Diagnosis and treatment of rare malignant temporal bone tumors / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective:To analyze the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of patients with rare malignant tumors of the temporal bone. Methods:Four cases of rare temporal bone malignant tumors in our hospital between March 2014 and December 2020 were reviewed, including two cases of chondrosarcoma, one case of fibrosarcoma and one case of endolymphatic cystic papillary adenocarcinoma. There were three males and one female, ages between 28 and 56 years at the time of surgery. Common symptoms included hearing loss, facioplegia, tinnitus, and headache. All patients underwent imaging examinations to evaluate the extent of the lesions. Tumors were removed by subtotal temporal bone resection or infratemporal fossa approach, and postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy was applied if necessary. Results:One of the two chondrosarcoma patients was cured by complete resection of the tumor for 75 months, the other one recurred after the first excision of the tumor and underwent infratemporal fossa approach resection of skull base mass again with no recurrence found yet for 112 months. One patient with fibrosarcoma survived for 28 months after surgery with a positive margin and post-operative radiotherapy. One patient with endolymphatic cystic papillary adenocarcinoma recurred 12 months after subtotal lithotomy, and underwent subtotal temporal bone resection again, combined with radiotherapy. No recurrence was found for 63 months. Conclusion:The incidence of rare temporal bone malignant tumors is extremely low, the location is hidden, and the symptoms are atypical. Attention should be paid for early detection and early treatment. Surgical resection is the main treatment, and radiotherapy can be supplemented in the advanced stage or with a positive margin.

Fibrous dysplasia: rare manifestation in the temporal bone / Displasia fibrosa: manifestação rara no osso temporal

Abstract Introduction: Fibrous dysplasia is a benign disorder, in which normal bone is replaced by fibrosis and immature bone trabeculae, showing a similar distribution between the genders, and being more prevalent in the earlier decades of life. Fibrous dysplasia of the temporal bone is a rare condition, and there is no consensus as to whether it is more common in monostotic or polyostotic forms. External auditory meatus stenosis and conductive dysacusis are the most common manifestations, with cholesteatoma being a common complication, whereas the involvement of the otic capsule is an unusual one. Surgical treatment is indicated to control pain or dysacusis, otorrhea, cholesteatoma, and deformity. Objectives: To describe the clinical experience of a tertiary referral hospital with cases of fibrous dysplasia of the temporal bone. Methods: Sampling of patients diagnosed with fibrous dysplasia of the temporal bone, confirmed by tomography, treated at the pediatric otology and otorhinolaryngology outpatient clinics, between 2015 and 2018. The assessed variables were age, gender, laterality, external auditory meatus stenosis, deformity, hearing loss, presence of secondary cholesteatoma of the external auditory meatus, lesion extension and management. Results: Five patients were included, four females and one male, with age ranging from 13 to 34 years. Three had the polyostotic form and two the monostotic form of fibrous dysplasia of the temporal bone. Four patients had local deformity and external auditory meatus stenosis, two of which progressed to cholesteatoma. All patients showed some degree of hearing impairment. All had preserved otic capsule at the tomography. Two patients are currently undergoing clinical observation; two were submitted to tympanomastoidectomy due to secondary cholesteatoma; one was submitted to lesion resection, aiming to control the dysacusis progression. Conclusion: Five cases of fibrous dysplasia of the temporal bone were described, a rare disorder of which the otologist should be aware.

Resumo Introdução: Displasia fibrosa é uma desordem benigna, na qual o osso é substituído por fibrose e trabeculado ósseo imaturo, com distribuição semelhante entre sexos, mais comum nas primeiras décadas de vida. O acometimento do osso temporal pela displasia fibrosa é raro, não há consenso se é mais comum nas formas monostóticas ou poliostóticas. Estenose do meato acústico externo e disacusia condutiva são as manifestações mais comuns. Colesteatoma é também uma complicação comum e o acometimento da cápsula ótica incomum. O tratamento cirúrgico está indicado para controle de dor ou disacusia, otorreia, colesteatoma, deformidade. Objetivos: Descrever a experiência clínica de hospital terciário de referência com casos de displasia fibrosa do osso temporal. Método: Amostragem dos pacientes com diagnóstico de displasia fibrosa do osso temporal, confirmado pela tomografia, atendidos nos ambulatórios de otologia e otorrinolaringologia pediátrica, entre 2015 e 2018. As variáveis avaliadas foram idade, gênero, lateralidade, estenose do meato acústico externo, deformidade, perda auditiva, presença de colesteatoma secundário de meato acústico externo, extensão da lesão e conduta adotada. Resultados: Foram incluídos cinco pacientes, quatro do sexo feminino e um masculino, de 13-34 anos. Três apresentaram a forma poliostótica da displasia fibrosa do osso temporal e dois a forma monostótica. Quatro apresentaram deformidade local e estenose do meato acústico externo, dois desses evoluíram com colesteatoma. Todos manifestaram algum grau de comprometimento auditivo. Todos apresentaram cápsula ótica preservada na tomografia. Duas pacientes estão em observação clínica; duas foram submetidas a timpanomastoidectomia devido a colesteatoma secundário; um foi submetido a ressecção da lesão para controle de progressão da disacusia. Conclusão: Foram descritos cinco casos de displasia fibrosa do osso temporal, desordem rara para a qual o otologista deve estar atento.

Condromatosis Sinovial Primaria de la Articulación Temporomandibular con Extensión a Hueso Temporal. Reporte de un Caso y Revisión de la Literatura / Primary Synovial Chondromatosis of the Temporomandibular Joint with Temporal Bone Extension. Case Report and Literature Review

RESUMEN: La condromatosis sinovial (CS), es una lesión benigna poco frecuente y de clínica bastante inespecífica. Suele afectar articulaciones de huesos largos como la rodilla, el codo y la cadera, presentándose generalmente de manera unilateral. Se cree que solo un 3 % de los casos de CS afecta la articulación temporomandibular. Esta condición se caracteriza por ser un trastorno metaplásico del tejido conectivo sinovial que suele manifestarse con la formación de pequeños y múltiples nódulos de cartílago que posteriormente pueden desprenderse, calcificarse y formar cuerpos libres dentro del espacio articular. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 55 años con condromatosis sinovial de la articulación temporomandibular, tratada desde hace 3 años bajo el diagnóstico de desórdenes temporomandibulares. A pesar de ser considerada una lesión de tipo benigna, esta puede llegar a ser localmente agresiva, extendiéndose como en nuestro reporte hacia la fosa craneal media, adelgazando parte del hueso temporal.

ABSTRACT: Synovial chondromatosis (CS) is a benign lesion that is rare and clinically quite nonspecific. It usually affects the joints of long bones such as the knee, elbow and hip, usually occurring unilaterally. It is believed that in only 3 % of cases of CS the temporomandibular joint. This is a condition its characterized by being a metaplastic synovial connective tissue that manifests itself with the formation of small and multiple cartridges that detach, calcify and form free bodies within the joint space. We present the case of a 55-year-old woman with synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint, treated for 3 years under the diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders. Despite being considered a benign lesion, this can become locally aggressive, extending as in our report to the cranial fossa, thinning part of the temporal bone.

Tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico como método de avaliação da pneumatização da articulação temporomandibular / Cone-beam computed tomography as a method of evaluating pneumatization of the temporomandibular joint

Introdução: A pneumatização, considerada um processo fisiológico, são cavidades cheias de ar no interior dos ossos do crânio resultante de áreas de células epiteliais. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de pneumatização na fossa articular (PFA) e da eminência articular (PEA) do osso temporal por meio de exames de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC). Material e métodos: Trezentas e noventa imagens de articulações temporomandibulares foram avaliadas por dois examinadores, devidamente calibrados, com experiência em imagens de TCFC. Nos casos em que foi detectada pneumatização, esta foi classificada de acordo com o tipo (unilocular e multilocular) e lateralidade (unilateral ou bilateral). Resultados: A PFA ou a PEA foi diagnosticada em 97 (49,74%) pacientes. Destes pacientes, 61 (31,3%) apresentaram PFA e 36 (18,5%) PEA. Em relação à lateralidade, na PFA, 36 (59%) apresentaram a condição unilateralmente e 25 (41%) bilateralmente. Dentre os pacientes com PEA, 24 (66,7%) apresentaram a condição unilateralmente e 12 (33,3%) bilateralmente. A pneumatização foi correlacionada entre os lados pelo coeficiente de correlação de Spearman e foi significativa para os casos multiloculares (fossa articular: rs=0,52 / p<0,0001 e eminência articular: rs=0,42 p<0,0001). Conclusão: A pneumatização da região temporomandibular é uma característica relativamente comum e, apesar de não necessitar de tratamento, a observação é fundamental para evitar complicações do tratamento ou diagnóstico errôneo na região.

Introduction: Pneumatization, considered a physiological process, are air-filled cavities within the skull bones resulting from areas of epithelial cells. Objective: To determine the prevalence and characteristics of pneumatization of the glenoid fossa and articular eminence on cone beam computed tomography. Material and methods: Images of 195 patients (195 temporomandibular joints) were evaluated and the age and gender of the individuals were collected. In cases where pneumatization was detected, this was classified according to type (unilocular and multilocular) and laterality (unilateral or bilateral). Results: The pneumatization of the glenoid fossa and articular eminence were diagnosed in 63 (32.3 %) patients. Of these patients, 61 (31.3%) had pneumatization of glenoid fossa and 36 (18.5%) had pneumatization of articular eminence. Regarding laterality, in PGF 36 (59%) presented the condition unilaterally and 25 (41%) bilaterally. The patients with PAE, 24 (66.7%) presented the condition unilaterally and 12 (33.3%) bilaterally. Pneumatization was correlated between the sides using the Spearman correlation coefficient and was significant for multilocular cases (glenoid fossa: rs= 0,52/p<0,0001 and articular eminence: rs=0,50 p<0,0001). Conclusion: The pneumatization of temporomandibular region is a relatively common feature, and even though it does not require treatment, observation is crucial to avoid complications of treatment or wrong diagnosis in the region.

Anatomical Variations in Patients with Ménière Disease: A Tomography Study

Abstract Introduction The etiology of Ménière disease (MD), a difficult-to-treat condition with great morbidity, remains controversial in the literature. The possible clinical and diagnostic impact of anatomical variations of the temporal bone among patients with MD has been recently studied. Objective To identify anatomical variations of the temporal bone associated with the diagnosis of MD. Methods Thirty-seven patients were included, although each ear was considered separately (n = 74). A case group (nA = 33) was composed of the affected ears of patients with definiteMDand a control group (nB = 41) was used consisting of the ears of individuals who did not meet the criteria for MD and of the contralateral ears from patients with unilateral disease. Tomographic images from the individuals included in the study were submitted to a blinded and systematic evaluation regarding a broad variety of anatomical variations of the temporal bone. Obtained data were compared statistically between the groups and after stratifying the study sample. Significance level was set at 0.05. Results Among the affected ears, it was observed an increased number of tomographic scans in which the vestibular aqueduct could not be identified (p = 0.01, Fisher exact test). No statistically significant differences were observed when comparing the affected and contralateral ears frompatients with unilateral MD, between affected ears from patients with unilateral and bilateral disease or between contralateral ears of patients with unilateral affection and patients without the disease. Conclusion Some anatomical variations might be more frequent in the affected ears of patients with MD, such as the lower rates of individualization of the vestibular aqueduct.

Sinus tympani y recidiva en cirugía de colesteatoma / Sinus tympani and recidiva in cholesteatoma surgery

RESUMEN Introducción: El sinus tympani (ST) es una de las áreas que más presenta colesteatoma residual. Recientemente se ha clasificado en 3 tipos de acuerdo a su morfología. Objetivos: Determinar el tipo de ST en los pacientes sometidos a cirugía de colesteatoma y analizar su impacto como factor de recidiva. Material y método: Revisión de fichas clínicas de pacientes sometidos a cirugía de colesteatoma entre los años 2004 y 2015 en el Hospital Regional de Concepción. Análisis de la tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) preoperatoria y posterior evaluación clínica de los pacientes operados mediante mastoidectomía canal wall down (CWD). Resultados: En el periodo descrito se operaron 271 oídos. El 60% de los casos analizados presentó ST tipo A y 40% ST tipo B. Se identificaron 12 casos de recidiva, 3 ST tipo B y 9 ST tipo A, sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos. Discusión: Distinto a lo reportado en la literatura el tipo de ST más frecuente en nuestro estudio fue el tipo A, lo que podría corresponder a una variable étnica. Conclusión: El estudio preoperatorio con TAC es una herramienta útil para evaluar el tipo y compromiso del ST. Las diferencias anatómicas entre ST tipo A y B parece no ser un factor determinante de recidiva en mastoidectomías CWD.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Sinus tympani (ST) is one of the areas with the most residual cholesteatoma. Recently it has been classified in 3 types according to its morphology. Aim: To determine the type of ST in patients undergoing cholesteatoma surgery and to analyze its impact as a relapse factor. Material and method: Review of clinical files of patients submitted to cholesteatoma surgery between 2004 and 2015 at the Regional Hospital of Concepción. Preoperative computed axial tomography (CT) analysis and subsequent clinical evaluation of patients operated by canal wall down mastoidectomy (CWD). Results: In the described period 271 ears were operated. 60% of the cases analyzed had ST type A and 40% ST type B. Twelve cases of relapse were identified, 3 ST type B and 9 ST type A, with no statistically significant difference between the two. Discussion: Unlike to what is reported in the literature, the most common ST type in our study was type A, which could correspond to an ethnic variable. Conclusion: The preoperative study with CT is a useful tool to evaluate the type and commitment of ST. The anatomical differences between ST type A and B seems not to be a determinant factor of relapse in CWD mastoidectomies.

The role of facial canal diameter in the pathogenesis and grade of Bell's palsy: a study by high resolution computed tomography / O papel do diâmetro do canal facial na patogenia e grau de paralisia de Bell: estudopor tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução

Abstract Introduction: The exact etiology of Bell's palsy still remains obscure. The only authenticated finding is inflammation and edema of the facial nerve leading to entrapment inside the facial canal. Objective: To identify if there is any relationship between the grade of Bell's palsy and diameter of the facial canal, and also to study any possible anatomic predisposition of facial canal for Bell's palsy including parts which have not been studied before. Methods: Medical records and temporal computed tomography scans of 34 patients with Bell's palsy were utilized in this retrospective clinical study. Diameters of both facial canals (affected and unaffected) of each patient were measured at labyrinthine segment, geniculate ganglion, tympanic segment, second genu, mastoid segment and stylomastoid foramen. The House-Brackmann (HB) scale of each patient at presentation and 3 months after the treatment was evaluated from their medical records. The paired samples t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used for comparison of width between the affected side and unaffected side. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was also used for evaluation of relationship between the diameter of facial canal and the grade of the Bell's palsy. Significant differences were established at a level of p = 0.05 (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0.; Armonk, NY, IBM Corp). Results: Thirty-four patients - 16 females, 18 males; mean age ± Standard Deviation, 40.3 ± 21.3 - with Bell's palsy were included in the study. According to the HB facial nerve grading system; 8 patients were grade V, 6 were grade IV, 11 were grade III, 8 were grade II and 1 patient was grade I. The mean width at the labyrinthine segment of the facial canal in the affected temporal bone was significantly smaller than the equivalent in the unaffected temporal bone (p = 0.00). There was no significant difference between the affected and unaffected temporal bones at the geniculate ganglion (p = 0.87), tympanic segment (p = 0.66), second genu (p = 0.62), mastoid segment (p = 0.67) and stylomastoid foramen (p = 0.16). We did not find any relationship between the HB grade and the facial canal diameter at the level of labyrinthine segment (p = 0.41), tympanic segment (p = 0.12), mastoid segment (p = 0.14), geniculate ganglion (p = 0.13) and stylomastoid foramen (p = 0.44), while we found significant relationship at the level of second genu (p = 0.02). Conclusion: We found the diameter of labyrinthine segment of facial canal as an anatomic risk factor for Bell's palsy. We also found significant relationship between the HB grade and FC diameter at the level of second genu. Future studies (MRI-CT combined or 3D modeling) are needed to promote this possible relevance especially at second genu. Thus, in the future it may be possible to selectively decompress particular segments in high grade BP patients.

Resumo Introdução: A etiologia exata da paralisia de Bell ainda permanece obscura. Os únicos achados confirmados são a inflamação e o edema do nervo facial (NF) que levam ao aprisionamento no canal facial. Objetivo: Identificar se há alguma relação entre o grau de paralisia de Bell e o diâmetro do canal facial e também estudar qualquer possível predisposição anatômica do canal facial para a paralisia de Bell incluindo as partes que ainda não foram estudadas. Método: Os prontuários médicos e exames de tomografia computadorizada de 34 pacientes com paralisia de Bell foram avaliados neste estudo clínico retrospectivo. Os diâmetros de ambos os canais faciais (acometidos e não acometidos) de cada paciente foram medidos no segmento labiríntico, gânglio geniculado, segmento timpânico, segundo joelho, segmento mastoideo e forame estilomastoideo. As escalas de House-Brackmann (HB) de cada paciente na apresentação inicial e três meses após o tratamento foram avaliadas a partir de seus prontuários. O teste t de amostras pareadas e o teste dos postos sinalizados de Wilcoxon foram usados para comparação de largura entre o lado acometido e o lado não acometido. O teste de postos sinalizados de Wilcoxon também foi usado para avaliação da relação entre o diâmetro do canal facial e o grau de paralisia de Bell. Diferenças significativas foram estabelecidas em um nível de p = 0,05 (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, versão 21.0; Armonk, NY, IBM Corp). Resultados: Foram incluídos 34 pacientes - 16 mulheres, 18 homens; idade média ± desvio padrão (DP), 40,3 ± 21,3 com paralisia de Bell. De acordo com o sistema de classificação do nervo facial de HB, oito pacientes eram de grau V, seis de grau IV, 11 de grau III, oito de grau II e um de grau I. A largura média no segmento labiríntico do canal facial no osso temporal acometido foi significativamente menor do que o equivalente no osso temporal não acometido (p = 0,00). Não houve diferença significativa entre os ossos temporais acometidos e não acometidos no gânglio geniculado (p = 0,87), segmento timpânico (p = 0,66), segundo joelho (p = 0,62), segmento mastoide (p = 0,67) e forame estilomastoideo (p = 0,16). Não houve relação entre o grau de HB e o diâmetro do canal facial no nível do segmento labiríntico (p = 0,41), segmento timpânico (p = 0,12), segmento mastoideo (p = 0,14), gânglio geniculado (p = 0,13) e forame estilomastoideo (p = 0,44), mas houve uma relação significativa no nível do segundo joelho (p = 0,02). Conclusão: O diâmetro do segmento labiríntico do canal facial foi um fator de risco anatômico para a paralisia de Bell. Também houve relação significativa entre o grau de HB e o diâmetro do CF no nível do segundo joelho. Estudos futuros (RM-TC combinadas ou modelagem 3D) são necessários para promover essa possível relevância especialmente no segundo joelho. Assim, no futuro, pode ser possível descomprimir segmentos específicos em pacientes com alto grau de PB.

Sexual dimorphism using the interstyloid distances and clinical implication for elongated styloid process in Northeastern Thailand / Dimorfismo sexual usando la distancia inter-estiloide y la implicación clínica del proceso estiloides elongado en el Noreste de Tailandia

Skeletal remains are crucial in forensic identification of the sex, especially human skulls including the styloid process, a bony projection from the skull. Hence, the objectives of the present study were undertaken to assess the value of the styloid process for the sex identification of unknown skulls and also to investigate the prevalence of elongated styloid process in 102 human dry skulls from the northeast Thai population. As a result, the interstyloid distances at both base and tip of the styloid processes were found to be significantly different between male and female specimens, although no significant difference was found in the length of the styloid process between males and females. In addition, the occurrence of the elongated styloid process was not associated with the gender, although its prevalent laterality on the left was recognized. It is suggested that the styloid process can be applied to the sex identification by measuring the interstyloid distance at the base or the tip of these processes.

Los restos óseos son cruciales para la identificación forense del sexo, especialmente en los cráneos humanos, incluyendo el proceso estiloides, una proyección ósea del cráneo. Por lo tanto, los objetivos del presente estudio consistieron en evaluar el valor del proceso estiloides en la identificación del sexo de cráneos desconocidos y también para investigar la prevalencia del proceso estiloides elongado en 102 cráneos secos humanos de la población del Noreste de Tailandia. Como resultado, se encontró que las distancias inter-estiloides tanto en la base y la punta de los procesos estiloides eran significativamente diferentes entre las muestras de hombres y mujeres, aunque no se encontró diferencia significativa en la presencia del proceso estiloides entre ambos. Además, la aparición del proceso estiloides elongado no se asoció con el sexo, aún cuando se observó su prevalencia en el lado izquierdo. Sugerimos que el proceso estiloides se puede utilizar en la identificación del sexo mediante la medición de la distancia inter-estiloide en la base o en la punta de estos procesos.

Variantes anatomiques de l'os temporal a preciser au chirurgien

L'os temporal présente plusieurs variantes dont certaines peuvent avoir un impact chirurgical. La chirurgie de l'oreille est non dénuée de risques. Les variantes anatomiques de l'os temporal sont importantes à connaitre et à préciser dans le compte rendu radiologique avant toute intervention sur l'oreille. La TDM est l'examen clé pour le bilan morphologique de toute oreille

Osificación del ligamento estilohioideo en 3028 radiografías panorámicas digitales / Ossification of the stylohyoid ligament in 3028 digital panoramic radiographs

La mayoría de los diagnósticos de procesos estiloides elongados y osificaciones de ligamentos estilohioideos corresponden a hallazgos en el análisis de radiografías panorámicas. En la presente investigación se evaluaron 3028 Radiografías Panorámicas digitales, tomadas entre Junio de 2009 y Junio de 2011. Se registraron las osificaciones de ligamento estilohiodeo de acuerdo a sexo, edad y bilateralidad. El análisis de datos se desarrolló con el Test estadistico Chi cuadrado, con un nivel de significancia estadística a< 0,05. En las imágenes evaluadas se encontró una prevalencia de osificaciones de un 8,42%, siendo más frecuentes en individuos de sexo femenino, osificaciones bilaterales y con patrón discontinuo. En cuanto a la edad se evaluó de acuerdo a grupos de edad menor o igual a 40 años y mayores de 40 años, encontrándose relación con la variable patrón de osificación. También se encontró relación entre las variables lateralidad y patrón de osificación. El presente estudio entrega información relevante para la odontología y la otorrinolaringología.

Most diagnoses of elongated styloid processes and ossification of stylohyoideus ligaments correspond to findings in the analysis of panoramic radiographs. In the present study we evaluated 3028 digital panoramic radiographs, taken between June 2009 and June 2011. Stylohyoideus ligament ossifications were recorded according to sex, age and bilaterality. Data analysis was carried out with the chi square test, with a statistical significance level a <0.05. In the images assessed we found a prevalence of 8.42% of ossifications, which was more frequent in female subjects, and bilateral ossification discontinuous pattern. In terms of age we evaluated according to age group less than or equal to 40 and older than 40 years, as related to the variable pattern of ossification. We also found relation between laterality variables and patterns of ossification. This study provides information relevant to dentistry and otolaryngology.

Anterior and medial angulations of the styloid process in subjects with TMD: clinical and radiographic findings

This study investigated the existence of association between the angulation of the styloid process on the anterior and medial directions with the intensity of temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) symptoms. Fifty patients (8 men and 42 women) aged 25 to 70 years, with relevant TMD symptoms were evaluated. Clinical examinations were performed to determine the severity of TMD symptoms (orofacial pain, headache, tinnitus and dizziness) based on the RDC/TMD criteria and the visual analogue scale (VAS), and digital radiographic images of the styloid process were obtained: lateral cephalometric skull radiograph (analysis of anterior angulation) and posteroanterior skull radiograph (reverse Towne's projection) (analysis of medial angulation). The anterior angulation average of the styloid process was 20.89° while the medial angulation average was 19.1° in the right side and 19.04° in the left side. There was no statistically significant difference among the patient groups (severe, moderate and mild symptoms) associating the TMD symptoms and the anterior or medial angulation of the styloid process (p>0.05). There was no correlation between the intensity of the TMD symptoms and the measurements of anterior and medial angulation of the styloid process using either lateral cephalometric or posteroanterior radiographs (reverse Towne's projection).

Este estudo investigou a existência de associação entre a angulação do processo estiloide nas direções anterior e medial e a intensidade dos sintomas de disfunção temporomandibular. Cinquenta pacientes (8 homens e 42 mulheres) com idade entre 25 a 70 anos, com sintomas relevantes de DTM foram avaliados. Os exames clínicos foram realizados para determinar a severidade dos sintomas da DTM (dor orofacial, cefaleia, zumbido e tontura) com base nos critérios do RDC / DTM e na escala visual analógica (EVA), e imagens de radiografias digitais do processo estiloide foram obtidas: cefalométrica lateral com incidência reversa (análise de angulação anterior), e póstero-anterior do crânio (projeção reversa de Towne) (análise de angulação medial). A média de angulação anterior do processo estilóide foi 20,89°, enquanto a média da angulação medial foi 19,1° no lado direito e 19,04° no lado esquerdo. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos de pacientes (sintomas severos, moderados ou leves) em associação com os sintomas de DTM e as angulações anterior ou medial do processo estiloide (p>0,05). Não houve correlação entre a intensidade dos sintomas de DTM e as medidas das angulações anterior e medial do processo estiloide utilizando a radiografia cefalométrica lateral ou a póstero-anterior (projeção reversa de Towne).

Patología del hueso temporal en pediatría: hallazgos tomográficos característicos / Pediatric pathology of temporal bone: characteristic tomographic findings

El hueso temporal es asiento de patologías otológicas frecuentes en Pediatría. Objetivo. Realizar una evaluación estadística y la descripción de los hallazgos tomográficos característicos de la patología del hueso temporal en una población pediátrica. Materiales y Métodos. Trabajo retrospectivo, longitudinal y descriptivo de una revisión de 64 historias clínicas, realizadas entre enero de 2008 y abril de 2011 en el Hospital de Pediatría “Pedro Elizalde”. La clasificación de las patologías se dividió en: inflamatoria (infecciosa y no infecciosa), congénita, histiocitosis, infiltración tumoral y traumática.Resultados. Sexo masculino: 64%; rango etario: de 1 mes a 14 años (media: 6,1 años). Se encontró patología inflamatoria infecciosa en el 53% de los pacientes, patología inflamatoria no infecciosa en el 36%, congénita en el 4,6 %, histiocitosis en el 1,5%, infiltración tumoral en el 3% y traumática en el 1,5%. Predominó la patología infecciosa en los menores de 5 años (otomastoiditis: 43,6%). El colesteatoma constituyó la patología inflamatoria no infecciosa más común en el rango etario de 6 a 14 años (36%). No se presentaron lesiones neoplásicas propias, sino por infiltración tumoral (fibroangioma nasofaríngeo y metástasis de neuroblastoma). Conclusión. La otomastoiditis aguda y el colesteatoma constituyen la patología otológica más frecuente en Pediatría y requieren la realización de una Tomografía Computada (TC). En los casos revisados, el diagnóstico tomográfico coincidió con el clínico-quirúrgico y/o anatomopatológico...

Anatomical, clinical and radiographic characteristics of styloid syndrome (Eagle syndrome): a case report / Características anatómicas, clínicas y radiográficas del síndrome Estiloide (síndrome de Eagle): un caso clínico

Styloid syndrome is characterized by an elongated styloid process or calcification of the stylomandibular and stylohyoid ligament. This study describes a case of a 65-year-old woman who presented to the Stomatology Clinic, University of Marilia with temporomandibular joint pain, ear ringing and a reduced ability to open the mouth. Panoramic and posteroanterior digital radiographs showed bilateral elongation of the styloid processes, especially of the right side, whose length extended beyond the mandible angle. The diagnosis was confirmed with the association of clinical data and image examinations. The treatment options for styloid Syndrome include clinical follow-up, surgical removal of the styloid process or fracture of the elongated process. The case was managed by providing prosthetic rehabilitation and clinical follow-up, observing the level of discomfort and the benefit that could be achieved by the therapy, and avoiding surgical intervention.

El síndrome estilode (Síndrome de Eagle) se caracteriza por un proceso estiloides alargado o calcificación de los ligamentos estilohioideo y estilomandibular. Este estudio describe el caso de una mujer de 65 años de edad que concurrió a la Clínica Estomatológica de la Universidad de Marilia con dolor de la articulación temporomandibular, zumbido en los oídos y una disminución de la capacidad de abrir la boca. Las radiografías digitales panorámica y posteroanterior mostraron alargamiento bilateral de los procesos estiloides, especialmente del lado derecho, cuya longitud se extendió más allá del ángulo de la mandíbula. El diagnóstico se confirmó con la asociación de los datos clínicos y los exámenes de imagen. Las opciones de tratamiento para el síndrome estiloide incluyen el seguimiento clínico, la extirpación quirúrgica del proceso estiloides o la fractura del proceso alargado. El caso fue tratado con rehabilitación protésica y seguimiento clínico, observando el nivel de molestia y el beneficio que se podría lograr mediante la terapia, evitando la intervención quirúrgica.

Mastoidectomia: parâmetros anatômicos x dificuldade cirúrgica / Mastoidectomy: anatomical parameters x surgical difficulty

INTRODUÇÃO: A meninge temporal rebaixada e o/ou seio sigmoide anteriorizado são condições que podem determinar dificuldades cirúrgicas na realização da mastoidectomia. OBJETIVO: Correlacionar a medida do prolapso do seio sigmoide e da meninge temporal na tomografia com a dificuldade cirúrgica na mastoidectomia. MÉTODO: As medidas tomográficas de prolapso sigmóideo e da meninge temporal foram correlacionadas com presença ou não de dificuldade cirúrgica observados durante o procedimento mastoidectomia de pacientes com otomastoidite crônica (n=30). FORMA DE ESTUDO: Coorte contemporânea com corte transversa. RESULTADOS: Em 10 pacientes, observou-se dificuldade cirúrgica assim distribuída: devido ao prolapso do seio sigmoide (n = 2) ou prolapso da meninge temporal (n = 7) ou ambos (n = 1). Nos pacientes cuja dificuldade cirúrgica foi devido ao prolapso do seio sigmoide, a distância na tomografia da borda anterior do seio sigmoide à parede posterior do canal auditivo externo foi menor que 9 mm. Nos pacientes cuja dificuldade cirúrgica foi devido ao prolapso da meninge temporal, a distância tomográfica desta ao plano superior do osso petroso foi 7 mm. CONCLUSÃO: A distância na tomografia computadorizada entre a meninge temporal e o plano superior do osso petroso 7 mm e uma distância do bordo anterior do seio sigmoide à parede posterior do canal auditivo externo inferior a 9 mm são preditivos de dificuldades cirúrgicas durante a mastoidectomia.

INTRODUCTION: The lowered temporal meninges and/ or anterior sigmoid sinus are contiditions that can determine surgical difficulties in performing mastoidectomy. OBJECTIVE: To correlate in the tomography the extent of the prolapse of the sigmoid sinus and of temporal meninges with the surgical difficulty in the mastoidectomy. METHOD: The tomographic measurements of prolapse sigmoid and of temporal meninges were correlated with the presence or non-presence of the surgical difficulty observed during the mastoidectomy procedure in patients with ostomatoiditis chronic (n=30). FORM OF STUDY: Contemporary cohort transverse. RESULTS: In 10 patients were observed surgical difficulty distributed as: due to prolapse of the sigmoid sinus (n = 2) or temporal meninges prolapse (n = 7) or both (n = 1). In patients in which the surgical difficulty was due to sigmoid sinus prolapse, the tomography distance of the anterior border of the sigmoid sinus to posterior wall of external auditory canal was lower than 9 mm. In patients in which surgical difficulty was due to temporal meninges prolapse, the tomographic distance to the upper plane of the petrous bone was 7 mm. CONCLUSION: The computerized tomography distance between the temporal meninges and the upper plane of the petrous bone 7 mm and the distance of the anterior border of the sigmoid sinus to posterior wall of external auditory canal was lower than 9 mm are predictive to the surgical difficulties to perform mastoidectomy.

Bilateral asymptomatic fibrous-ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint associated with rheumatoid arthritis: a case report

The American Academy of Orofacial Pain (AAOP) defines ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) as a restriction of movements due to intracapsular fibrous adhesions, fibrous changes in capsular ligaments (fibrous-ankylosis) and osseous mass formation resulting in the fusion of the articular components (osseous-ankylosis). The clinical features of the fibrous-ankylosis are severely limited mouth-opening capacity (limited range of motion during the opening), usually no pain and no joint sounds, marked deflection to the affected side and marked limitation of movement to the contralateral side. A variety of factors may cause TMJ ankylosis, such as trauma, local and systemic inflammatory conditions, neoplasms and TMJ infection. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the systemic inflammatory conditions that affect the TMJ and can cause ankylosis. The aim of this study is to present a case of a female patient diagnosed with bilateral asymptomatic fibrous-ankylosis of the TMJ associated with asymptomatic rheumatoid arthritis. This case illustrates the importance of a comprehensive clinical examination and correct diagnosis of an unusual condition causing severe mouth opening limitation.

A Academia Americana de Dor Orofacial (AAOP) define anquilose da Articulação Temporomandibular (ATM) como restrição dos movimentos devido à adesão fibrosa intracapsular, alterações fibrosas nos ligamentos capsulares (fibroanquilose) e formação de massa óssea resultando na fusão dos componentes articulares (anquilose óssea). As características clínicas da Fibroanquilose são: capacidade severamente limitada de abertura bucal geralmente sem dor e sem ruídos articulares, com marcada deflexão para o lado afetado e marcada limitação de movimentos para o lado contralateral. Uma variedade de fatores pode causar anquilose da ATM, como trauma, condições inflamatórias locais e/ou sistêmicas, neoplasias e infecção na ATM. A artrite reumatóide (AR) é uma dessas condições sistêmicas inflamatórias que pode afetar a ATM e causar anquilose. O objetivo desse estudo é apresentar um caso de uma paciente, diagnosticada com Fibroanquilose da ATM bilateral e assintomática associada à AR. Esse caso ilustra a importância de um exame clínico bem realizado com exames complementares pode levar a um diagnóstico correto de Fibroanquilose da ATM e da importância do diagnóstico diferencial em casos de abertura bucal restrita.

Elongated styloid process: Is it a pathologic condition.

Objectives: The aims of this study were to evaluate the length, morphology, and calcification patterns of the elongated stylohyoid process (ESP) on panoramic radiographs and to investigate the symptoms related to it. We then addressed the question: Is ESP a pathologic condition or a physiologic phenomenon? Materials and Methods: In this study, 207 stylohyoid complexes were evaluated based on length, radiographic appearance, and calcification pattern on panoramic radiographs. Similar to previous studies, we considered 30 mm as a threshold for elongation of the process. Complexes were classified into two groups based on length: ESP (greater than or equal to 30 mm) and normal (less than 30 mm). Clinical symptoms were evaluated by using a questionnaire and clinical examination. Data were analyzed by the Kolmogorov-Smilonov test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Spearman correlation. Results: The average length of the stylohyoid complex was 31.7 mm. The median was 30.0 mm and corresponded to the threshold for the ESP. The Spearman correlation between the length of the complex and age was 0.323 (P=0.0001). "Continuous" and "calcified outline" were the most frequent morphology and calcification pattern, respectively, for both groups. Clinical symptoms related to ESP were not detected. Conclusion: Classification of the stylohyoid complexes based on apparent length on panoramic radiographs in elongated and normal types appears to be incorrect. Considering that the radiographic appearance of the ESP and normal groups was similar and pathologic symptoms were not detected and that there was a relationship between age and length of the complex, elongation of this complex can be considered as a physiologic phenomenon.

Dehiscencia del canal semicircular superior: estudio de la incidencia anatómica / Dehiscence in the superior semicircular canal: anatomic incidence study

Introducción: La presencia de dehiscencia de canal semicircular superior presenta una notable diferencia entre la incidencia radiológica (del 1 por ciento al 19 por ciento) y la anatómica (entre 0,4 por ciento y 0,6 por ciento). Objetivo: El objetivo del trabajo es determinar la incidencia anatómica de la dehiscencia del canal semicircular superior y compararla con la incidencia radiológica. Material y método: Se estudia la incidencia de dehiscencia de canal semicircular superior en 80 cráneos (160 temporales). Resultados: Hemos observado la presencia de una dehiscencia del canal semicircular superior en un cráneo de los 80 estudiados, lo que representó una incidencia del 0,6 por ciento. Se discute las posibles causas porque la prevalencia de los estudios radiológicos es marcadamente superior a la de los estudios anatómicos. Conclusión: Es evidente que se realiza un "sobrediagnóstico" de dehiscencias del canal semicircular superior ya que los hallazgos anatómicos están muy lejos de los resultados obtenidos con técnicas de imagen.

Introduction: The presence of dehiscence in the superior semicircular canal shows a remarkable difference between radiological (from 1 percent to 19 percent) and anatomical incidence (between 0,4 percent and 0,6 percent) Aim: To determine the incidence anatomical superior semicircular canal dehiscence. Material and method: The incidence of dehiscence in superior semicircular canal in 80 skulls (160 temporal bones) is studied. Results: We have observed the presence of one dehiscence in the superior semicircular canal in one skull from the 80 studied, representing an incidence of 0.6 percent. The possible causes are discussed because of the prevalence of the radiological studies is highly superior to anatomical studies. Conclusion: It is obvious the over-diagnosis performed about the dehiscences in the superior semicircular canal since anatomical finds are quite different from the results obtained by means of image technics.

Sensitivity and specificity of auditory steady-state response testing

INTRODUCTION: The ASSR test is an electrophysiological test that evaluates, among other aspects, neural synchrony, based on the frequency or amplitude modulation of tones. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of auditory steady-state response testing in detecting lesions and dysfunctions of the central auditory nervous system. METHODS: Seventy volunteers were divided into three groups: those with normal hearing; those with mesial temporal sclerosis; and those with central auditory processing disorder. All subjects underwent auditory steady-state response testing of both ears at 500 Hz and 2000 Hz (frequency modulation, 46 Hz). The difference between auditory steady-state response-estimated thresholds and behavioral thresholds (audiometric evaluation) was calculated. RESULTS: Estimated thresholds were significantly higher in the mesial temporal sclerosis group than in the normal and central auditory processing disorder groups. In addition, the difference between auditory steady-state response-estimated and behavioral thresholds was greatest in the mesial temporal sclerosis group when compared to the normal group than in the central auditory processing disorder group compared to the normal group. DISCUSSION: Research focusing on central auditory nervous system (CANS) lesions has shown that individuals with CANS lesions present a greater difference between ASSR-estimated thresholds and actual behavioral thresholds; ASSR-estimated thresholds being significantly worse than behavioral thresholds in subjects with CANS insults. This is most likely because the disorder prevents the transmission of the sound stimulus from being in phase with the received stimulus, resulting in asynchronous transmitter release. Another possible cause of the greater difference between the ASSR-estimated thresholds and the behavioral thresholds is impaired temporal resolution. CONCLUSIONS: The overall sensitivity of auditory steady-state response testing was lower than its overall specificity. Although the overall specificity was high, it was lower in the central auditory processing disorder group than in the mesial temporal sclerosis group. Overall sensitivity was also lower in the central auditory processing disorder group than in the mesial temporal sclerosis group.