Biological and mechanical properties of an experimental glass-ionomer cement modified by partial replacement of CaO with MgO or ZnO

AbstractSome weaknesses of conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) as dental materials, for instance the lack of bioactive potential and poor mechanical properties, remain unsolved.Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the partial replacement of CaO with MgO or ZnO on the mechanical and biological properties of the experimental glass ionomer cements.Material and Methods Calcium fluoro-alumino-silicate glass was prepared for an experimental glass ionomer cement by melt quenching technique. The glass composition was modified by partial replacement (10 mol%) of CaO with MgO or ZnO. Net setting time, compressive and flexural properties, and in vitrorat dental pulp stem cells (rDPSCs) viability were examined for the prepared GICs and compared to a commercial GIC.Results The experimental GICs set more slowly than the commercial product, but their extended setting times are still within the maximum limit (8 min) specified in ISO 9917-1. Compressive strength of the experimental GIC was not increased by the partial substitution of CaO with either MgO or ZnO, but was comparable to the commercial control. For flexural properties, although there was no significance between the base and the modified glass, all prepared GICs marked a statistically higher flexural strength (p<0.05) and comparable modulus to control. The modified cements showed increased cell viability for rDPSCs.Conclusions The experimental GICs modified with MgO or ZnO can be considered bioactive dental materials.

Push-out bond strength of fiber posts to root dentin using glass ionomer and resin modified glass ionomer cements

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the push-out bond strength of glass fiber posts to root dentin after cementation with glass ionomer (GICs) and resinmodified glass ionomer cements (RMGICs). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty human maxillary canines were transversally sectioned at 15 mm from the apex. Canals were prepared with a step back technique until the application of a #55 K-file and filled. Post spaces were prepared and specimens were divided into five groups according to the cement used for post cementation: Luting & Lining Cement; Fuji II LC Improved; RelyX Luting; Ketac Cem; and Ionoseal. After cementation of the glass fiber posts, all roots were stored at 100% humidity until testing. For push-out test, 1-mm thick slices were produced. The push-out test was performed in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute and the values (MPa) were analyzed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Levene's tests and by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Fiber posts cemented using Luting & Lining Cement, Fuji II LC Improved, and Ketac Cem presented the highest bond strength to root dentin, followed by RelyX Luting. Ionoseal presented the lowest bond strength values (P>0.05). The post level did not influence the bond strength of fiber posts to root dentin (P=0.148). The major cause of failure was cohesive at the cement for all GICs and RMGICs. CONCLUSIONS: Except for Ionoseal, all cements provided satisfactory bond strength values. .

The influence of protective varnish on the integrity of orthodontic cements

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of saliva contamination over the structural strength and integrity of conventional glass-ionomer cements used for cementing orthodontic bands in the absence and presence of a surface-protecting varnish. METHOD: 48 samples were prepared by inserting 3 types of glass-ionomer cements into standardized metallic matrixes of 10 mm of diameter and 2 mm of depth. The cements used were: Meron (VOCO), Ketac-Cem (3M ESPE) and Vidrion C (DFL), all of which comprised groups A, B and C, respectively. Subgroups A1, B1 and C1 comprised samples with no surface protection, whereas subgroups A2, B2 and C2 comprised samples of which surface was coated with Cavitine varnish (SS White), after cement manipulation and application, in order to protect the cement applied. All samples were stored in artificial saliva for 24 hours at 37ºC. A Vickers diamond micro-durometer was used to produce indentations on the non-treated group (non-varnished) and the treated group (varnished). RESULTS: Varnished materials had significantly higher microhardness values in comparison to non-varnished materials. Ketac-Cem had the highest microhardness value among the varnished materials. CONCLUSION: Varnish application is necessary to preserve the cement and avoid enamel decalcification. Glass-ionomer cements should be protected in order to fully keep their properties, thus, contributing to dental health during orthodontic treatment.

OBJETIVO: avaliar a influência da contaminação salivar na resistência estrutural e integridade de cimentos de ionômero de vidro convencionais utilizados para cimentação de bandas ortodônticas na ausência e na presença de um verniz protetor de superfície. MÉTODOS: quarenta e oito corpos de prova foram confeccionados a partir de três cimentos ortodônticos, com auxílio de matrizes metálicas padronizadas com 10mm de diâmetro e 2mm de altura. Os cimentos utilizados foram: Meron (Voco), Ketac-Cem (3M ESPE) e Vidrion C (DFL), compondo os grupos A, B e C, respectivamente. Metade dessas amostras não recebeu nenhum tipo de proteção superficial, constituindo os subgrupos A1, B1 e C1, enquanto, os subgrupos A2, B2 e C2 tiveram suas superfícies isoladas com verniz Cavitine (SS White) após manipulação e aplicação do cimento, com intuito de proteger a superfície do cimento. As amostras foram armazenadas em saliva artificial por 24 horas a 37ºC. Foi realizado um ensaio de microdureza (Vickers) para avaliação da dureza de superfície do grupo não-tratado (sem isolamento) e do grupo tratado (agente protetor). RESULTADOS: os materiais previamente isolados com o verniz obtiveram valores de microdureza significativamente maiores que os não-isolados. O cimento Ketac-Cem apresentou, estatisticamente, a maior microdureza entre os materiais protegidos. CONCLUSÃO: o isolamento com verniz mostrou-se necessário para preservação do cimento e, consequentemente, de sua capacidade de evitar possíveis desmineralizações dentárias. Os cimentos de ionômero de vidro devem ser protegidos para manutenção de sua integridade, contribuindo para saúde dental durante o tratamento ortodôntico.

Evaluation of mechanical properties of five cements for orthodontic band cementation

The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the flexural, compressive and diametral tensile strengths of five cements used in orthodontics for band cementation. Twelve specimens of each cement were tested: 1 - GC Fuji Ortho Band (FJ), GC America Inc.; 2 - Meron (MR), Voco; 3 - Multi-Cure Glass Ionomer Band Cement (MC), 3M Unitek; 4 - Band-Lok (BL), Reliance Orthodontic Products; and 5 - Ketac Cem (KC), 3M ESPE. The results (mean) for diametral tensile strength were: 10.51 MPa (FJ), 9.60 MPa (MR), 20.04 MPa (MC), 42.80 MPa (BL), and 4.08 MPa (KC). The results for compressive strength were (in the same order): 64.50 MPa, 77.71 MPa, 94.21 MPa, 193.88 MPa, and 81.93 MPa. The results for flexural strength were (in the same order): 20.72 MPa, 25.84 MPa, 53.41 MPa, 137.41 MPa, and 20.50 MPa. The statistical analysis was performed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests with p-value £ 0.05. In terms of diametral tensile strength, BL showed the highest strength statistically, and MC, the second highest. In terms of compressive tensile strength, BL showed the highest strength statistically, and FJ did not attain the minimum recommended strength. In terms of flexural tensile strength, BL cement was superior to MC, and MR, FJ and KC were equivalent and inferior to BL and MC.

Effect of cement type and water storage time on the push-out bond strength of a glass fiber post

This study investigated the effects of the cement type and the water storage time on the push-out bond strength of a glass fiber post. Glass fiber posts (Fibrekor, Jeneric Pentron) were luted to post spaces using a self-cured resin cement (C&B Cement [CB]), a glass ionomer cement (Ketac Cem [KC]) or a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (GC FujiCEM [FC]) according to the manufacturers’ instructions. For each luting agent, the specimens were exposed to one of the following water storage times (n=5): 1 day (T1), 7 days (T7), 90 days (T90) and 180 days (T180). Push-out tests were performed after the storage times. Control specimens were not exposed to water storage, but subjected to the push-out test 10 min after post cementation. Data (in MPa) were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn`s test (α=0.05). Cement type and water storage time had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the push-out bond strength. CB showed significantly higher values of retention (p<0.05) than KC and FC, irrespective of the water storage time. Water storage increased significantly the push-out bond strength in T7 and T90, regardless of the cement type (p<0.05). The results showed that fiber posts luted to post spaces with the self-cured resin cement exhibited the best bonding performance throughout the 180-day water storage period. All cements exhibited a tendency to increase the bond strength after 7 and 90 days of water storage, decreasing thereafter.

Este estudo investigou os efeitos do tipo de cimento e do tempo de armazenamento em água na resistência adesiva ao cisalhamento de pinos de fibra. Pinos de fibra de vidro (Fibrekor, JenericPentron) foram cimentados aos condutos radiculares usando o cimento resinoso autopolimerizável (C&B Cement [CB]), o cimento de ionômero de vidro (Ketac Cem [KC]) ou o cimento de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina (GC FujiCEM [FC]) de acordo com as instruções dos fabricantes. Para cada cimento, os espécimes foram expostos a um dos seguintes tempos de armazenamento em água (n=5): 1 dia (T1), 7 dias (T7), 90 dias (T90) e 180 dias (T180). Os testes de resistência adesiva ao cisalhamento foram realizados após os períodos de armazenamento. Os espécimes controles não foram expostos ao armazenamento em água, mas submetidos ao teste de resistência adesiva ao cisalhamento 10 min após a cimentação do pino. Os dados (MPa) foram analisados usando Kruskal-Wallis e teste de Dunn (α=0,05). O tipo de cimento e o tempo de armazenamento em água afetaram significantemente a resistência adesiva ao cisalhamento (p<0,05). CB apresentou valores de retenção significantemente superiores a KC e FC, independentemente do tempo de armazenamento em água. Esse, por sua vez, aumentou significantemente a resistência adesiva ao cisalhamento em T7 e T90, independentemente do tipo de cimento (p<0,05). Os resultados indicaram que os pinos de fibra cimentados aos condutos radiculares com o cimento resinoso autopolimerizável apresentou a melhor performance adesiva durante todo o período de armazenamento em água de 180 dias. Todos os cimentos apresentaram uma tendência a aumentar a resistência adesiva ao cisalhamento após 7 e 90 dias de armazenamento em água, diminuindo posteriormente.

Green heterogeneous catalysis: chitosan and nanoparticulated magnesium oxide as ecofriendly catalyses for michael addition

Heterogeneous ecofriendly base catalysis namely, chitosan and naoparticulated MgO are promising new catalysis in Michael addition that can efficiency replace homogeneous polluting catalysts. Aminopyrancarbonitriles, pyranopyrazole, thiazologyridines and chromenes can be obtained in ethanolic or methanolic chitosan or MgO in good yields

Effect of Ag[2]O- and Mn[2]O[3]Doping of CuO/MgO-AI[2]O[3] on Its Surface and Catalytic Properties

Pure samples of CuO/MgO-Al[2]O[3] solids were prepared by wet impregnation method using a given weight of equimolar proportions of aluminum hydroxide and magnesium basic carbonate powders with calculated amounts of copper nitrate dissolved in the least amount of distilled water followed by drying and calcinations at 300 and 500°C. The doped samples were obtained by treating pure solids with a known weight of silver or manganese nitrate prior to impregnation with copper nitrate. The formulae of pure calcined solids were 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 CuO/MgO-Al[2]O[3]. The dopant concentration was varied between 1-4 mol% Ag2[O] and 1-8 mol% Mn[2]O[3]. The results revealed that the specific surface areas of pure and doped solids decreased by increasing the calcination temperature from 300 to 500°C. The doping process resulted in a measurable increase in the BET-surface areas of all solids investigated. This process changed the catalytic activities of various solids in CO oxidation by O[2] and H[2]O[2] decomposition. Doping the solids investigated with both dopants brought about a considerable increase in the catalytic activity towards both H[2]O[2] decomposition and CO oxidation to an extent proportional to the amount of dopants added. The increase in the catalytic activity was, however, more pronounced for Ag[2]O-dopant. The increase in calcinations temperature from 300 to 500°C resulted in an increase in the catalytic activity of pure and doped solids. Activation energy calculations revealed that doping process did not modify the reaction mechanism of H[2]O[2] decomposition but rather changed the concentration of catalytically active sites without changing their energetic nature

Surface and catalytic properties of Mn2O3/MgO system doped with ZnO

The effects of calcination temperature and doping of Mn2O3/MgO system with ZnO on its surface and catalytic properties were investigated. The techniques employed were nitrogen adsorption at -196°C. XRD and H2O2 decomposition at 30-50°C. Pure and variously doped solids were prepared by wet impregnation method using manganese nitrate, magnesium basic carbonate and zinc nitrate. The prepared solids were calcined at 400, 600, 700, 900 and 1000°C. The amount of Mn2O3 was fixed at 20 mol% for all solids. The dopant concentration was changed between 0.75 and 3 mol% ZnO. The results revealed that manganese oxides interacted with magnesium oxide to yield crystallized magnesium manganates at temperature starting from 400°C. Pure and doped solids precalcined at 400°C consisted of MgO and MgMnO3 phases. The degree of crystallinity of the detected phases increased with increasing the calcination temperature to 600°C with detection of poorly crystalline Mn2O3. Furthermore, ZnO-doping of the system investigated followed by calcination at 400°C and 600°C resulted in decreasing the intensity of the diffraction lines with subsequent decrease the detected phases, in their crystallite size and increases their surface areas [SBET] up to a certain extent of dopant added. ZnO doping hinders the formation of MgMnO3 phase at 400 and 600°C. At 700°C, Mn2O3, Mg6MnO8 and Mg2MnO4 phases were detected. At 900 and 1000°C, only, well crystalline Mg6MnO8 and Mg2MnO4 phases were detected for all the solids. The doping process carried out at 400 and 600°C increased effectively the catalytic activity of the system under investigation reaching a maximum limit at 1.5 mol% ZnO. The increase in dopant concentration above this limit decreased the catalytic activity which remained greater than those measured for the pure solids calcined at the same temperatures. The presence of 1.5 mol ZnO brought about an increase of 191% and 144% of the catalytic activity of the solids calcined at 400 and 600°C, respectively. The doping process did not affect the activation energy values of the catalyzed reaction but rather increased the concentration of active sites involved in the catalyzed reaction without changing their energetic nature