Реферат
Este estudo relata um caso de paresia flácida assimétrica após administração da vacina oral contra poliomielite, com acometimento do membro inferior esquerdo. A primeira dose de medicamento homeopático foi prescrita no 20º dia após o início dos sintomas. Evoluiu com desaparecimento da paresia e normalização do padrão de marcha nos 40 dias subsequentes. Pode-se considerar a homeopatia como escolha terapêutica em casos de paresias agudas. (AU)
We report a case of asymmetric flaccid paresis which developed following intake of oral polio vaccine affecting the left lower limb. Homeopathic treatment was started 20 days after the onset of symptoms. Paresis disappeared and the gait pattern became normal along the following 40 days. Homeopathy might be considered for treatment of acute paresis. (AU)
Тема - темы
Humans , Male , Infant , Paresis , Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/adverse effects , Pulsatilla nigricans/therapeutic use , HomeopathyРеферат
Desde la implementación de las estrategias globales de erradicación, la incidencia de parálisis poliomielítica ha disminuido dramáticamente. Cuatro estrategias han contribuido notablemente: a) Altas coberturas de inmunización con vacuna oral de polio (VOP), b) Inmunización suplementaria durante los Días Nacionales de Vacunación, c) Vigilancia epidemiológica efectiva de casos de parálisis flácida aguda (PFA), y d) Bloqueos vacunales en zonas de alto riesgo. Sólo quedan tres países polioendémicos, no obstante, cualquier país corre el riesgo potencial de importación del virus de algunas de estas áreas, de la liberación accidental del virus resguardado en laboratorios de diagnóstico clínico o investigación, o de la presencia de virus circulantes derivados de vacuna en el medio ambiente. Este documento pretende exponer los antecedentes históricos que hicieron posible la eliminación de la enfermedad en México, así como los retos para lograr un mundo libre de poliomielitis.
Since the strategies to eradicate polio were implemented, the incidence of paralytic polio has dropped dramatically. Four main strategies have greatly contributed: a) High immunization coverage rate with oral polio vaccine (OPV), b) Supplementary immunization activities during the National Immunizations Days c) An effective epidemiological surveillance system for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and d) Intensified immunization activities in high risk areas. Three countries remain polio endemic, nevertheless, any country has a potential risk of the virus importation from one of these endemic areas; an accidental release of poliovirus from a research or clinical laboratory, or from having a circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus in the environment. The present document aims to provide an historical background that made possible the disease elimination in Mexico. Moreover, we discuss the challenges that every country needs to face in order to achieve a polio-free world.
Тема - темы
Humans , Poliomyelitis/prevention & control , Biohazard Release/prevention & control , Endemic Diseases , Government Programs , Immunization Programs , Incidence , Mexico/epidemiology , Poliomyelitis/epidemiology , Poliomyelitis/transmission , Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated , Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/adverse effects , Poliovirus/pathogenicity , Poliovirus/physiology , Population Surveillance , Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity , Vaccination/statistics & numerical data , Global HealthРеферат
Introdução: A poliomielite paralítica associada ao vírus vacinal (vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis, VAPP), é o principal evento adverso relacionado ao uso da vacina oral de vírus atenuado (OPV/Sabin), descrita desde a sua introdução. A partir da Certificação em 1994, os únicos casos de pólio causados por poliovírus, no Brasil e nas Américas, são de origem vacinal. Objetivos: Descrever a ocorrência de poliomielite associada ao vírus vacinal no Brasil, e estimar o risco desse evento por dose administrada (1989-2009). Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo, descritivo, retrospectivo do tipo série de caso, a partir de 11.892 notificações de paralisia flácida aguda (PFA) registradas no Poliomyelitis Eradication Surveillance System (PESS), destes 46 casos de VAPP e 120 compatíveis foram objeto desse estudo com posterior validação ou reclassificação pelo Comitê Nacional. Definições de Caso: Considerou-se caso de VAPP, indivíduo com PFA iniciada entre 4-40 ou 4-60 dias após OPV para a Categoria de VAPP Oficial e 4-85 dias em Contato, ambas com isolamento de vírus vacinal em amostra de fezes e seqüela compatível com poliomielite após 60 dias do início da deficiência motora (DM); para a categoria de VAPP Elegível considerou-se apenas PFA de 4-40 dias, com ou sem isolamento viral e seqüela compatível com pólio evidenciada em eletroneuromiografia (ENMG).
Para a estimativa do risco, inicial e final, considerou-se apenas o período (1999-2009), e foi calculado pela razão entre o número de casos e as respectivas doses de OPV aplicadas, segundo esquema, ano de ocorrência, UF e região. Resultados: Em todo o período foram identificados 61 casos de VAPP distribuídos nas três categorias mencionadas, destes, 18 casos no segundo período do estudo (1999-2009) em que foi avaliado o risco. Houve maior evidência de inconsistência de registros e resultados no primeiro período (1989-1998) e maior ocorrência de casos em indivíduos vacinados, sexo masculino, faixa etária menor de um ano, e isolamento de vírus tipo 2, dados condizentes com a literatura. A mediana e intervalo em dias entre as variáveis recebimento de OPVxDM e DMxColeta de Fezes foram superiores as descritas em outros estudos, mais evidente no primeiro período. (...) Conclusão: Os riscos de VAPP para 1ª dose e doses totais encontrados, ainda que um pouco superior comparado aos do último estudo descrito no Brasil, permanecem inferiores comparados com a literatura internacional. No entanto, análises isoladas por ano e Unidade Federada encontraram maiores riscos. As discussões geradas a partir desse estudo corroboraram para apoiar o Programa Nacional de Imunizações (PNI) a adotar na rotina de vacinação infantil o uso da vacina inativada (IPV) no Brasil a partir do segundo semestre deste ano de 2012, em esquema seqüencial. Recomendação: Garantir elevadas e homogêneas coberturas vacinais em todos os municípios brasileiros; assegurar a qualidade da Vigilância das PFA/Pólio para manutenção da Certificação de País livre de Pólio e revisar definição de caso de VAPP.
Тема - темы
Humans , Poliomyelitis/immunology , Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/adverse effects , Brazil , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Incidence , Risk FactorsРеферат
OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la relación costo-efectividad de la introducción de la vacuna inyectable contra la poliomielitis (VIP) en Colombia con respecto al sistema actual basado en el empleo de la vacuna oral (VOP). MÉTODOS: Se diseñó un modelo de Markov basado en una cohorte hipotética de recién nacidos que recibiría la VIP o la VOP con un seguimiento de dos años y estimaciones mensuales del número de casos de poliomielitis paralítica asociada con la vacuna (PPAV). El análisis del costo se realizó desde la perspectiva del asegurador (costos a lo largo de la vida) y la sociedad (casos de PPAV evitados y años de vida ajustados por discapacidad [AVAD] evitados). RESULTADOS: Entre 1988 y 1998 se aplicaron en Colombia 22,5 millones de dosis de la VOP y se detectaron nueve casos de PPAV, para una tasa de 4,0 ¥ 10-7 por dosis. Según el modelo, se podrían esperar entre 2 y 4 casos de PPAV en los dos años de seguimiento. El costo de tratar los casos de PPAV sería de US$ 302 008, con costos de vacunación con la VOP de US$ 737 037 y de US$ 5 527 777 con la VIP. La vacunación con la VIP permitiría evitar 64 AVAD con un costo de US$ 71 062 por AVAD evitado; evitar un caso de PPAV mediante la sustitución de la VOP por la VIP costaría entre US$ 1,8 millones y US$ 2,2 millones. CONCLUSIONES: La sustitución de la VOP por la VIP no es una medida efectiva en función del costo en Colombia, incluso si se sustituyera la vacuna celular contra la tos ferina, actualmente en uso, por una vacuna acelular combinada con una VIP.
OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the cost-effectiveness of introducing the injectable inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in Colombia versus the current system based on the use of the oral vaccine (OPV). METHODS: A Markov model was designed, based on a hypothetical cohort of newborns that would receive the IPV or the OPV vaccine, with a two-year follow-up and monthly estimates of the number of cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) that would emerge. The cost was analyzed from the perspective of the insurer (costs throughout life) and society (cases of VAPP and disability-adjusted life years [DALYs] prevented). RESULTS: From 1988 to 1998, some 22.5 million doses of OVP were administered in Colombia and nine cases of VAPP were detected, for a rate of 4.0 ¥ 10-7 dose. According to the model, 2 to 4 cases of VAPP could be anticipated in the following two years. The cost of treating the VAPP cases would total US$302 008, with the cost of vaccination with OPV coming to US$737 037 and with IPV, US$5 527 777. Vaccination with IPV would prevent 64 DALYs, at a cost of US$71 062 per DALY prevented; preventing one case of VAPP by substituting OPV with IPV would cost between US$1.8 and US$2.2 million. CONCLUSIONS: Substituting OPV with IPV is not a cost-effective measure in Colombia, even if the cellular vaccine against whooping cough currently in use were replaced with an acellular vaccine combined with an IPV.
Тема - темы
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Immunization Programs/economics , Poliomyelitis/prevention & control , Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated/economics , Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/economics , Colombia/epidemiology , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Markov Chains , Poliomyelitis/economics , Poliomyelitis/epidemiology , Poliomyelitis/etiology , Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated/administration & dosage , Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated/adverse effects , Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/administration & dosage , Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/adverse effects , Program Evaluation/economics , Quality-Adjusted Life Years , Sensitivity and SpecificityРеферат
A raíz de la presentación de un caso confirmado de poliomielitis paralítica por virus Sabin derivado (VSD) en niños de 15 meses se analizó la cobertura de vacunación antipoliomielítica en niños residentes en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, durante el trienio 2006/2008. Se observó una mejora a lo largo del período analizado, pero sólo hubo valores superiores al 95 por ciento para la primera dosis. Aumentó la proporción de vacuna inactivada (IPV) en desmedro de la vacuna oral viva (OPV); en 2008, la cobertura con IPV primera dosis fue del 37,64 por ciento y del 19,48 por ciento para el ingreso escolar. La falta de inmunidad intestinal que se presenta en los niños vacunados con IPV, asociada a coberturas insatisfactorias condiciona un terreno propicio para la circulación de virus salvaje o VSD, lo cual favorece la aparición de casos de poliomielitis paralítica en niños no vacunados o inmunodeficientes.
Тема - темы
Humans , Male , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Female , Vaccination Coverage , Poliomyelitis , Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/administration & dosage , Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/adverse effects , Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated/administration & dosage , Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated/adverse effectsРеферат
As the goal to eradicate wild polio virus (WPV) is approached, outbreaks associated with vaccine derived polioviruses (VDPV) with neurovirulent properties have emerged. The relevance for the spread of infection by nonparalytic cVDPV cases, with mutations associated with neurovirulence, is discussed with reference to the molecular analysis of a VDPV isolated from a Jamaican child who presented with aseptic meningitis. Potential risks to the Jamaican community resulting from circulation of cVDPV, and critical factors defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the global eradication of Polio are analyzed in the context of immunization coverage, and the need to stop all Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) use once wild polioviruses (WPVs) have been eradicated.
A medida que nos hemos acercado a la meta de erradicar el virus de la polio salvaje (VPS), se han producido brotes asociados con los poliovirus derivados de la vacuna (VDPV) con propiedades neurovirulentas. El presente trabajo discute la importancia de estos en la diseminación de la infección por casos no paralíticos de cVDPV, en relación con el análisis molecular de un VDPV aislado a partir de un niño jamaicano que presentaba meningitis aséptica. Los riesgo potenciales para la comunidad jamaicana como resultado de la circulación de cVDPV, y los factores críticos definidos por la Organización de Mundial de la Salud (OMS) en la erradicación global de la polio, se analizan en el contexto de la cobertura de la inmunización, y la necesidad de detener todo uso de la Vacuna Oral de la Polio (VOP), una vez que los poliovirus salvajes (PVS) hayan sido erradicados.
Тема - темы
Child, Preschool , Humans , Male , Poliomyelitis/epidemiology , Poliomyelitis/prevention & control , Poliovirus , Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/adverse effects , Vaccination/adverse effects , Immunization Programs , Jamaica , Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/administration & dosage , Poliovirus/pathogenicity , Risk FactorsРеферат
We conducted a clinical trial to assess an immunization schedule combining oral [OPV] and inactivated poliovirus vaccines [IPV] in infants residing four rural communities in Abu Homos district, Beheira Governorate, Egypt. Infants in group "A" received OPV during their first month and at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. Infants in group "B" received OPV during their first month and 2 months followed by both OPV and IPV at 4 and 6 months of age [combined-schedule group]. The OPV vaccine is manufactured by Egyptian Organization for Biological Products and Vaccines [VACSERA] in Egypt while the IPV is a product of Pasteur Merieux [France]. Adverse events were monitored for three days after each dose. Blood was collected before immunization and 4 weeks after each dose to assess vaccine specific serological response. A total of 163 infants received 3 correct doses, had inter-dose intervals within the allowable range and provided 4 samples of blood, were included in the per protocol analysis [85 in group "A" and 78 in group "B"]. There was no statistically significant intergroup difference in the percentage of subject reporting the primary safety endpoint [diarrhea, vomiting, fever, irritability or local reactions at the site of IPV injection] during the 3-day after each dose. There was a statistically significant greater reporting of ill feeling in group "A" after dose I and II [p<0.001] compared to group "B". All infants in the two groups acquired protective immunity, determined as possession of neutralizing antibodies at titre > 1:8 after completing vaccination. However, the geometric mean titres to each poliovirus type were significantly higher in vaccinees in group B [p<0.001]. Seroconversion rates [> 4-fold rise in titre] to each poliovirus type were high in the two treatment groups after the last dose. Difference in seroconversion rates between the two treatment groups was not statistically significant. These finding demonstrated that the combined use of OPV and IPV didn't improve immunogenicity over the use of OPV alone. The study protocol and subject-informed consent were approved by independent Ethics Committee of the participating institution [VACSERA] and the National Organization for Drug Control and Research [Egyptian National Regulatory Authority]. The study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and the International Conference on Harmonization for Good Clinical Practice. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects prior to conducting study-related procedures
Тема - темы
Humans , Male , Female , Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/adverse effects , Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated/adverse effects , Combined Modality Therapy , InfantРеферат
This report describes a case of acute flaccid paralysis after administration of oral polio vaccine (OPV). A 4 month-old male patient with the decreased movement of left lower extremity for 1 month was transferred to the Department of Pediatrics. He received OPV with DTaP at 2 months of age. Flaccid paralysis was detected 4 weeks after OPV immunization. Attempts to isolate Sabin-like viruses in the two stool and CSF samples failed because those specimens were collected more than 2 month after the onset of paralysis. Hypotonic monoparesis (GIV/V), hypotonia and atrophy on the left lower extremity, and ipsilateral claw foot persisted for more than 18 months, while we followed him with rehabilitation therapy. This is the first case of officially approved, recipient vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis in Korea.
Тема - темы
Male , Infant , Humans , Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/adverse effects , Poliomyelitis/chemically induced , Paraplegia/chemically inducedРеферат
OBJETIVO: Descrever a ocorrência de poliomielite associada ao vírus vacinal no Brasil de 1995 a 2001 e determinar o risco observado para esse evento adverso. MÉTODOS: Este estudo retrospectivo utilizou os dados das fichas de investigação de notificações de paralisias flácidas agudas do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Foram considerados como casos os indivíduos com diagnóstico de paralisia flácida aguda com isolamento de vírus vacinal nas amostras de fezes ou seqüela compatível com poliomielite até 60 dias após o início da deficiência motora. Também foram incluídos os indivíduos em qualquer faixa etária que mantiveram contato com indivíduos vacinados entre 4 e 40 dias antes do início da doença e que desenvolveram deficiência motora entre 4 e 85 dias após esse contato. O risco foi calculado como a razão entre o número de casos e as respectivas doses aplicadas por ano, conforme o Programa Nacional de Imunização. RESULTADOS: Foram registrados 10 casos de pólio associada ao vírus vacinal no período. A média de idade foi de 4,7 meses. Quatro casos foram associados à primeira dose; quatro à segunda; e dois casos foram atribuídos a contato. Os sorotipos vacinais isolados foram o tipo 1 (dois casos); 2 (um caso); e 3 (três casos). Mais de um sorotipo foi isolado em quatro casos. Houve determinação dos sorotipos nos 10 casos. O risco observado para a poliomielite associada ao vírus vacinal durante o período foi de 1:5,11 milhões de primeiras doses e de 1:10,67 milhões para o total de doses. CONCLUSÃO: A presença de casos paralíticos provocados pela mesma política vacinal que objetiva a erradicação constitui-se no principal dilema técnico e ético da fase pós-eliminação da poliomielite.
Тема - темы
Humans , Infant , Poliomyelitis/epidemiology , Poliomyelitis/etiology , Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/adverse effects , Brazil/epidemiology , Incidence , Retrospective Studies , Risk FactorsРеферат
Trinta casos de poliomielite associada à vacinação oral (Sabin) foram estudados a partir de 4081 notificações de paralisias agudas e flácidas feitas ao Ministério da Saúde no período de 1989 a 1995, com o objetivo de avaliar a gravidade do quadro neurológico. Dezesseis pacientes tiveram monoplegia, 6 paraplegia, 5 tetraplegia, 2 hemiplegia e 1 triplegia. Foram 56% em menores de 1 ano, 56,7% no sexo feminino, 46% dos casos provenientes do nordeste. Em 10 pacientes foi isolado o vírus vacinal P2, em oito o P3 e dois o P1. Os demais tinham associações de mais de um tipo de vírus. Febre antes ou após o período prodrômico e o uso de medicação intramuscular não se relacionaram a maior morbidade. A política antipoliomielite adotada no Brasil levou à erradicação da poliomielite pelo vírus selvagem com um risco mínimo do ponto de vista epidemiológico, porém ainda com custos individuais não desprezíveis.
Тема - темы
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Paralysis/chemically induced , Poliomyelitis/chemically induced , Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/adverse effects , Brazil/epidemiology , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Morbidity , Paralysis/epidemiology , Paralysis/virology , Poliomyelitis/epidemiology , Poliomyelitis/virology , Risk FactorsРеферат
Five children with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), following a national oral polio vaccination campaign to eradicate disease, are reported. Clinical examination, cerebrospinal fluid and electromyographic findings conformed to the classical description of GBS. Four of them received therapeutic dose of intravenous immunoglobulin G. Two children succumbed to the disease. It was observed that the number of cases of GBS in children increased during the period of the oral polio vaccination campaign in Turkey, suggesting a causal relationship.
Тема - темы
Child, Preschool , Fatal Outcome , Female , Guillain-Barre Syndrome/etiology , Humans , Infant , Male , Mass Vaccination , Poliomyelitis/prevention & control , Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/adverse effects , TurkeyРеферат
Vaccine Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis (VAPP), although a known hazard with Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV), has not received adequate attention in India despite increasing use of OPV in repeated rounds of national immunization days. An analysis by National Polio Surveillance Project in 1999 suggested that incidence of VAPP is lower in India compared to that in the developed countries. However a re-analysis of the NPSP data suggests that the incidence in India is likely to be 1 in 1.5-2.0 million doses, which is higher than that reported elsewhere. Since 1999, the number of AFP cases in which the vaccine virus has been isolated, has progressively gone down, despite increasing number of OPV doses being administered in the national program. This contradictory phenomenon is difficult to explain unless either the doses being actually given are much less than those recorded or the vaccine being given is not potent. It is essential that the problem of VAPP is looked at in depth, and if it reveals that it is a significant problem then it would be imperative to gradually replace OPV by IPV in the national program. This article suggests a plan for gradual introduction of IPV in the national program, which will not only eliminate the problem of VAPP but also address other post polio eradication concerns.
Тема - темы
Child , Humans , Incidence , India/epidemiology , Poliomyelitis/chemically induced , Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/adverse effectsРеферат
Poliomyelitis associated with live strain vaccine is defined as the paralytic form of the acute anterior poliomyelitis related to the vaccine strain. Since these strains behave similarly to the wild-type virus, we can differentiate, epidemiologically, two types of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis: cases in which the patient was vaccinated and cases in which the patient had had contact with vaccinated individuals. We herein present the case of an unvaccinated child, with a clinical picture of an acute anterior poliomyelitis associated with the live strain vaccine, whose brother received the Sabin vaccine 20 days before the onset of the symptoms. Vaccine strain of the type 3 poliovirus was isolated in fecal culture and a presented mutation in nucleotide 472 (C(r)U) in the 5' non-coding region, which is strongly related to the higher strain virulence