Trastornos del sueño en pacientes con fibrosis quística / Sleep disorders in patients with cystic fibrosis

Los trastornos del sueño son comunes en pacientes con fibrosis quística y afectan significativamente su calidad de vida. Estos pacientes experimentan una reducción en la calidad del sueño, hipoxemia nocturna, alteraciones en la polisomnografía y una alta prevalencia de síndrome de apneahipopnea obstructiva del sueño. Los factores que contribuyen a estas alteraciones incluyen la tos crónica, los síntomas digestivos, las rutinas de tratamiento y, posiblemente, la disfunción del canal CFTR. Sin embargo, el impacto de los moduladores de CFTR en la mejora de los trastornos del sueño aún no está claramente establecido, lo que resalta la necesidad de más estudios para comprender mejor su papel en el manejo del sueño en pacientes con fibrosis quística.

Sleep disorders are common in patients with cystic fibrosis and significantly affect their quality of life. These patients experience reduced sleep quality, nocturnal hypoxemia, polysomnography alterations, and a high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Contributing factors include chronic cough, digestive symptoms, treatment routines, and potentially CFTR channel dysfunction. However, the impact of CFTR modulators on improving sleep disorders is not yet clearly established, highlighting the need for further studies to better understand their role in sleep management in cystic fibrosis patients.

Cobertura para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la apnea obstructiva del sueño en Latinoamérica: reporte del Foro Latinoamericano de Sociedades Respiratorias / Coverage for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Latin America: Report from the Latin American Forum of Respiratory Societies

Introducción: La Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño (AOS) es un problema de salud pública en Latinoamérica; una región que es heterogénea, con recursos diferentes y sistemas de salud diversos. El objetivo fue describir la información recabada por el Foro Latino-americano de Sociedades Respiratorias sobre el acceso y cobertura para los estudios diagnósticos y tratamiento con CPAP de los pacientes con AOS. Material y Métodos: A través de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Tórax (ALAT), se envió una encuesta a todas las sociedades miembros con preguntas sobre el acceso a diagnóstico, tratamiento y cobertura de seguros privados. Resultados: El foro contó con 15 países. Se reportó la existencia de 396 unidades formales de sueño, 82% privadas y 18% públicas; en 12 países el sistema de salud público (SSP) contrata unidades privadas para otorgar servicios. En todos los países se realiza tanto polisomnografía como poligrafía respiratoria para el diagnóstico. En 8 (53%) países, el SSP cubre el tratamiento con CPAP de la AOS (en Argentina, Guatemala y México esta cobertura es parcial); los seguros privados cubren AOS en 7/15 países. Conclusiones: En Latinoamérica, existen pocas unidades formales de sueño y la mayoría son privadas. Cerca de la mitad de los sistemas de salud pública no cubren su tratamiento y, en la mayoría de los casos, los seguros privados no ofrecen cobertura. Esto deja a nuestra población vulnerable a las complicaciones de la AOS, con un concomitante aumento de la morbimortalidad y costos en salud.

Introduction: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a public health problem in Latin America, which is a heterogeneous region, with different resources and diverse health systems. The objective was to describe the information collected by the Latin American Forum of Respiratory Societies on access and coverage for diagnostic studies and CPAP treatment of patients with OSA. Methods: Through the Latin American Thorax Association (ALAT, Spanish acronym), a survey was sent to all member societies with questions about access to diagnosis, treatment, and private insurance coverage. Results: The forum included 15 countries. The existence of 396 sleep medicine units was reported, 82% private and 18% public; in 12/15 countries the public health system (PHS) contracts private units to provide services. In all countries, both polysomnography and respiratory polygraphy are performed to make the diagnosis. In only 8 (53%) countries the PHS covers the treatment of OSA (in Argentina, Guatemala and Mexico this coverage is partial); private insurance coverage is in 7/15 countries.Conclusions: In Latin America there are few formal sleep units and most are private. About half of public health systems do not cover their treatment and, in most cases, private insurance does not offer coverage. This leaves our population vulnerable to the complications of OSA, with a concomitant increase in morbidity, mortality and health costs.

Estudio de la vía aérea superior frente a apneas obstructivas del sueño persistentes en pediatría / An approach to the upper airway evaluation in pediatric persistent obstructive sleep apnea

El síndrome de apneas obstructivas del sueño (SAOS) en pediatría constituye un trastorno asociado a múltiples consecuencias en el espectro cognitivo y comportamental. El principal factor de riesgo asociado es la hipertrofia amigdalina y las vegetaciones adenoideas. La adenoamigdalectomía es el tratamiento de primera línea. La incidencia del SAOS persistente varía entre un 15 % y un 75 % según las comorbilidades. Este se presenta como un desafío a la hora de tratarlo; requiere un abordaje integral para su diagnóstico y tratamiento adecuado. El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica es proponer un abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico para el SAOS persistente.

In pediatrics, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a disorder associated with multiple consequences at the cognitive and behavioral level. The main associated risk factor is the presence of tonsillar hypertrophy and adenoids. An adenotonsillectomy is the first-line treatment. The incidence of persistent OSAS varies from 15% to 75%, depending on comorbidities. This is a challenge in terms of management; it requires a comprehensive approach for an adequate diagnosis and treatment. The objective of this bibliographic review is to propose a diagnostic and therapeutic approach for persistent OSAS.

Características clínicas del síndrome de apneas obstructivas del sueño en el adulto mayor / Clinical features of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in the elderly

El síndrome de apneas obstructivas del sueño (SAOS) es un problema de salud prevalente y a menudo subdiagnosticado en el adulto mayor. Objetivos: Describir las características clínicas y trastornos del sueño en el adulto mayor de 65 años comparado con una cohorte de adultos jóvenes con SAOS (18-64 años). Métodos: Estudio clínico prospectivo realizado en sujetos roncadores atendidos en una clínica del sueño, a quienes se administraron cuestionarios de sueño y se realizó una poligrafía respiratoria o polisomnografía para confirmar el diagnóstico de SAOS. Se comparó las características clínicas y trastornos respiratorios del sueño en ambas cohortes. Resultados: Se evaluaron 1.512 pacientes, edad media: 56 ± 14 años, 70% varones, 91,2% tenían comorbilidades y 70,3% tenían SAOS moderada-severa. Los síntomas clásicos de SAOS fueron menos reportados en el adulto mayor: ronquidos (81,2% vs 86,4%, p < 0,02), apneas presenciadas (69,6% vs 79,8%, p < 0,001), fatigabilidad diurna (54,8% vs 77,3%, p < 0,001), sueño poco reparador (75,6% vs 89,6%, p < 0,001), sofocación nocturna (38,1% vs 50,7%, p < 0,001) y somnolencia diurna excesiva (43,9% vs 51,2%, p < 0,013). En el adulto mayor fueron más frecuentes las comorbilidades, especialmente cardiovascular, respiratorias y metabólicas crónicas; mientras que la obesidad objetivada por datos antropométricos (índice de masa corporal, perímetro cervical e índice cintura-cadera), índice de microdespertares, índice de desaturación (ID3%) y el índice de apneas-hipopneas fueron similares en ambos grupos. La magnitud de la hipoxemia nocturna objetivada en la oximetría de pulso (SaO2 media, SaO2 mínima y CT90%) fue superior en el adulto mayor. Conclusión: Las manifestaciones clínicas, comorbilidades y trastornos respiratorios del sueño son diferentes en el adulto mayor con síndrome de apneas obstructivas del sueño, lo cual debería ser considerado en el proceso diagnóstico y la planificación del tratamiento.

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a prevalent and often underdiagnosed health problem in the elderly. Objectives: To describe clinical characteristics and sleep disorders in adults over 65 years-old compared to a cohort of young adults (18-64 years-old) with OSAS. Methods: Prospective clinical study carried out in snoring subjects attended in a sleep clinic, to whom sleep questionnaires were administered and respiratory polygraphy or polysomnography was performed to confirm the diagnosis of OSAS. Clinical characteristics and sleep-disordered breathing were compared among both cohorts. Results: 1,512 patients were evaluated, mean age: 56 ± 14 years, 70% male, 91.2% had comorbidities and 70.3% had moderate-severe OSAS. The classic symptoms of OSAS were less reported in older adults: snoring (81.2% vs 86.4%, p < 0.02), witnessed apneas (69.6% vs 79.8%, p < 0.001), daytime fatigue (54.8% vs 77.3%, p < 0.001), unrefreshing sleep (75.6% vs 89.6%, p < 0.001), nocturnal choking (38.1% vs 50.7%, p < 0.001) and excessive daytime sleepiness (43.9% vs 51.2%, p < 0.013). In the elderly, comorbidities were more frequent, especially chronic cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic diseases; while obesity as measured by anthropometric data (body mass index, cervical circumference and waist-hip ratio), microarousal index, desaturation index (ID3%) and apnea-hypopnea index were similar in both groups. The magnitude of nocturnal hypoxemia observed in pulse oximetry (mean SaO2, minimum SaO2 and CT90%) was higher in the elderly. Conclusion: Clinical manifestations, comorbidities and sleep breathing disorders are different in the elderly with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, which should be considered in the diagnostic process and treatment planning.

Trastornos respiratorios del sueño en pediatría: avances en tiempos pandémicos / Sleep-disordered breathing in pediatrics: advances in pandemic times

Los avances en medicina del sueño son de gran relevancia para enfrentar adecuadamente los trastornos del sueño en niños y adolescentes, procurando mitigar sus efectos multisistémicos y llevando a la práctica conductas de un mejor estándar. Este artículo de revisión se enfoca en mostrar los principales avances sobre trastornos respiratorios del sueño, refiriéndonos a las experiencias publicadas durante estos años de pandemia sobre avances epidemiológicos, consecuencias cardiovasculares, lectura de estudios de sueño y estudios domiciliarios; finalmente aspectos sobre tratamiento quirúrgico versus conservador, soporte ventilatorio y dispositivos autorregularles ambulatorios para titulación.

Advances in sleep medicine are of great relevance to adequately address sleep disorders in children and adolescents, seeking to reduce their multisystem effects and implementing better standard behaviors. This review article focuses on showing the main advances on sleep-disordered breathing, referring to the experiences published during these pandemic years on epidemiological advances, cardiovascular consequences, reading sleep studies and home studies; finally, aspects of surgical versus conservative treatment, ventilatory support and ambulatory self-regulating devices for titration.

Enfermedad de Pompe y compromiso respiratorio / Pompe Disease and Respiratory Impairment

Introducción: El compromiso respiratorio en la enfermedad de Pompe es una de sus manifestaciones más frecuentes, tiene un impacto negativo en la calidad de vida y facilita la aparición de múltiples complicaciones. Se puede presentar como parte evolutiva de la enfermedad o incluso ser el síntoma inicial de la patología. Contenidos: La presentación clínica del compromiso respiratorio en la enfermedad de Pompe se caracteriza por disnea, ortopnea, cefalea y tos, y sus cambios paraclínicos incluyen hipercapnia, policitemia, elevación del índice de apnea/hipopnea, así como disminución de la capacidad vital y de las presiones inspiratoria y espiratorias máximas. El compromiso respiratorio es causado principalmente por disfunción muscular (especialmente el diafragma) y alteración de la regulación del sistema nervioso central. Conclusiones: Es fundamental la valoración acuciosa inicial de los patrones respiratorios y por supuesto su seguimiento, el cual dependerá del tipo de progresión de la disfunción respiratoria (rápida o lenta) o del requerimiento específico para cada paciente (ventilación no invasiva o invasiva).

Introduction: Respiratory compromise in Pompe disease is one of the most frequent manifestations, which has a negative impact on quality of life and leads to multiple complications. This can occur as an evolutionary part of the disease, or even be the initial symptom of the pathology. Contents: Its clinical presentation is characterized by dyspnea, orthopnea, headache, and cough, and its paraclinical changes include hypercapnia, polycythemia, elevated apnea/hypopnea index, decreased vital capacity, and decreased maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressures. Respiratory compromise is caused mainly by muscular dysfunction (especially the diaphragm) and alteration of regulation of the central nervous system. Conclusions: An initial careful assessment of respiratory patterns is essential, and of course their follow-up, that will depend of the type of progression of respiratory dysfunction (rapid or slow) or the specific requirement for each patient (non-invasive or invasive ventilation).

Características clínicas y demográficas de los pacientes con apnea obstructiva de sueño manejados quirúrgicamente en el servicio de otorrinolaringología del Hospital Militar Central entre los años 2016-2020 / Clinical and demographic characteristics of patients with obstructive sleep apnea surgically managed in the otorhinolaryngology service of the Central Military Hospital of Bogota between 2016-2020

Introducción: la apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS) conlleva un alto riesgo cardiovascular, metabólico y neurológico. Los dispositivos de presión positiva continua (CPAP) o dispositivos de avance mandibular (DAM) pueden ferulizar la vía aérea superior (VAS) y mejorar la obstrucción; sin embargo, la adherencia es muy baja. Se ha demostrado que los procedimientos quirúrgicos de la VAS pueden llevar a una reducción significativa en la frecuencia de apneas e hipopneas. El objetivo del estudio fue describir las características clínicas y demográficas y los cambios en la somnolencia diurna excesiva, en el índice de apnea e hipopnea (IAH) y en la saturación de oxígeno (SpO2 ) de los pacientes con AOS manejados quirúrgicamente en el Servicio de Otorrinolaringología entre los años 2016 a 2020. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo tipo serie de casos. Resultados: se incluyeron nueve pacientes que cumplían los criterios de inclusión, el 77,8 % presentaban sobrepeso u obesidad. Se disminuyó la puntuación de la Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) en el 100 % de los pacientes pre y posquirúrgicos. Adicionalmente, la polisomnografía (PSG) pre y posoperatoria mostró un aumento en la eficiencia de sueño con la mejoría de parámetros de oxigenación. Se encontró una disminución en el IAH en el 88,8 % de los pacientes. Conclusión: los hallazgos en este estudio sugieren que la cirugía de VAS es segura para realizar en pacientes con AOS. No todos los pacientes son candidatos a manejo quirúrgico y es importante una selección adecuada para disminuir las complicaciones.

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a pathology that leads to a high risk of developing cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurological diseases. Positive airway pressure (CPAP) or mandibular advancement devices (MAD) can open superior airway (SAW) improve the obstruction, however, adherence is too low. It has already been shown that surgical SAW procedures, compared with medical management, can lead to a significant reduction in the frequency of apneas and hypopneas. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and demographic characteristics, changes in excessive daytime sleepiness using Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), apnea-hipopnea index (AHI) and SpO2 in patients with OSA managed surgically. Methods: A descriptive observational case series type study was carried out. Results: Nine patients were included, 77.8% were overweight or obese. A decrease in the ESS was found in 100% of the patients when pre- and post-operative scores were compared. Additionally, pre and postoperative polysomnography (PSG) showed an increase in sleep efficiency with improvement in oxygenation parameters such as mean saturation and minimum saturation. Regarding respiratory events, we found a decrease in AHI in 88.8% of patients. Conclusion: The findings in this study suggest that SAW surgery is safe to perform in patients with OSA. However, it is necessary to keep in mind that not all patients are candidates for surgical management and that adequate patient selection is important to reduce procedural complications.

Comorbid sleep disorders among patients presenting with insomnia who underwent polysomnography

Objective@#The aim of this study was to determine the comorbid sleep disorders on Polysomnography (PSG) of patients complaining of insomnia symptoms.@*Methodology@#This is a retrospective study among patients who underwent diagnostic and split-night polysomnography from April 2014 to February 2019. Those who had at least one of the following insomnia symptoms of difficulty initiating sleep, difficulty maintaining sleep and early morning awakening with or without a history of sleep aide use were identified as patients with insomnia. Polysomnography sleep parameters and outcome were tabulated and statistical analysis was done using SPSS v 20.0.@*Results@#Out of the 302 patients who were included in the study, 34.4% of subjects had a family history of sleep disorder and 70.4% had a history of sleep aide use. Among the medical comorbidities, 47.7% of the subjects were diagnosed with hypertension while 10.65% were diagnosed with psychiatric disorder. Most of the patients complained of both difficulty initiating sleep and early morning awakening. PSG sleep parameters showed that patients did not experience excessive daytime sleepiness or delayed sleep latency. On the other hand, poor sleep efficiency could be due to increased arousal index. Half of the patients turned out to have severe obstructive sleep apnea (52%) while 2.3% of the patients had periodic limb movement disorder. Among those diagnosed with severe OSA, 53.3% had a history of sleep aide use.@*Conclusion@#The study showed the importance of screening patients with insomnia for underlying comorbid sleep disorders. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) treatment guidelines for chronic insomnia emphasized the need to have a high index of suspicion for this population in order to recommend diagnostic procedures such as polysomnography. Diagnosing a patient with insomnia to have an underlying sleep apnea and/or periodic limb movement disorder would change the course of management among patients with chronic insomnia and eventually avoid prescribing medications that could actually worsen the patient’s condition.

Study on the method of polysomnography sleep stage staging based on attention mechanism and bidirectional gate recurrent unit / 生物医学工程学杂志

Polysomnography (PSG) monitoring is an important method for clinical diagnosis of diseases such as insomnia, apnea and so on. In order to solve the problem of time-consuming and energy-consuming sleep stage staging of sleep disorder patients using manual frame-by-frame visual judgment PSG, this study proposed a deep learning algorithm model combining convolutional neural networks (CNN) and bidirectional gate recurrent neural networks (Bi GRU). A dynamic sparse self-attention mechanism was designed to solve the problem that gated recurrent neural networks (GRU) is difficult to obtain accurate vector representation of long-distance information. This study collected 143 overnight PSG data of patients from Shanghai Mental Health Center with sleep disorders, which were combined with 153 overnight PSG data of patients from the open-source dataset, and selected 9 electrophysiological channel signals including 6 electroencephalogram (EEG) signal channels, 2 electrooculogram (EOG) signal channels and a single mandibular electromyogram (EMG) signal channel. These data were used for model training, testing and evaluation. After cross validation, the accuracy was (84.0±2.0)%, and Cohen's kappa value was 0.77±0.50. It showed better performance than the Cohen's kappa value of physician score of 0.75±0.11. The experimental results show that the algorithm model in this paper has a high staging effect in different populations and is widely applicable. It is of great significance to assist clinicians in rapid and large-scale PSG sleep automatic staging.

Analysis of continuous polysomnography in children with recurrent vertigo / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective:To explore the relationship between sleep status and the disease in children with recurrent vertigo（RVC） by analyzing the objective sleep condition of children with recurrent vertigo. Methods:According to the diagnostic criteria of RVC, 50 children with RVC and 20 normal controls without RVC were selected. According to the vertigo questionnaire score, the RVC group was divided into mild, moderate and severe groups according to severity. Continuous polysomnography（PSG） was performed for all participants, and SPSS 25.0 statistical software was used to analyze the monitoring results. Results:①There were significant differences in sleep time of each period, total sleep time and sleep efficiency between RVC group and control group（P<0.05）, but there was no significant difference in sleep latency（P>0.05）. The specific manifestations were that the proportion of sleep time in N1 and N2 phases increased, the proportion of sleep time in N3 and REM phases decreased, the total sleep time and sleep efficiency decreased in RVC group. ②The abnormal rate of sleep apnea hypopnea index, that is, the proportion of AHI≥5 times/h and the abnormal rate of lowest blood oxygen saturation in RVC group were higher than those in normal control group. There was significant difference between the two groups（P<0.05）. ③There were significant differences in the proportion of AHI≥5 times/h and lowest SpO2 among mild group, moderate group and severe group（P<0.05）. ④There was no significant correlation between the degree of vertigo and the abnormal rate of AHI in children with RVC, but there was a negative correlation between the degree of vertigo and the abnormal rate of lowest SpO2 in children with RVC. Conclusion:Children with RVC are often accompanied by sleep disorders, clinicians should pay attention to both the symptoms of vertigo and sleep condition in children. Polysomnography is non-invasive and operable, providing a new idea to the auxiliary examination of RVC in children. It is of certain clinical significance for the comprehensive treatment of children with RVC to actively improve vertigo symptoms and pay attention to improving sleep quality.

Estudo do nível de conhecimento e interesse do cirurgião dentista no diagnóstico e tratamento da síndrome da apnéia/hipopnéia obstrutiva do sono (SAHOS) / Study of the level of knowledge and interest of the dental surgeon in the diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS)

Atualmente, o tratamento do ronco primário e da Síndrome da Apnéia/Hipopnéia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAHOS)1 através de aparelhos intra-orais (AIO) tem recebido a atenção dos pesquisadores pela comprovada eficácia destes dispositivos. Os aparelhos mais indicados são os reposicionadores de mandíbula que promovem um avanço mandibular, afastando os tecidos da orofaringe superior, o que evita a obstrução parcial ou total da área. Sua indicação é para casos de ronco primário e apnéias leves e moderadas2, no entanto é necessário que os candidatos apresentem número de dentes suficientes com saúde periodontal para a ancoragem do aparelho. Por ser uma doença de consequências sistêmicas graves, o tratamento da SAHOS é em sua essência de responsabilidade do médico especialista na área, porém o cirurgião dentista deve ter conhecimento para diagnosticar e tratar, quando o AIO for a opção terapêutica. A interpretação da polissonografia, exame que diagnostica e conduz para a escolha correta do tratamento, e dos dados cefalométricos são os principais quesitos ao Cirurgião Dentista que se propõe a tratar portadores da SAHOS. Nesse trabalho foi elaborado um questionário e aplicado aos cirurgiões dentistas de três diferentes cidades do Estado de São Paulo para que fosse possível avaliar o conhecimento desses profissionais a respeito do diagnóstico e tratamento da SAHOS. 70 Cirurgiões Dentistas foram entrevistados e os resultados mostraram que 70% destes têm interesse em trabalhar com os AIOs. Esse grupo se relacionou estatisticamente significante com aqueles que afirmaram já terem sido alguma vez questionado por algum paciente a respeito desse tratamento. Quanto à criação de uma especialidade para essa área, os profissionais da área de prótese e implante se mostraram mais interessados. E, do número total de entrevistados, apenas 25% já tiveram contato com esse tipo de aparelho, mas não conhece o protocolo de atendimento para o tratamento desses pacientes(AU)

Currently, the treatment of primary snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea Syndrome (OSAHS)1 through intraoral appliances (OA) has received the attention of researchers due to the proven effectiveness of these devices. The most suitable devices are jaw repositioning devices that promote mandibular advancement, moving the tissues away from the upper oropharynx, which prevents partial or total obstruction of the area. Its indication is for cases of primary snoring and mild to moderate apnea2, however it is necessary that candidates have a sufficient number of teeth with periodontal health to anchor the appliance. As it is a disease with serious systemic consequences, the treatment of OSAHS is, in essence, the responsibility of the specialist in the area, but the dental surgeon must have the knowledge to diagnose and treat, when OA is the therapeutic option. The interpretation of polysomnography, na exam that diagnoses and leads to the correct choice of treatment, and cephalometric data are the main requirements for the Dental Surgeon who proposes to treat patients with OSAHS. In this work, a questionnaire was developed and applied to dentalsurgeons from three different cities in the State of São Paulo so that it was possible to assess the knowledge of these professionals regarding the diagnosis and treatment of OSAHS. 70 Dental Surgeons were interviewed and the results showed that 70% of them are interested in working with AIOs. This group had a statistically significant relationshipwith those who stated that they had already been asked by a patient about this treatment. Regarding the creation of a specialty for this area, professional in the area of ??prosthesis and implant were more interested. And, of the total number of respondents, only 25% have already had contact with this type of device, but do not know the care protocol for the treatment of these patients(AU)

Comparación entre el análisis automático y manual de 301 poligrafías respiratorias domiciliarias con ApneaLink / Comparison between automatic and manual scoring of 301 home respiratory polygraphs with ApneaLink device

Resumen Introducción: El síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS) se asocia a aumento de morbimortalidad cardiovascular y metabólica, y a mala calidad de vida. Su diagnóstico y tratamiento eficaz mejora la salud individual y pública. Objetivo: evaluar concordancia entre análisis automático versus manual del dispositivo ApneaLink para diagnosticar y clasificar SAOS en pacientes con sospecha clínica. Material y Método: Evaluación retrospectiva de 301 poligrafías respiratorias del HOSCAR. Se mide correlación, acuerdo general y concordancia entre parámetros obtenidos manual y automáticamente usando coeficiente de Pearson, coeficiente de correlación intraclase y gráfico de Bland y Altman. Resultados: En 11,3% de casos el análisis automático interpreto erróneamente la señal de flujo. No hubo diferencias significativas entre índices de apnea-hipopnea automático (AHIa 18,9 ± 17,5) y manual (AHIm 20,8 ± 19,4) r + 0,97 (95% CI: 0,9571 a 0,9728; p < 0,0001) y tampoco entre la saturación mínima de oxígeno automática (82,1 ± 7,6) y manual (83,1 ± 6,8) r + 0,85 (95% CI: 0,8108 a 0,8766; p < 0,0001). No hubo buena correlación entre análisis automático y manual en clasificación de apneas centrales, r + 0,51 (95% CI: 0,4238 a 0,5942; p < 0,0001). Hubo subestimación de gravedad de SAOS por análisis automático: en 11% de casos. Conclusión: El diagnóstico entregado automáticamente por ApneaLink podría aceptarse sin confirmación manual adicional solamente en casos clasificados como severos. Para AHI menores se requeriría confirmación mediante análisis manual de experto.

Abstract Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is associated with increased cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity and mortality, and poor quality of life. Its effective diagnosis and treatment improve individual and public health. Aim: To evaluate concordance between automatic versus manual analysis of the ApneaLink device to diagnose and classify OSAS in patients with clinical suspicion. Material and Method: Retrospective evaluation of 301 respiratory polygraphs from HOSCAR. Correlation, general agreement and concordance between parameters obtained manually and automatically are measured using Pearson's coefficient, intraclass correlation coefficient, and Bland and Altman graph. Results: In 11.3% of cases, the automatic analysis misinterpreted the flow signal. There were no significant differences between automatic (AHIa 18.9 ± 17.5) and manual (AHIm 20.8 ± 19.4) apnea-hypopnea indices r + 0.97 (95% CI:0.9571 to 0.9728, p < 0.0001) and nor between automatic (82.1 ± 7.6) and manual (83.1 ± 6.8) minimum oxygen saturation r + 0.85 (95% CI: 0.8108 to 0.8766, p < 0.0001). There was no good correlation between automatic and manual analysis in the classification of central apneas, r + 0.51(95% CI:0.4238 to 0.5942, p < 0.0001). There was an underestimation of the severity of OSAS by automatic analysis in 11% of cases. Conclusion: The diagnosis delivered automatically by ApneaLink could be accepted without additional manual confirmation only in cases classified as severe. For minors AHI, confirmation through manual expert analysis would be required.

Craniofacial morphology in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: cephalometric evaluation / Morfologia craniofacial em pacientes com apneia obstrutiva do sono: avaliação cefalométrica

Abstract Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by a reduced airflow through the upper airways during sleep. Two forms of obstructive sleep apnea are described: the central form and the obstructive form. The obstructive form is related to many factors, such as the craniofacial morphology. Objective: To evaluate the correlation between the morphology of the cranial base, of the mandible and the maxilla, and obstructive sleep apnea severity. Methods: Eighty-four patients, mean age of 50.4 years old; 73 males and 11 females with obstructive sleep apnea were enrolled in the present study. Patients with high body mass index and comorbidities were excluded. Lateral cephalograms and polysomnography were collected for each patient to evaluate the correlation between craniofacial morphology and obstructive sleep apnea severity. A Spearman's rho correlation test between cephalometric measurements and obstructive sleep apnea indexes was computed. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Patients with a severe obstructive sleep apnea presented a reduction of sagittal growth of both effective mandibular length and cranio-basal length. The mandibular length was the only variable with a statistical correlation with apnea-hypopnea index. Vertical dimension showed a weak correlation with the severity of obstructive sleep apnea. No correlation with maxillary sagittal dimension was shown. Conclusion: Obstructive sleep apnea severity may be correlated to mandibular and cranial base growth. Facial vertical dimension had no correlation with obstructive sleep apnea severity.

Resumo Introdução: A apneia obstrutiva do sono é caracterizada por um fluxo de ar reduzido nas vias aéreas superiores durante o sono. Duas formas de apneia são descritas: a forma central e a forma obstrutiva. A forma obstrutiva tem sido relacionada a vários fatores, como a morfologia craniofacial. Objetivo: Avaliar a correlação entre a morfologia da base do crânio, da mandíbula e da maxila e a gravidade da apneia obstrutiva do sono. Método: Foram incluídos no presente estudo 84 pacientes com apneia obstrutiva do sono, com média de 50,4 anos; 73 homens e 11 mulheres. Pacientes com alto índice de massa corpórea e comorbidades foram excluídos. Foram coletados cefalogramas laterais e polissonografia para cada paciente para avaliar a correlação entre a morfologia craniofacial e a gravidade da apneia. Foi computado o coeficiente de correlação de postos de Spearman (rho) entre medidas cefalométricas e índices de apneia obstrutiva do sono. A significância estatística foi estabelecida em p < 0,05. Resultados: Pacientes com apneia obstrutiva do sono grave apresentaram redução do crescimento sagital do comprimento mandibular efetivo e do comprimento crânio-basal. O comprimento mandibular foi a única variável que apresentou correlação estatística com o índice de apneia-hipopneia. A dimensão vertical mostrou uma fraca correlação com a gravidade da apneia. Não foi demonstrada correlação com a dimensão maxilar sagital. Conclusão: A gravidade da apneia obstrutiva do sono pode estar correlacionada ao crescimento da base mandibular e craniana. A dimensão facial vertical não apresentou correlação com a gravidade da apneia.

A study to identify obstructive sleep apnea syndrome based on 24 h ambulatory blood pressure data / 生物医学工程学杂志

Sleep apnea causes cardiac arrest, sleep rhythm disorders, nocturnal hypoxia and abnormal blood pressure fluctuations in patients, which eventually lead to nocturnal target organ damage in hypertensive patients. The incidence of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is extremely high, which seriously affects the physical and mental health of patients. This study attempts to extract features associated with OSAHS from 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure data and identify OSAHS by machine learning models for the differential diagnosis of this disease. The study data were obtained from ambulatory blood pressure examination data of 339 patients collected in outpatient clinics of the Chinese PLA General Hospital from December 2018 to December 2019, including 115 patients with OSAHS diagnosed by polysomnography (PSG) and 224 patients with non-OSAHS. Based on the characteristics of clinical changes of blood pressure in OSAHS patients, feature extraction rules were defined and algorithms were developed to extract features, while logistic regression and lightGBM models were then used to classify and predict the disease. The results showed that the identification accuracy of the lightGBM model trained in this study was 80.0%, precision was 82.9%, recall was 72.5%, and the area under the working characteristic curve (AUC) of the subjects was 0.906. The defined ambulatory blood pressure features could be effectively used for identifying OSAHS. This study provides a new idea and method for OSAHS screening.

Sleep quality in COPD patients: correlation with disease severity and health status / Qualidade do sono em pacientes com DPOC: correlação com gravidade da doença e estado de saúde

To evaluate clinical predictors of poor sleep quality in COPD patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods: Consecutive stable patients with COPD were evaluated for OSA by means of overnight polysomnography; for sleep quality by means of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI); and for disease impact by means of the COPD Assessment Test. COPD severity was graded in accordance with the 2020 GOLD guidelines. Predictors of poor sleep quality were evaluated by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: We studied 51 patients with COPD alone and 51 patients with COPD and OSA. Both groups had similar age (66.2 ± 9.2 years vs. 69.6 ± 10.7, p = 0.09) and airflow limitation (p = 0.37). Poor sleep quality was present in 74.8% of the study participants, with no significant difference between COPD patients with and without OSA regarding PSQI scores (p = 0.73). Polysomnography showed increased stage 1 non-rapid eye movement sleep and arousal index, as well as reduced sleep efficiency and stage 3 non-rapid eye movement sleep, in the group of patients with COPD and OSA (p < 0.05). Independent predictors of poor sleep quality were GOLD grade C/D COPD (OR = 6.4; 95% CI, 1.79-23.3; p < 0.01), a COPD Assessment Test score ≥ 10 (OR = 12.3; 95% CI, 4.1-36.5; p < 0.01), and lowest SaO2 < 80% (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Poor sleep quality is quite common in patients with COPD and is associated with severe COPD and poor health status, having a negative impact on overall quality of life. Despite changes in polysomnography, OSA appears to have no impact on subjective sleep quality in COPD patients.

Avaliar os preditores clínicos de má qualidade do sono em pacientes com DPOC, com e sem apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS). Métodos: Pacientes estáveis consecutivos com DPOC foram avaliados quanto à AOS por meio de polissonografia noturna; quanto à qualidade do sono por meio do Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh (IQSP) e quanto ao impacto da doença por meio do Teste de Avaliação da DPOC. A gravidade da DPOC foi classificada conforme as diretrizes de 2020 da GOLD. Os preditores de má qualidade do sono foram avaliados por meio de análise de regressão logística multivariada. Resultados: Foram estudados 51 pacientes com DPOC apenas e 51 pacientes com DPOC e AOS. Ambos os grupos eram semelhantes quanto à idade (66,2 ± 9,2 anos vs. 69,6 ± 10,7, p = 0,09) e limitação do fluxo aéreo (p = 0,37). Sono de má qualidade esteve presente em 74,8% dos participantes, sem diferença significativa entre os pacientes com DPOC, com e sem AOS, quanto à pontuação no IQSP (p = 0,73). A polissonografia mostrou aumento do estágio 1 do sono non-rapid eye movement e do índice de despertares, bem como redução da eficiência do sono e do estágio 3 do sono non-rapid eye movement nos pacientes com DPOC e AOS (p < 0,05). Os preditores independentes de má qualidade do sono foram DPOC grau C/D da GOLD (OR = 6,4; IC95%: 1,79-23,3; p < 0,01), pontuação ≥ 10 no Teste de Avaliação da DPOC (OR = 12,3; IC95%: 4,1-36,5; p < 0,01) e menor SaO2 < 80% (p < 0,0001). Conclusões: O sono de má qualidade é bastante comum em pacientes com DPOC e apresenta relação com DPOC grave e estado de saúde ruim, além de ter impacto negativo na qualidade de vida global. Não obstante as alterações na polissonografia, a AOS aparentemente não tem impacto na qualidade do sono referida por pacientes com DPOC.

Repercussão da adenotonsilectomia sobre o estado nutricional em crianças respiradoras orais / Repercussion of adenotonsillectomy on the nutritional status of mouth breathing children

Introdução: a hiperplasia adenotonsilar (HAT) é uma das causas mais comuns da Síndrome do Respirador Oral (SRO) devido à obstrução de via aérea superior em crianças e adolescentes. Tal afecção pode causar alterações ortodônticas, miofuncionais orofaciais, posturais, cardiopulmonares, antropométricas e polissonográficas. O diagnóstico precoce e indicação de Adenotonsilectomia (A&T) é essencial para reversão dessas consequências deletérias da SRO e restauração do bem estar biopsicossocial da criança.Objetivo: avaliar o estado nutricional, patência nasal, distúrbios do sono e fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina tipo 1 (IGF-1) em crianças de dois a doze anos de idade com SRO devido HAT grave e comparar com a reavaliação após seis meses de pós-cirúrgico das crianças operadas e com as demais que permanecem com obstrução da via aérea e aguardam a cirurgia na fila de espera do Sistema Único de Saúde. Métodos: trinta pacientes com SRO por HAT grave e indicação de A&T foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica, polissonográfica, dosagem do IGF-1, rinomanométrica, teste alérgico cutâneo, questionário de padrão alimentar e prática de atividade física antes da A&T. Dez pacientes repetiram essa avaliação seis meses após o procedimento cirúrgico (grupo intervenção). Vinte pacientes aguardam a cirurgia na fila de espera do SUS e tiveram seus dados antropométricos e de IGF-1 reavaliados após seis meses com obstrução da via aérea (grupo controle). Resultados: trinta crianças realizaram a fase pré-operatória do estudo. A idade média foi de 5,6 anos (±2,17). Dezessete (56,7%) eram do sexo masculino e treze (43,3%) do sexo feminino. O teste cutâneo foi positivo em dezesseis indivíduos (53,3%) As médias dos escores Z de estatura por idade foi de -0,95 (±1,09); peso por idade de 0,17 (±1,42); índice de massa corporal (IMC) por idade de 0,31 (±1,36). A média do fluxo nasal inspiratório total (FNIT) foi de 444,63 ml/s (±161,02) e da patência nasal de 72,9% (±24,76). A média do índice de Apneia e Hipopneia (IAH) do sono foi de 4,95 ev/h (±4,07); da saturação mínima de oxihemoglobina no sono (Nadir de O2) de 78,93% (±6,00); da percentagem de sono com saturação menor que 90% (T90) de 4,16% (±5,48); da porcentagem do sono com ondas lentas (sono N3) de 37,62% (±9,61). A média do escore Z de IGF-1 foi de 0,72 (±1,30). O grupo intervenção e grupo controle não apresentaram alterações dos dados antropométricos com significância estatística. Houve diminuição do IGF-1 após a cirurgia sendo a média do escore Z de IGF-1 pré-operatório de 1,33 (±1,74) e pós-cirúrgico de -0,07 (±0,85); p=0,03. No grupo controle a variação do IGF-1 não foi significativa. O grupo intervenção não apresentou alteração com significância estatística do FNIT e da patência nasal. Nas dez crianças operadas foi constatada uma melhora da média do IAH de 5,25 ev/h (±4,29) para 1,99 ev/h (±1,16) e do T90 de 6,27% (±7,46) para 0,64% (±0,55) com p<0,05. Já o sono N3 e o Nadir de O2 não apresentaram alterações significativas. Não houve mudança qualitativa no padrão alimentar e na prática de atividade física nos dois períodos avaliados na vigência da pandemia de COVID19. Conclusão: Após A&T houve diminuição do IGF-1; p=0,03, melhora do IAH; p=0,03 e do T90; p=0,04. A cirurgia não modificou o estado nutricional com significância estatística nas dez crianças após 6 meses de pós-operatório. No pós-cirúrgico, não houve diferença estatística do FNIT e da patência nasal, assim como nessa amostra também não ocorreram alterações significativas do sono N3 e do Nadir de O2. O padrão alimentar e a prática de atividade física foram semelhantes qualitativamente no pré e no pós-operatório. Vinte crianças no grupo controle não tiveram alterações significativas dos dados antropométricos e do IGF-1 com seis meses de espera pela cirurgia e permanência da obstrução da via aérea. Não houve diferença estatística dos dados antropométricos e do IGF-1 entre o grupo controle e o grupo intervenção.

Introduction: adenotonsillar hyperplasia (ATH) is one of the most common causes of Mouth Breathing Syndrome (MBS) due to upper airway obstruction in children and adolescents. This condition can cause orthodontic, orofacial myofunctional, postural, cardiopulmonary, anthropometric and polysomnographic changes. Early diagnosis and indication of Adenotonsillectomy (T&A) is essential to revert these deleterious consequences of MBS and restore the child's biopsychosocial well-being. Objective: to evaluate the nutritional status, nasal patency, sleep disorders and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in children aged two to twelve years old with MBS due to severe ATH and compare with reassessment after six months post-surgical care of operated children and others who remain with airway obstruction and are waiting for surgery on the Unified Health System (UHS) waiting list. Methods: Thirty patients with MBS due to severe ATH and indication for T&A were submitted to anthropometric, polysomnographic, IGF-1 dosage, rhinomanometric, allergic skin test, dietary pattern questionnaire and physical activity practice before T&A. Ten patients repeated this evaluation six months after the surgical procedure (intervention group). Twenty patients were waiting for surgery on the UHS waiting list and had their anthropometric and IGF-1 data reassessed after six months with airway obstruction (control group). Results: Thirty children underwent the preoperative phase of the study. The mean age was 5.6 years (±2.17). Seventeen (56.7%) were male and thirteen (43.3%) were female. The skin test was positive in sixteen individuals (53.3%) The average Z-scores for height for age were -0.95 (±1.09); weight for age 0.17 (±1.42); body mass index (BMI) for age of 0.31 (±1.36). The mean total inspiratory nasal flow (TINF) was 444.63 ml/s (±161.02) and nasal patency was 72.9% (±24.76). The average sleep apnea and hypopnea index (AHI) was 4.95 ev/h (±4.07); minimum oxyhemoglobin saturation during sleep (O2 Nadir) of 78.93% (±6.00); percentage of sleep with saturation lower than 90% (T90) of 4.16% (±5.48); percentage of sleep with slow waves (N3) of 37.62% (±9.61). The mean IGF-1 Z-score was 0.72 (±1.30). The intervention group and control group did not show statistically significant changes in anthropometric data. There was a decrease in IGF-1 after surgery, with a mean preoperative IGF-1 Z-score of 1.33 (±1.74) and postoperative value of -0.07 (±0.85); p=0.03. In the control group, the IGF-1 variation was not significant. The intervention group did not show statistically significant changes in TINF and nasal patency. In the ten operated children, an improvement in the mean AHI from 5.25 ev/h (±4.29) to 1.99 ev/h (±1.16) and T90 of 6.27% (±7. 46) to 0.64% (±0.55) with p<0.05. On the other hand, N3 sleep and O2 Nadir showed no significant changes. There was no qualitative change in dietary patterns and physical activity in the two periods evaluated during the COVID19 pandemic. Conclusion: After T&A there was a decrease in IGF-1; p=0.03, AHI improvement; p=0.03 and T90 too; p=0.04. The surgery did not change the nutritional status with statistical significance in the ten children after 6 months postoperatively. Post-surgery, there was no statistical difference in TINF and nasal patency, as well as in this sample there were no significant changes in N3 sleep and O2 Nadir either. The dietary pattern and the practice of physical activity were qualitatively similar before and after the operation. Twenty children in the control group did not have significant alterations in anthropometric data and IGF-1 after six months of waiting for the surgery and the remaining airway obstruction. There was no statistical difference in anthropometric and IGF-1 data between the control and intervention groups.

Rendimiento y validación del puntaje NoSAS en la evaluación inicial del síndrome de apnea/hipopnea del sueño / Performance and validation of NoSAS score in sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome initial assessment

Introducción: El método de referencia para diagnosticar el síndrome de apnea-hipopnea obstructiva del sueño (SAHOS) es la polisomnografía, esta no es diagnóstica en otros trastornos respiratorios del sueño, por lo que es necesario la implementación de puntajes predictivos para diferenciar aquellos pacientes que tienen más riesgos de padecer SAHOS y necesiten de una polisomnografía. El objetivo de este estudio fue validar el puntaje NoSAS y la escala de Berlín frente a la polisomnografía tipo 1 en pacientes con sospecha de SAHOS. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de pruebas diagnósticas. A 264 pacientes se les realizó una polisomnografía basal, la aplicación del puntaje NoSAS y la escala de Berlín; luego, se hizo el análisis de las pruebas diagnósticas y se calculó el rendimiento de cada una en relación con el índice de apnea hipopnea (IAH). Resultados: La sensibilidad del puntaje NoSAS para un IAH ≥ 20 fue 88,57% con intervalo de confianza (IC) 95% 80,4-96,74; especificidad 56,70 %; IC 95% 49,47-63,93 y valor predictivo negativo (VPN) de 93,22, IC 95% 91,70- 99,82. Para la escala de Berlín, la sensibilidad fue de 81,43%, IC 95% 71,60-91,25; especificidad de 58,76%, IC 95% 51,58-65,95 y VPN 89,76%, IC 95% 89,08-98,32. Conclusión: Se demostró que el puntaje NoSAS y la escala de Berlín tienen una buena sensibilidad para descartar a las personas con un menor riesgo de SAHOS. Un paciente clasificado de bajo riesgo probablemente está sano o tiene bajo riesgo para SAHOS moderado a severo y no requeriría de una polisomnografía inicial.

Introduction: The gold standard for diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is the polysomnography, and it is not a diagnostic tool for another sleep breathing disorders, so that it is necessary to implement predictive scores to differentiate those patients who have more risk of suffering OSAHS, therefore they need a polysomnography. The aim to this study was to validate the NoSAS score and Berlin scale in relation to the polysomnography type 1, in patients who have the clinical suspicion of OSAHS. Material and methods: Diagnostic tests study. 264 patients underwent polysomnography, and the NoSAS score and Berlin scale were applied to them. After that, the diagnostic tests analysis was done and the performance of each one of them was calculated in relation to the apnea- hypopnea index (AHI). Results: The sensitivity of the NoSAS score for an AHI ≥ 20 was 88.57%, confidence interval (CI) 95% (80.4-96.74), specificity 56.70 %, CI 95% (49.47-63.93), and the negative predictive value (NPV) was 93.22, CI 95% (91.70-99.82). For Berlin scale the sensitivity was 81.43%, CI 95% (71.60-91.25), specificity 58.76%, CI 95% (51.58-65.95) and NPV 89.76%, CI 95% (89.08-98.32). Conclusions: It was shown that NoSAS score and Berlin scale have a good sensitivity to rule out people who have less OSAHS risk. A patient classified as low risk, probably is healthy or at low risk for moderate to severe OSAHS and would not require an initial polysomnography.

Os sinais e sintomas que o cirurgião dentista deve conhecer para ajudar na identificação de um paciente que precisa de tratamento de Síndrome da Apneia e Hipopneia do Sono / The signs and symptoms that the dentist should know to help in identifying a patient who needs treatment for Sleep Apnea and Hypopnea Syndrome

Ter um sono de qualidade é imprescindível para a saúde. Cada pessoa sabe a quantidade que a repara melhor. Dessa forma, sono em fora de hora de sesta pode ser problemas em potencial. Um paciente que adormeci em um tratamento dentário pode estar com um déficit de sono que o adormecer durante um tratamento dentário é uma situação inusitada que, pode ser um paciente que precisa de uma a polissonografia e um possível tratamento para o possível presente ronco primário e Síndrome da Apneia e Hipopneia Obstrutiva do Sono (SHAOS). O Cirurgião Dentista deve conhecer os sinais e sintomas mais comuns dos pacientes com problemas de sono para poder indicá-los corretamente a um médico especialista em sono. Dessa forma já se tem como certo que esse é um problema médico, no entanto o Cirurgião Dentista é um profissional importante nas modalidades de tratamento que temos para a síndrome. O simples ato da indicação e acompanhamento do tratamento faz o Cirurgião Dentista, importante nessa cadeia de tratamento(AU)

Getting quality sleep is essential for health. Each person knows the amount that repairs them best. So sleep outside of nap time can be potential problems. A patient who fell asleep in a dental treatment may have a sleep deficit that falling asleep during a dental treatment is an unusual situation that, may be a patient who needs a polysomnography and a possible treatment for the possible present primary snoring and syndrome. Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Hypopnea (SHAOS). The Dental Surgeon must know the most common signs and symptoms of patients with sleep problems in order to correctly refer them to a sleep specialist. Thus, it is already taken for granted that this is a medical problem, however the Dental Surgeon is an important professional in the treatment modalities we have for the syndrome. The simple act of indicating and monitoring the treatment makes the Dental Surgeon important in this treatment chain(AU)

Narcolepsia na infância: a atuação multidisciplinar com a psicologia do sono do diagnóstico ao tratamento em um relato de caso / Child narcolepsy: the multidisciplinary approach with sleep psychology from diagnostics to treatment in a case report / Narcolepsia en la infancia: actuación multidisciplinar con la psicología del sueño desde el diagnóstico hasta el tratamiento en un caso clínico

A narcolepsia, distúrbio neurológico crônico caracterizado pela sonolência diurna excessiva, pode ser associada à cataplexia, fragmentação do sono, alucinações relacionadas ao sono e paralisia do sono. Frequentemente, é confundida com outros transtornos, como Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade (TDAH), epilepsia e até esquizofrenia, assim, por vezes, é diagnosticada inadequadamente. Objetiva-se relatar o diagnóstico diferencial bem-sucedido da narcolepsia na infância e suas dificuldades, realizado por uma equipe multidisciplinar, enfocando a atuação da psicologia do sono em avaliação e intervenção. Um menino de 10 anos foi recebido no Ambulatório de Narcolepsia e Apneia do Sono Infantil (AMBNAP), alocado no Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) com queixas de sonolência diurna excessiva, sono fragmentado e episódios de perda de tônus muscular. Foi submetido a entrevistas psiquiátrica e psicológica pormenorizadas, a exames, aplicação de escalas específicas para rastreio e diagnóstico de transtornos de sono e diário de sono, solicitação de recursos de mídia e de relatório escolar e avaliação neurológica. A partir da investigação multidisciplinar, o diagnóstico foi de Narcolepsia e Síndrome da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS). O paciente foi submetido a técnicas da Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental (TCC) e segue em acompanhamento, apresentando resultados satisfatórios. Este estudo evidencia que uma equipe multidisciplinar especializada na área de sono atuando em conjunto com a Psicologia do Sono oportuniza o diagnóstico e intervenções precoces eficazes para o tratamento do distúrbio do sono na infância.(AU)

Narcolepsy is a chronic neurologic disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness which can be associated with cataplexy, sleep fragmentation, sleep-related hallucinations, and sleep paralysis. This sleep disorder is often confused with other disorders such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), epilepsy, and even schizophrenia, and is, thus, misdiagnosed. This study aims to report the successful differential diagnosis for childhood narcolepsy carried out by a multidisciplinary team and its challenges, with a focus on the role of sleep psychology in assessment and intervention. A 10-year-old child was received at the Child Narcolepsy and Sleep Apnea Clinic (AMBNAP), located at the Onofre Lopes University Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), with complaints of hypersomnolence, fragmented sleep, and episodes of loss of muscle tone. He underwent detailed psychiatric and psychological interviews, analysis of exams, application of specific scales for screening and diagnosis of sleep disorders and sleep diary, request of media resources and school report, and neurological assessment. From the multidisciplinary investigation, excluding of other neurological diagnoses, the diagnosis was Narcolepsy and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS). The patient was submitted to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) techniques, such as psychoeducation, scheduled naps, cognitive therapy for dysfunctional beliefs, and sleep hygiene strategies, and continues to be followed up, with satisfactory results since the first two months of intervention. The findings presented in this study show that a multidisciplinary team specialized in the sleep area, acting alongside Sleep Psychology provides early diagnosis and interventions for the sleep disorder treatment in childhood.(AU)

La narcolepsia es un trastorno neurológico crónico caracterizado por somnolencia diurna excesiva que puede asociarse con cataplejía, fragmentación del sueño, alucinaciones relacionadas con el sueño y parálisis del sueño. El trastorno del sueño a menudo se confunde con otros trastornos como el TDAH, la epilepsia e incluso la esquizofrenia, y se diagnostica erróneamente. El objetivo es presentar el diagnóstico diferencial exitoso de la narcolepsia en la infancia y sus dificultades, realizado por un equipo multidisciplinario, con foco en el papel de la psicología del sueño en la evaluación e intervención. El estudiante de 10 años fue recibido en la Clínica de Narcolepsia Infantil y Apnea del Sueño (AMBNAP), ubicada en el Hospital Universitario Onofre Lopes de la Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do Norte, con quejas de hipersomnolencia, sueño fragmentado y episodios de pérdida de tono muscular. Se sometió a entrevistas psiquiátricas y psicológicas detalladas, análisis de exámenes, aplicación de escalas específicas para la detección y diagnóstico de trastornos del sueño y el diario del sueño, solicite recursos de medios y informe escolar y evaluación neurológica. La investigación multidisciplinaria, el diagnóstico fue Narcolepsia y SAOS. El paciente fue sometido a técnicas de terapia cognitivo-conductual (TCC), como psicoeducación, siestas programadas, terapia cognitiva por creencias disfuncionales y estrategias de higiene del sueño, y se le dio seguimiento con resultados satisfactorios. Los resultados demostraron que un equipo multidisciplinario especializado en el campo del sueño, actuando en conjunto con la psicología del sueño, proporciona el diagnóstico y las intervenciones tempranas para el trastorno del sueño de la narcolepsia en la infância.(AU)

Major risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea monitored in the home. A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by recurrent pharyngeal wall collapse during sleep caused by anatomical or functional changes associated with obesity or dislocation of maxillofacial structures. OBJECTIVE: To determine the major risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea monitored in the home. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in a private clinic in Fortaleza (CE), Brazil. METHODS: Between 2015 and 2018, 427 patients were screened for OSA with home-based monitoring, yielding 374 positives. Information was collected on age, sex, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, diabetes (DM), dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease (CAD), arrhythmia, peripheral artery occlusive disease (PAOD), heart failure (HF) and lung disease. The home sleep apnea test result was then compared with the clinical diagnosis. Lastly, parameters identified as significant in the univariate analysis were subjected to multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Male sex predominated, although not significantly. OSA was associated with hypertension, DM, dyslipidemia, age and BMI. The risk of OSA being associated with these parameters was 2.195 (hypertension), 11.14 (DM), 2.044 (dyslipidemia) and 5.71 (BMI). The association was also significant for BMI categories (normal, overweight or obese). No significant association was observed for CAD, arrhythmia, PAOD, HF or lung disease. After multivariate logistic analysis, only age and BMI (and its categories) remained significant. CONCLUSION: OSA was associated with hypertension, DM, dyslipidemia, age and BMI in univariate analyses, but only with age and BMI (and its categories) in multivariate logistic analysis.