formados pelos servidores, tendo as médias mais altas sido encontradas nas dimensões "ajustamentos à posição social" e "arranjos burocráticos impessoais", o que reforça alguns achados teóricos transversais. Os resultados desta pesquisa contribuem para orientar gestores sobre a importância dos fatores internos para o entrincheiramento dos servidores e sobre como a atenção aos itens da dimensão "ajustamentos à posição social" pode favorecer o trabalho com esse vínculo. O presente estudo encontrou que, ao longo do tempo, o entrincheiramento é um vínculo estável.

Resumen Ha transcurrido poco más de una década entre la primera propuesta académica de atrincheramiento organizacional y el presente estudio y, hasta la fecha, no se ha llevado a cabo ninguna investigación longitudinal, a pesar de la reconocida importancia de este método para enriquecer los estudios en el campo del comportamiento. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar las características del atrincheramiento organizacional entre funcionarios de instituciones federales de enseñanza en Brasil, a partir de una evaluación longitudinal de perfiles latentes. Se realizó una encuesta cuantitativa y longitudinal con 1060 participantes. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, comparación de medias y análisis de transición latente. Los funcionarios de la muestra presentaron bajos niveles de atrincheramiento. Entre los principales hallazgos están la estabilidad de los perfiles formados por los funcionarios, con las medias más altas encontradas en las dimensiones ajustes a la posición social y arreglos burocráticos impersonales, lo que refuerza algunos hallazgos teóricos transversales. Los resultados de esta investigación ayudan a orientar a los gestores sobre la importancia de los factores internos para el atrincheramiento de los funcionarios y sobre cómo la atención a los ítems de la dimensión ajustes a la posición social puede favorecer el trabajo con ese vínculo. Esta investigación constató que el atrincheramiento es un vínculo estable a lo largo del tiempo.

Abstract Little more than a decade separates this research from the first academic proposition of organizational entrenchment. To date, no longitudinal research has been carried out despite the recognized importance of this method for enriching studies in the behavioral field. This research aimed to identify characteristics of organizational entrenchment among civil servants at federal educational institutions in Brazil based on a longitudinal assessment of latent profiles. A quantitative and longitudinal survey was carried out with 1060 participants in the first collection. Descriptive analysis, comparison of means, and latent transition analysis were carried out. The civil servants in the sample showed low levels of entrenchment. Among the main findings are the stability of the profiles formed by the civil servants and the higher averages found in the dimensions of adjustments to social position and impersonal bureaucratic arrangements, reinforcing some cross-sectional theoretical findings. The results help to guide managers on the importance of internal factors for the entrenchment of civil servants and how attention to the items in the dimension of adjustments to social position can favor working with this bond. This research found that, over time, entrenchment is a stable bond.

Effectiveness of treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs / Efetividade do tratamento da doença macular relacionada à idade exsudativa com drogas antifactor de crescimento endotelial vascular

ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize the effectiveness of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs in exudative age-related macular degeneration. Methods: Retrospective longitudinal study of 54 patients with age-related macular degeneration receiving bevacizumab or aflibercept. Demographic data, visual acuity, and central retinal thickness measurements were collected. Improvement/stability of visual acuity and reduction in retinal thickness configured satisfactory responses. Results: Among the 60 eyes studied, there was no difference (p = 0.262) in satisfactory response when using bevacizumab (48.5%) or aflibercept (63.0%). Snellen's visual acuity, letter gain, and retinal thickness showed improvement or maintenance in 55.0%, 32.8%, and 78.3% of cases, respectively. The percentage of improvement/maintenance was higher in eyes with an initial visual acuity of < Snellen 20/400 (70.0% versus 40.0%; p = 0.002). Conclusion: A higher percentage of improvement/stabilization of visual acuity and macular thickness was observed in patients with age-related macular degeneration, with better response in patients with visual acuity worse than Snellen 20/400.

RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar a efetividade de medicamentos antifactor de crescimento endotelial vascular na degeneração macular relacionada à idade exsudativa. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal retrospectivo em 54 pacientes com degeneração macular relacionada à idade que usaram bevacizumab ou aflibercept. Foram coletados dados demográficos, da acuidade visual e da espessura central da retina. Melhora/estabilidade da acuidade visual e redução da espessura configuraram respostas satisfatórias. Resultados: Entre 60 olhos estudados, não houve diferença (p = 0,262) de acordo com o uso de bevacizumab (48,5%) ou aflibercept (63,0%). Acuidade visual segundo Snellen, ganho de letras e espessura retiniana demonstraram melhora ou estabilidade em 55,0%, 32,8% e 78,3% dos casos, respectivamente. Entre os olhos com acuidade visual inicial < 20/400, o percentual de melhora/estabilidade foi superior (70,0% versus 40,0%; p = 0,002). Conclusão: Em pacientes com degeneração macular relacionada à idade, foi percebida uma maior proporção de melhora ou estabilização da acuidade visual e espessura macular, com melhor resposta entre os pacientes com visão pior que 20/400.

Risk factors associated with occlusal caries in first permanent molars in a school program: longitudinal study

Aim: Evaluate the longitudinal status of dental caries in the occlusal surface of first permanent molars (FPM) and to identify risk factors for the progression to cavitated caries lesions in a school oral health program. Methods: Children who were enrolled in the program between September 2017 and October 2019, 5 to 10 years-old, presenting the four FPM were included. Four calibrated examiners assessed dental caries according to Nyvad criteria. Descriptive analysis included frequency, mean, and standard deviation calculations. Chi-square test was used in the bivariate analysis and, logistic regression adjusted for cluster effect was used to identify significant risk factors for cavity among the following independent variables: gender, age in the baseline, deft, upper/lower molar, initial caries score, Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH), fluorosis, occlusal sealing. Odds ratio (OR) and respective confidence intervals (CI) are presented. Results: From 174 children enrolled in the program between 2017/2019, 120 were reevaluated in 2022. Eleven (2.6%) FPM in 11 children (9.2%) presented cavitated caries in the follow up examination. Significant risk factors for cavity were caries experience in the primary teeth (OR = 5.59; CI: 1.4 ­ 22.3) and the presence of MIH (OR = 5.33; CI: 1.6 ­ 18.1). Most of the active lesions in the follow up were considered active in the baseline examination. Conclusions: The progression to cavity was relatively low, significantly influenced by past caries experience and MIH

Retinopexia neumática para el tratamiento de desprendimientos regmatógenos de retina seleccionados / Pneumatic Retinopexy for Treating Selected Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachments

Objetivo: Determinar los resultados anatómicos y funcionales en pacientes operados de desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno con técnica de retinopexia neumática. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo con pacientes operados con técnica de retinopexia neumática en el Centro Oftalmológico de Villa Clara entre junio del 2019 y abril del 2023. Resultados: La edad media de los pacientes estudiados fue de 62,1años. Los hombres fueron más afectados que las mujeres (60,6 por ciento). El 57,6 por ciento de los ojos tuvo agudeza visual mejor corregida de movimiento de manos al diagnóstico y el 93,9 por ciento mácula desprendida. En el 66,7 por ciento de las operaciones se utilizó el hexafloruro de azufre como tamponador. Se logró el éxito anatómico con una intervención en el 81,8 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento: 80-83,6 por ciento) de los casos. En estos, se alcanzó el éxito funcional en el 85,2 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento: 83,4 -87 por ciento). Los ojos con éxito anatómico alcanzaron como media una agudeza visual mejor corregida de 0,5 décimas (IC 95 por ciento: 0,2-0,7) y se logró una ganancia media de 0,4 décimas (IC 95 por ciento: 0,3-0,5). La complicación más frecuente fue la persistencia de líquido subretinal residual, el cual se presentó con más frecuencia en pacientes mayores de 60 años y desapareció como promedio a los 55,9 días sin necesidad de tratamiento. Conclusiones: La retinopexia neumática es una muy buena opción para tratar desprendimientos de retina seleccionados. En pacientes con ninguna o mínima vitreorretinopatía proliferativa, se logran buenos resultados anatómicos y funcionales(AU)

Objective: To determine the anatomical and functional results in patients operated on for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment using the pneumatic retinopexy technique. Methods: A descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study was conducted with patients operated on using the pneumatic retinopexy technique at Centro Oftalmológico, of Villa Clara Province, Cuba, between June 2019 and April 2023. Results: The mean age of the studied patients was 62.1 years. Men were more affected than women (60.6 percent). 57.6 percent of the eyes had best-corrected visual acuity of hand movement at diagnosis and 93.9 percent had detached macula. Sulfur hexafluoride was used as a buffer solution in 66.7 percent of the operations. Anatomical success was achieved with one operation in 81.8 percent (95 percent CI: 80-83.6 percent) of cases. In these, functional success was achieved in 85.2 percent (95 percent CI: 83.4-87 percent). The anatomically successful eyes achieved a mean best-corrected visual acuity of 0.5 tenths (95 percent CI: 0.2-0.7), apart from a mean gain of 0.4 tenths (95 percent CI: 0.3-0.5). The most frequent complication was the persistence of residual subretinal fluid, which occurred more frequently in patients older than 60 years and disappeared, on average, at 55.9 days without the need for treatment. Conclusions: Pneumatic retinopexy is a very good option to treat selected retinal detachments. In patients with no or minimal proliferative vitreoretinopathy, good anatomical and functional results are achieved(AU)

Estudio multicéntrico sobre multimorbilidad en internados en áreas clínicas / Multicenter Study on Multimorbidity in Patients in Clinical Areas

Introducción: El estudio de la comorbilidad requiere de un enfoque multilateral con vistas a mejorar la calidad de la atención de los enfermos por el sistema de atención. Objetivos: Explorar la magnitud de la comorbilidad de enfermedades crónicas en adultos internados en los hospitales. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo-observacional-longitudinal-analítico. Se incluyeron pacientes internados en las Salas de Clínica Médica o pacientes clínicos en Salas de Internación Indiscriminada. Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico en 42 centros en un período de 2 años, con un muestreo consecutivo. Para el estudio se tuvo en cuenta la estadística descriptiva, inferencial y de regresión. Resultados: El total de pacientes en el estudio fue de 5925, masculinos con el 50,3 por ciento de edad 60,66 ± 0,25 años. Principal procedencia desde la guardia el 73 por ciento. La estadía hospitalaria de 12,61 ± 0,24 días, mayormente en pacientes quirúrgicos (15,45 ± 0,67 vs 11,76 ± 0,23; p < 0,00001). El 23 por ciento recibió tratamiento quirúrgico. El principal nivel educativo: secundario completo 21,6 por ciento. Dificultades económicas: 20 por ciento, mortalidad 9,26 por ciento; prevalencia de dislipemia, diabetes e hipertensión: 22,53 por ciento; 28,82 por ciento y 51,86 por ciento con 473 nuevos diagnósticos, IMC: 27,88 ± 0,65, Charlson global 2,09 ± 0,02 y en óbitos 3,84 ± 0,11. La media de patologías por paciente fue de 2,14 ± 0,01 y aumentó con la edad (p valor regresión lineal < 0,00001). Conclusiones: La hipertensión, la diabetes y la dislipemia representaron las entidades más prevalentes en Salas de Internación Clínica, Las enfermedades cardiovasculares, respiratorias, infectológicas, oncológicas, neurológicas, metabólicas y nefrológicas fueron predictores independientes de mortalidad(AU)

Introduction: The study of comorbidity requires a multilateral approach with a view to improving the quality of care for these patients by the care system. Objectives: To explore the magnitude of the comorbidity of chronic diseases in adults admitted to hospitals. Methods: Prospective-observational-longitudinal-analytical study. Patients hospitalized in a medical clinic room or clinical patients in indiscriminate hospitalization rooms are included, Multicenter study in 42 centers, with 2 years of recruitment. Consecutive sampling. Descriptive, inferential and regression statistics. Results: 5925 recruited, male gender 50,3percent, age 60,66 ± 0,25 years, main origin from the guard 73percent, stay 12,61 ± 0,24 days, longer in surgical (15,45 ± 0,67 vs 11,76 ± 0,23, p < 0,00001), 23percent received surgical treatment. Main educational level: complete secondary school 21,6%. Economic difficulties: 20percent, mortality 9,26percent, prevalence of dyslipidemia, diabetes and hypertension: 22,53percent, 28,82percent and 51,86percent with 473 new diagnoses in said pathologies, BMI: 27,88 ± 0,65, Global Charlson 2,09 ± 0,02 and in deaths 3,84 ± 0,11. The average number of pathologies per patient was 2,14 ± 0,01 and increased with age (p value for linear regression < 0,00001). Conclusions: Hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia represented the most prevalent entities in the clinical hospitalization room, cardiovascular, respiratory, infectious, oncological, neurological, metabolic and nephrological diseases were independent predictors of mortality(AU)