Preoperative assessment of inferior vena cava collapsibility index by ultrasound is not a reliable predictor of post-spinal anesthesia hypotension

Abstract Background Post-spinal anesthesia hypotension is of common occurrence, and it hampers tissue perfusion. Several preoperative factors determine patient susceptibility to hypotension. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the Inferior Vena Cava Collapsibility Index (IVCCI) for predicting intraoperative hypotension. Methods One hundred twenty-nine adult patients who were scheduled for elective surgical procedures after administration of spinal (intrathecal) anesthesia were included in the study. Ultrasound evaluation of the Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) was done in the preoperative area, and the patients were shifted to the Operating Room (OR) for spinal anesthesia. An independent observer recorded the change in blood pressure after spinal anesthesia inside the OR. Results Twenty-five patients developed hypotension (19.37%). Baseline systolic blood pressure and mean blood pressures were statistically higher in those patients who developed hypotension (p= 0.001). The logistic regression analysis for IVCCI and the incidence of hypotension showed r2 of 0.025. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated the Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.467 (95% Confidence Interval, 0.338 to 0.597; p= 0.615). Conclusions Preoperative evaluation of IVCCI is not a good predictor for the occurrence of hypotension after spinal anesthesia.

Comparison of vena cava distensibility index and pulse pressure variation for the evaluation of intravascular volume in critically ill children

Abstract Objective: In this study, the authors aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the vena cava distensibility index and pulse pressure variation as dynamic parameters for estimating intravascular volume in critically ill children. Methods: Patients aged 1 month to 18 years, who were hospitalized in the present study's pediatric intensive care unit, were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups according to central venous pressure: hypovolemic (< 8mmHg) and non-hypovolemic (central venous pressure ≥ 8 mmHg) groups. In both groups, vena cava distensibility index was measured using bedside ultrasound and pulse pressure variation. Measurements were recorded and evaluated under arterial monitoring. Results: In total, 19 (47.5%) of the 40 subjects included in the study were assigned to the central venous pressure ≥ 8 mmHg group, and 21 (52.5%) to the central venous pressure < 8 mmHg group. A moderate positive correlation was found between pulse pressure variation and vena cava distensibility index (r = 0.475, p < 0.01), while there were strong negative correlations of central venous pressure with pulse pressure variation and vena cava distensibility index (r = -0.628, p < 0.001 and r = -0.760, p < 0.001, respectively). In terms of predicting hypovolemia, the predictive power for vena cava distensibility index was > 16% (sensitivity, 90.5%; specificity, 94.7%) and that for pulse pressure variation was > 14% (sensitivity, 71.4%; specificity, 89.5%). Conclusion: Vena cava distensibility index has higher sensitivity and specificity than pulse pressure variation for estimating intravascular volume, along with the advantage of non-invasive bedside application.

Tumor renal con extensión al atrio derecho a través de la vena cava inferior: reporte de caso / Renal tumor with extension to the right atrium through the inferior vena cava: case report

Resumen El presente articulo describe un caso clínico de una paciente con un ''trombo tumoral''. Estos son tumores que se extienden desde el órgano afectado hasta el atrio derecho, por la vena cava inferior. Hasta el 10 % de los tumores descritos pueden alcanzar la vena cava inferior y el 1 % de estos llegan a atrio derecho. El carcinoma de células renales es el más frecuente en producir este cuadro. El objetivo del articulo es mostrar que es fundamental realizar un adecuado diagnóstico diferencial, ya que existen diferentes procesos tumorales que pueden causar un ''trombo tumoral'' y diferentes causas de masas en el atrio derecho. La clínica de los pacientes con este cuadro será por obstrucción de la vena cava. El diagnóstico se realiza con estudios de imágenes, ultrasonido (US), ecocardiograma, tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) y resonancia magnética. El manejo debe de ser quirúrgico, sin embargo, presenta pronóstico desfavorable, en algunos casos se puede resecar el tumor primario y extraer la masa que ha invadido la vena cava inferior.

Abstract: This article describes a clinical case of a patient with a 'tumoral thrombus''. These are tumors that extend from the affected organ to the right atrium, through the inferior vena cava. Up to 10% of the tumors described can reach the inferior vena cava and 1% of these reach the right atrium. Renal cell carcinoma is the most common to produce this condition. The objective of the article is to show that it is essential to carry out an adequate differential diagnosis since there are different tumor processes that can cause a ''tumoral thrombus'' and different causes of masses in the right atrium. The symptoms of patients with this condition will be caused by the obstruction of the vena cava. The diagnosis is made with imaging studies, ultrasound (US), echocardiography, computerized axial tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging. The management must be surgical, however it has an unfavorable prognosis, in some cases the primary tumor can be resected and the mass that has invaded the inferior vena cava removed.

A Rare Associated Anomaly in Tetralogy of Fallot: Scimitar Syndrome in an Infant

Abstract Pulmonary venous connections may be infrequently abnormal in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). A special subgroup of partial anomalous pulmonary venous return,"scimitar cyndrome", and its coexistence with TOF is less frequently reported. It may proceed unnoticed, as cyanosis already predominates in the clinical picture. This uncommon association must be kept in mind for patients with TOF who have an accessory flow in the inferior vena cava, especially when all pulmonary venous return to the left atrium is not clearly seen.

Filtro de vena cava inferior, resultados a mediano y largo plazo / Inferior vena cava filter medium to long-term results

Resumen Introducción: El tromboembolismo pulmonar sin tratamiento, presenta un riesgo de recurrencia del 20%, con una mortalidad del 18% al 26%, en pacientes con embolia pulmonar donde esta contraindica o fracasa la anticoagulación, es necesario interrumpir parcialmente la vena cava inferior, siendo los filtros de vena cava la alternativa más utilizada. Objetivo: Analizar las variables epidemiológicas involucradas en la enfermedad tromboembólica y los resultados de la inserción del filtro de vena cava inferior. Materiales y Método: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional y descriptivo, donde se analiza la inserción sucesiva de 82 filtros de vena cava inferior, en un período de 10 años (2009 al 2019), en el Hospital Dr. Eduardo Pereira de Valparaíso, Chile. Resultados: Sexo femenino 53,6%, edad promedio 60,4 años (rango 19-86), la principal causa para desarrollar enfermedad tromboembólica fueron las enfermedades oncológicas (56,09%), la principal vía de acceso fue la vena femoral común (69,51%), localización del filtro suprarrenal (4,87%), se obtuvo un seguimiento actualizado en el 89,02%, la supervivencia a 5 años fue de 73,17% y a 10 años de 57,32%, morbilidad en relación al procedimiento (9,75%), éxito del procedimiento (97,5%), no hubo mortalidad relacionada. Discusión: Los grandes ensayos, demuestran el beneficio de la interrupción de la vena cava inferior mediante filtros, especialmente en pacientes oncológicos, con elevado riesgo de embolia pulmonar. Conclusión: La inserción de un filtro de vena cava inferior, adecuadamente indicado, es un procedimiento mínimamente invasivo, de bajo riesgo y con excelentes resultados en la profilaxis de la embolia pulmonar.

Introduction: Pulmonary thromboembolism without treatment presents a risk of recurrence of 20%, with a mortality of 18% to 26%. In patients with pulmonary embolism, when anticoagulation therapy is contraindicated or failed, it is necessary to intervene partially the inferior vena cava on which cava vein filters are the main used alternative. Aim: Analyze the epidemiological variables involved on thromboembolic disease, and the outcomes of the inferior vena cava filter insertions. Materials and Method: Retrospective, observational and descriptive study, which analyzes the successive insertion of 82 inferior vena cava filters, over a period of 10 years (2009 to 2019), in the Dr. Eduardo Pereira Hospital, Valparaíso, Chile. Results: Female sex 53.6%, average age 60.4 years (range 19-86), the main cause to develop thromboembolic disease were oncological diseases (56.09%); the main access path was the common femoral vein (69.51%); in a 4.87% the location of the filter was suprarenal. Complete follow-up was obtained in 89.02% of the cases, 5-year survival with 73.17% ratio and 10-years survival of 57.32%, morbidity in relation to the procedure was 9.75%; success of the procedure 97.5%; there was no mortality related. Discussion: Large studies demonstrate the benefits of interruption on the inferior vena cava through filters, especially in cancer patients with high risk of pulmonary embolism. Conclusion: The insertion of an inferior vena cava filter when indication is adequate, is a minimally invasive procedure with low risk and excellent results in the prophylaxis of pulmonary embolism.

Ultrassonografia da veia cava inferior na avaliação do volume intravascular e fluido-responsividade em pacientes críticos: uma revisão sistemática / Inferior vena cava ultrasound for assessing volume status and fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients: a systematic review

Fundamento: A avaliação do volume intravascular e da fluido-responsividade é uma condição desafiadora no manejo de pacientes críticos. Os métodos diagnósticos precisam garantir segurança, reprodutibilidade e praticidade no monitoramento hemodinâmico. Objetivo: Descrever a aplicabilidade dos índices ultrassonográficos da veia cava inferior na avaliação do volume intravascular e na predição da fluido-responsividade em pacientes críticos. Método: Trata-se de revisão sistemática realizada por meio das bases de dados PubMed®, Lilacs e SciELO nos 5 anos anteriores. Os descritores utilizados foram "inferior vena cava", "ultrasonography", "fluid-responsiveness" e "volume status". Resultados: Foram selecionados 13 artigos compatíveis com os objetivos deste estudo. O índice de colapsibilidade da veia cava inferior variou de 25% a 50% como ponto de corte para definição de hipovolemia. Além disso, apresentou aplicabilidade na predição da fluido-responsividade em pacientes sob respiração espontânea, com pontos de corte variando de 25% a 57%. Em cenários de ventilação mecânica, o índice de distensibilidade da veia cava inferior mostrou-se mais eficaz, quando comparado às demais medidas, para predição de fluido-responsividade, mas foi encontrada variação de 10,2% a 20,5%. O índice diâmetro da veia cava inferior/diâmetro da artéria aorta foi especialmente útil na população pediátrica para definição do volume intravascular, mas em adultos existiram muitas divergências quanto à sua aplicabilidade. Conclusão: A avaliação do volume intravascular e da fluido-responsividade por meio dos índices ultrassonográficos da veia cava inferior apresenta aplicabilidade e segurança no diagnóstico e no monitoramento da instabilidade hemodinâmica. Entretanto, são necessários estudos de padronização de valores em razão das divergências quanto aos pontos de corte utilizados em cada índice.(AU)

Trombosis venosa profunda y agenesia de vena cava inferior: presentación típica en una anomalía poco frecuente. Caso clínico

Abnormalities of the inferior vena cava are rare. Its embryological development occurs between the sixth and eighth week of gestation and depends on the persistence or regression of three pairs of veins: the posterior cardinal veins, the subcardinal veins and the supracardinal veins. The type of congenital alteration depends on the moment that embryogenesis is altered. The most frequent clinical presentation is deep vein thrombosis, which occurs mainly in young men. We report a 16-year-old male presenting with edema of the left leg. No risk factor for thrombosis was recorded. A Doppler ultrasound confirmed the presence of a deep femoro-popliteal vein thrombosis. An abdominal CAT scan showed an agenesis of the supra and infra-adrenal inferior vena cava, with multiple collaterals. The study for thrombophilia was negative. The patient was treated with vitamin K antagonists with a good clinical response.

Hallazgos por imagen de malformación de Abernethy tipo II en paciente de 12 años / Image finding of Abernethy type II malformation in 12 year old patient

Las malformaciones del sistema venoso abdominal son alteraciones vasculares raras. La incidencia de esta afección se estima en uno de cada 30,000 nacimientos y se asocian con malformaciones gas- trointestinal, genitourinaria, ósea y cardiovascular. En el 2018 se ha registrado en la literatura mundial 39 casos de Abernethy tipo I y 22 casos de Abernethy tipo II. CASO CLÍNICO paciente femenino de 12 años con antecedente de hipertensión portal tratada hace 2 años, con historia de malestar general e ic- tericia, acudió a centro privado para realizarse estudios complementarios. Un ultrasonido Doppler por- tal evidenció una lesión isoecogénica al parénquima hepático en el aspecto inferior del lóbulo derecho. Se continuó la evaluación realizando una tomografía en la cual se observó: configuración anómala del sistema venoso portal; la vena esplénica y mesentérica superior se encuentran dilatadas, además se evidenció confluencia portoesplénica elongada, en la cual derivan dos trayectos portales, uno de ellos drenando la lobulación hepática antes descrita y la segundo se comunica con el sistema venoso portal hepático derecho, demostrando tortuosidad de su trayecto, con estenosis de su porción proximal. Los hallazgos antes descritos sugieren malformación vascular del sistema venoso portal-esplácnico, que causa derivación porto-sistémica en relación a malformación de Abernethy tipo II. En conclusión se recomienda el diagnóstico precoz. El examen preferente es el ecodoppler con posterior confirmación mediante angiotac abdominal. El tratamiento es sumamente importante pues su retraso puede devenir en lesiones irreparables hasta la insuficiencia hepática y muerte...(AU)

Vena cava inferior como factor predictor del shock en trauma: medición ecográfica / Inferior vena cava as a predictor of shock in trauma patients: sonographic measurement

Resumen Objetivo Establecer la medición ecográfica del diámetro de la vena cava inferior como factor predictor del shock en pacientes politraumatizados. Materiales y Método Estudio de corte transversal donde se determinó la medición ecográfica de la vena cava inferior a 40 pacientes que ingresaron a la Unidad de Politraumatizados (UPT) del Hospital General del Este "Dr. Domingo Luciani", en el período entre enero y abril de 2018. Se seleccionaron 2 grupos; el grupo 1: pacientes en shock , aquellos con tensión arterial sistólica menor a 90 mm Hg al ingreso, y el grupo 2: pacientes controles que mantuvieron cifras tensionales normales. El estudio de imagen de la vena cava inferior se realizó con el equipo de ecografía ALOKA prosound SSD-a5 y con el ultrasonido portátil MicroMaxx SonoSite , en el cual se midió el índice de colapsabilidad. Los hallazgos se registraron en la hoja de recolección de datos. El análisis estadístico se hizo con la prueba de t de student para muestras independientes y la valoración de puntos de corte diagnóstico se hizo con la prueba de ROC. Resultados La media del Índice de colapsabilidad (IC) de la VCI para el grupo control y de shock fue de 26 ± 12,7% y de 58,5 ± 5,9%, respectivamente; El índice de colapsabilidad fue > 50% en todos los pacientes del grupo de shock . Conclusiones La medición del diámetro de la VCI es un predictor de shock , siendo el IC el parámetro más sensible y específico.

Aim To establish the sonographic measurement of the diameter of the inferior vena cava as a predictor of shock in trauma patients. Materials and Method A cross-sectional study to determined the sonographic measurement of the inferior vena cava to 40 patients attended at Hospital Domingo Luciani trauma unit, in the period between January and April of 2018. Two groups were selected; group 1: shock patients, those with systolic blood pressure lower than 90 mm Hg, and the group 2: control patients that kept normal blood pressure. The image study of the inferior vena cava was carried out with the ALOKA prosound ultrasound equipment SSD a5 and with the portable ultrasound MicroMaxx SonoSite, in which the collapsibility index was measured. The findings were recorded in the data collection sheet. The statistical analysis proposed for the comparison of averages was made with the student's t-test for independent samples and the assessment of diagnostic cut-off points was made with a ROC curve. Results the mean of collapsability index of de IVC for control and shock group were 26 ± 12,7% and 58,5 ± 5,9%, respectively; The collapsability index (CI) was > 50% in all patients of shock group. Conclusions The measurement of the ICV diameter is a predictor of shock, being the IC the most sensitive and specific parameter.

Diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for detecting bland thrombus from inferior vena cava tumor thrombus in patients with renal cell carcinoma

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in differentiating bland thrombus from tumor thrombus of the inferior vena cava (IVC) in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively investigated 30 consecutive patients who underwent robot-assisted radical nephrectomy with IVC thrombectomy and had pathologically confirmed RCC. All patients underwent US and CEUS examination. Two off-line readers observed and recorded thrombus imaging information and enhancement patterns. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for bland thrombus were assessed. Results: Of the 30 patients, no adverse events occurred during administration of the contrast agent. Early enhancement of the mass within the IVC lumen on CEUS was an indicator of tumor thrombus. Bland thrombus showed no intraluminal flow on CEUS. There were eight (26.7%) patients with bland thrombus, including three level II, two level III, and three level IV. There were three cases with cephalic bland thrombus and five cases with caudal bland thrombus. Three caudal bland thrombi extended to the iliac vein and underwent surgical IVC interruption. Based on no intraluminal flow, for bland thrombus, CEUS had 87.5% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 96.7% accuracy, 100% positive predictive value and 95.6% negative predictive value. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates the potential of CEUS in the differentiation of bland and tumor thrombus of the IVC in patients with RCC. Since CEUS is an effective, inexpensive, and non-invasive method, it could be a reliable tool in the evaluation of IVC thrombus in patients with RCC.

Avaliação da veia cava inferior na decisão de fluidoterapia em cuidados intensivos: implicações práticas / Inferior vena cava evaluation in fluid therapy decision making in intensive care: practical implications

RESUMO A ressuscitação hídrica do paciente em falência circulatória aguda tem como um de seus objetivos aumentar o volume sistólico e, consequentemente, o débito cardíaco, para melhor oxigenação dos tecidos. Contudo, isso não se verifica em cerca de metade dos pacientes, que são considerados não respondedores a fluidos. A avaliação da resposta a fluidos antes de sua administração pode selecionar os pacientes que devem ter benefício e evitar o risco de sobrecarga nos restantes. Os parâmetros dinâmicos de avaliação da resposta a fluidos têm se revelado promissores enquanto fatores preditores. Entre estes, a medição ecocardiográfica da variação respiratória do diâmetro da veia cava inferior é um método de fácil aplicação, que tem sido difundido na avaliação hemodinâmica em unidades de cuidados intensivos. No entanto, a aplicabilidade desta técnica tem muitas limitações, e os estudos, até à presente data, são heterogêneos e pouco consistentes em alguns grupos de pacientes. Realizamos uma revisão sobre a utilização da variação respiratória do diâmetro da veia cava inferior, medida por ecocardiografia transtorácica, na decisão de administrar fluidos ao paciente em falência circulatória aguda, em cuidados intensivos, incluindo potencialidades e limitações da técnica, de sua interpretação e a evidência existente.

ABSTRACT The fluid resuscitation of patients with acute circulatory failure aims to increase systolic volume and consequently improve cardiac output for better tissue oxygenation. However, this effect does not always occur because approximately half of patients do not respond to fluids. The evaluation of fluid responsiveness before their administration may help to identify patients who would benefit from fluid resuscitation and avoid the risk of fluid overload in the others. The dynamic parameters of fluid responsiveness evaluation are promising predictive factors. Of these, the echocardiographic measurement of the respiratory variation in the inferior vena cava diameter is easy to apply and has been used in the hemodynamic evaluation of intensive care unit patients. However, the applicability of this technique has many limitations, and the present studies are heterogeneous and inconsistent across specific groups of patients. We review the use of the inferior vena cava diameter respiratory variation, measured via transthoracic echocardiography, to decide whether to administer fluids to patients with acute circulatory failure in the intensive care unit. We explore the benefits and limitations of this technique, its current use, and the existing evidence.

Índice de colapsabilidad de la vena cava inferior como predictor de hipotensión intraoperatoria / Inferior vena cava collapsibility index of the as a predictor of intraoperative hypotension

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the lower vena cava Collapse Index (CI) as a predictor parameter of hypotensive episodes after general anesthesia induction in ASA I and II patients who were scheduled for elective surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, observational and simple blind study was designed. A sample of 80 patients was recruited. In the preoperative stage, they underwent protocolarized sedation and CI was obtained. Prior to induction, the baseline values ​​of heart rate, non-invasive mean arterial pressure and continuous electrocardiographic tracing in DII were noted. In the post-orotracheal intubation stage, the aforementioned hemodynamic monitoring variables were recorded manually for 10 minutes. RESULTS: The data of 78 individuals are presented. After anesthetic induction, 8 (10.3%) patients developed hypotension. The adjustment of the univariate logistic regression model for CI shows a good diagnostic capacity, with the area under the ROC curve equal to 0.76. The chance of presenting hypotension is increased by 62% by increasing the CI by 5 points (p = 0.003). Regarding the negative predictive value, we found that with values ​​corresponding to the cutoff points between 39% and 46%, a probability of at least 93.1% of not presenting hypotension was obtained. The optimal cutoff point of the CI to predict hypotension is estimated at 43%, with a sensitivity of 62.5% and a specificity of 92.9%. CONCLUSION: A lower IC was associated with a lower probability of developing intraoperative hypotension. The use of this tool could be useful to anticipate which patients will be prone to intra-surgical hypotension.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el índice de colapsabilidad (IC) de la vena cava inferior (VCI) como predictor de episodios hipotensivos posinducción de anestesia general en cirugía electiva de pacientes ASA I y II. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se diseñó un estudio prospectivo, observacional y simple ciego. Se reclutó una muestra de 80 pacientes. En etapa preoperatoria fueron sometidos a una sedación protocolizada y se obtuvo el IC. Previo a la inducción, se anotaron los valores basales de la frecuencia cardíaca, la presión arterial media y el trazado electrocardiográfico continuo en DII. Posintubación orotraqueal, se registraron manualmente las variables hemodinámicas mencionadas durante 10 minutos. RESULTADOS: Se presentan datos de 78 individuos. Luego de la inducción, 8 (10,3%) pacientes desarrollaron hipotensión. El ajuste del modelo de regresión logística univariado para IC muestra una buena capacidad diagnóstica, siendo el área bajo la curva ROC igual a 0,76. La chance de presentar hipotensión se incrementa en un 62% al aumentar el IC en 5 puntos (p = 0,003). En cuanto al valor predictivo negativo, encontramos que con valores correspondientes a los puntos de corte entre 39% y 46%, se obtenía una probabilidad de 93,1% de no presentar hipotensión. El punto de corte óptimo del IC para predecir hipotensión se estima en 43%, con una sensibilidad del 62,5% y una especificidad del 92,9%. CONCLUSIÓN: Un menor IC se asoció con una menor probabilidad de desarrollar hipotensión intraoperatoria. El uso de esta herramienta podría ser de utilidad para anticipar qué pacientes serán propensos a hipotensión intraquirúrgica.

Evaluation of volume responsiveness by pulse pressure variability and inferior vena cava dispensability index at different tidal volumes by mechanical ventilation

This study investigated the effects of tidal volume (TV) on the diagnostic value of pulse pressure variation (PPV) and the inferior vena cava dispensability index (IVC-DI) for volume responsiveness during mechanical ventilation. In patients undergoing elective surgery with mechanical ventilation, different TVs of 6, 9, and 12 mL/kg were given for two min. The left ventricular outflow tract velocity-time integral (VTI) was measured by transthoracic echocardiography. The IVC-DI was measured at sub-xyphoid transabdominal long axis. The PPV was measured via the radial artery and served as baseline. Index measurements were repeated after fluid challenge. VTI increased by more than 15% after fluid challenge, which was considered as volume responsive. Seventy-nine patients were enrolled, 38 of whom were considered positive volume responsive. Baseline data between the response group and the non-response group were similar. Receiver operating characteristic curve confirmed PPV accuracy in diagnosing an increase in volume responsiveness with increased TV. When TV was 12 mL/kg, the PPV area under the curve (AUC) was 0.93 and the threshold value was 15.5%. IVC-DI had the highest diagnostic accuracy at a TV of 9 mL/kg and an AUC of 0.79, with a threshold value of 15.3%. When TV increased to 12 mL/kg, the IVC-DI value decreased. When the TV was 9 and 12 mL/kg, PPV showed improved performance in diagnosing volume responsiveness than did IVC-DI. PPV diagnostic accuracy in mechanically ventilated patients was higher than IVC-DI. PPV accuracy in predicting volume responsiveness was increased by increasing TV.

Impact of body characteristics on ultrasound-measured inferior vena cava parameters in Chinese children

Ultrasound-measured inferior vena cava (IVC) and abdominal aorta (Ao)-associated parameters have been used to predict volume status for decades, yet research focusing on the impact of individual physical characteristics, including gender, height/weight, body surface area (BSA), and age, assessed simultaneously on those parameters in Chinese children is lacking. The aim of the present study was to explore the impact of individual characteristics on maximum IVC diameter (IVCmax), Ao, and IVCmax/Ao in healthy Chinese children. From September to December 2015, 200 healthy children from 1 to 13 years of age were enrolled. IVCmax and Ao diameters were measured by 2D ultrasound. We found that age (years), height (cm), weight (kg), waist circumference (cm), and BSA (m2) were positively correlated with IVCmax and Ao. Multivariate linear regression showed that age was the only independent variable for IVCmax (mm) in female children, height was the only independent variable for IVCmax in male children, and age was the only independent variable for Ao in both females and males. IVCmax/Ao was not significantly influenced by the subjects' characteristics. In conclusion, IVCmax and Ao were more susceptible to subjects' characteristics than IVCmax/Ao. IVCmax/Ao could be a reliable and practical parameter in Chinese children as it was independent of age, height, and weight.

Ascitis fetal como forma de presentación de agenesia de la vena cava inferior / Fetal ascites as clinical presentation of inferior vena cava agenesis

La vena cava inferior (VCI) está constituida por tres segmentos de diferente origen embriológico. De su mala fusión, surge un amplio espectro de anomalías. La prevalencia de anomalías de la VCI es de 0,07-8,7% de la población. Generalmente, se diagnostica como hallazgo incidental en la vida adulta. Representa el 5-9,5% de las trombosis venosas profundas idiopáticas en menores de 30 años sin factores de riesgo asociados. Se presenta a una recién nacida a término con diagnóstico prenatal de ascitis en la semana 20 de gestación. Se diagnosticó, mediante angiotomografía abdominal, la agenesia de VCI. El tratamiento de pacientes con agenesia de la VCI se basa en el manejo de las complicaciones. Debido al mayor riesgo que presentan de sufrir un evento trombótico, se debe considerar la profilaxis antitrombótica a largo plazo. Se recomienda iniciar profilaxis anticoagulante en la pubertad.

Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) is composed of three segments from different embryological origin. Its lack of fusion originates a wide spectrum of anomalies of the IVC. These malformations are present in 0.07-8.7% of the population. It is generally diagnosed as an incidental finding in adult life. It represents between 5 and 9.5% of idiopathic deep vein thrombosis in patients younger than 30 years old without associated risk factors. We present a case of a term newborn with prenatal diagnosis of ascites during the 20th week of gestation. IVC Agenesis was diagnosed with the use of abdominal angiotomography. The treatment of patients with IVC Agenesis is based on the management of its complications. Due to the increased thrombotic risk of these patients, we should consider lifelong anticoagulation. We suggest initiating it during puberty.

Interrupcion de vena cava inferior: diagnostico prenatal de sus variantes / Inferior vena cava interruption: prenatal diagnosis of its variants

La anomalía más frecuente de la vena cava inferior es su interrupción. En estos casos, el drenaje al corazón se realizará por la vena ácigos y menos frecuentemente por la vena hemiácigos. Se considera un marcador ecográfico prenatal de isomerismos y/o cardiopatías por lo que su hallazgo obliga a descartarlos realizando una ecografía detallada del corazón y del situs fetal. Además, probablemente sea de las anomalías venosas que más implicaciones clínicas pueden tener en la edad adulta por su asociación a trombosis venosa profunda y es útil conocer la anatomía para posibles futuros procedimientos quirúrgicos o cateterismos cardiacos. Por lo tanto, es interesante realizar el diagnóstico prenatal, aunque se presente de forma aislada, siendo su diagnóstico ecográfico sencillo si somos sistemáticos en la práctica de la ecografía morfológica. El signo característico ecográfico es el de «doble vaso¼ o «doble burbuja¼ en un corte axial abdominal o torácico. Presentamos los esquemas ecográficos de diagnóstico de los dos tipos de drenaje principales de la interrupción de la vena cava inferior para poder realizar el correcto diagnóstico prenatal. Para ello tomamos de referencia dos casos clínicos que no presentan cardiopatías ni isomerismos asociados.

The most frequent anomaly of the inferior vena cava is its interruption. In these cases, drains into the heart by the azygos vein and less frequently by the hemiazygos vein. It is considered a prenatal ultrasound marker of isomerisms and/or heart disease, therefore, its finding requires to discard them by performing a detailed ultrasound of the fetal heart and situs. Probably it is one of the venous anomalies with more clinical implications in adulthood due to their association with deep venous thrombosis, and it is useful to know the anatomy for possible future surgical or cardiac catheterization procedures. Therefore, it is interesting to perform the prenatal diagnosis, although isolated. In this sense, the ultrasound diagnosis of the interruption is simple if we are systematic in the practice of morphological ultrasound. The characteristic ultrasound sign of the aforementioned interruption is the "double vessel" or "double bubble" in an axial abdominal or thoracic section. We present the ultrasound diagnosis diagrams of the two main types of drainage of the inferior vena cava interruption in order to perform the correct prenatal diagnosis. For these purposes, we refer two cases with no heart diseases or isomerisms associated.

Trombosis en paciente pediátrico con osteosarcoma / (Thrombosis in pediatric patient with osteosarcoma)

ResumenPaciente masculino de 12 años, con cuadro de 2 meses de evolución de dolor en cadera derecha y claudicación, con circulación colateral abdominal y edema de miembro inferior derecho al examen físico, con radiografías de pelvis que muestran masa en cresta iliaca derecha; ultrasonido de abdomen y miembro inferior derecho (con doppler ) con masa en cresta iliaca derecha asociada a trombo oclusivo total de vena iliaca común derecha, hasta vena cava inferior en su desembocadura en aurícula derecha; además, tomografía de tórax con múltiples vasos de circulación colateral con extenso trombo en la vena cava inferior, que se extiende a la aurícula derecha, cruzando la válvula tricúspide e insinuándose en el ventrículo derecho, con múltiples nódulos pulmonares bilaterales, que por sus características, son altamente sugestivos de lesiones metastásicas, y tomografía de pelvis que muestra extensa lesión infiltrante del hueso iliaco derecho, la cual compromete la totalidad del hueso hasta la altura del techo acetabular. Además, se documenta masa de tejido blando que desplaza músculos adyacentes, estructuras vasculares y vísceras de la pelvis hacia la izquierda, con patrón blástico, con áreas líticas que comprometen el aspecto lateral derecho de S3 y S4, encontrándose también infiltradas por la neoplasia.Debido al patrón de destrucción ósea y aspecto morfológico del trombo, se desaconseja trombectomía, y se realiza biopsia tumoral, con reporte de osteosarcoma; se inicia quimioterapia.

AbstractA 12-year-old male patient, with a 2-month history of pain in the right hip and claudication, with collateral abdominal circulation and lower right limb edema on physical examination, with pelvic radiographs showing a right iliac crest mass; ultrasound of abdomen and lower right limb (with Doppler) with right iliac crest mass associated with total occlusive thrombus of right common iliac vein, to inferior vena cava at its right atrial outlet; also chest tomography with multiple collateral circulation vessels with extensive thrombus in the inferior vena cava, extending to the right atrium, crossing the tricuspid valve and insinuating itself in the right ventricle, with multiple bilateral pulmonary nodules that, because of their characteristics are highly suggestive of metastatic lesions, and pelvic tomography which shows extensive infiltrating lesion of the right iliac bone, which compromises the entire bone to the height of the acetabular roof; in addition, a mass of soft tissue is documented that displaces adjacent muscles, vascular structures and viscera of the pelvis to the left, with blastic pattern, with lithic areas that compromise the right lateral aspect of S3 and S4, being also infiltrated by the neoplasia.Due to the bone destruction pattern and the morphological aspect of the thrombus, thrombectomy is advised against and tumor biopsy is performed with osteosarcoma report and chemotherapy is initiated.

Pure Yolk sac presenting with inferior vena cava thrombus extending from bilateral external iliac veins to hepatic vein

ABSTRACT Introduction: Vena cava thrombus is an extremely rare complication of testicular tumors. We report on an unusual case of testicular tumor presenting with inferior vena cava thrombus extending from the left spermatic and bilateral external iliac veins to the hepatic vein. Case report: A-35-year old man presented with a 6-month history of left scrotal mass and a 1-day history of bilateral lower extremity edema. Computed tomography (CT) revealed the presence of thrombus extending from the left spermatic vein and bilateral external iliac veins to the hepatic vein, and multiple lymph node and lung metastases. 3 cycles of chemotherapy were given after the left high inguinal orchiectomy. Pathological examination demonstrated a pure yolk sac carcinoma with lymphovascular invasion and direct tumor extension into the left spermatic cord. CT and positron emission tompgraphy-CT obtained no findings of metastasis or recurrence at 3 months after the chemotherapy. Conclusion: We review this seldom case and discuss the literature with regard to its diagnosis and treatment.

Rare Complication of non-Treated Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Extensive Thrombus in Right Cardiac Chambers / Complicação Rara de Aneurisma da Aorta Abdominal não Tratado: Trombo Extenso em Câmaras Cardíacas Direitas

Abstract A 78-year-old patient presented with shortness of breath after falling down. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed an extensive thrombus in the right atrium (RA), extensive thrombosis of the inferior vena cava (IVC), and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). A magnetic resonance confirmed the thrombosis of the RA extending to the IVC, which was apparently fused to the abdominal aortic aneurysm (compression? erosion?). This case illustrates a severe and rare complication of a non-treated AAA. There probably was IVC erosion by the aortic aneurysm, leading to blood stasis and extensive thrombosis of the IVC and right cardiac chambers.

Resumo Uma paciente de 78 anos procurou o serviço de emergência apresentando dispneia após sofrer queda da própria altura. O ecocardiograma transtorácico mostrou um extenso trombo no átrio direito (AD), trombose extensa da veia cava inferior (VCI), e aneurisma de aorta abdominal (AAA). A ressonância magnética confirmou a trombose do AD estendendo-se até a VCI, a qual aparentemente apresentava fusão ao aneurisma da aorta abdominal (compressão? erosão?). Este caso ilustra uma complicação grave e rara de um AAA não tratado. Provavelmente houve uma erosão da VCI pelo aneurisma da aorta resultando em estase sanguínea e trombose extensa da veia cava inferior e cavidades cardíacas direitas.

Morphometric analysis of the inferior vena cava related to lumbar vertebra and the aortic bifurcation on Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) / Análisis morfométrico de la vena cava inferior relacionado con las vértebras lumbares en la bifurcación aórtica mediante Tomografía Computadorizada Multidetector (TCMD)

Vascular structures are in greater danger during lumbar surgery. The purpose of this study is to describe the morphology of the inferior vena cava (IVC) related to the lumbar vertebra and aortic bifurcation (AB) and assessing the role of demographic values in these relations to decrease the risk of complications in the surgical interventions. The study was performed on Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) images of 100 male and 100 female cases with an age range from 50 to 84 years. The morphometric values of the IVC obtained from the coronal, sagittal and the axial reformatted images were measured and compared with the demographic values. The distance from the IVC to the 1st lumbar vertebra (L1) and 2nd lumbar vertebra (L2) were measured as (26.5 mm and 18.1 mm) in males and (21.1 mm and 14.2 mm) in females with a high level of significance between genders; the distance from the IVC to the iliocaval confluence (IC), 3rd lumbar vertebra (L3) and 4rd lumbar vertebra (L4) were measured as (6.5 mm, 10.5 mm and 6.9 mm) in males and (4.9 mm, 9.1 mm and 5.5 mm) in females with significance between genders. The level of the IC was detected 46 % of males, 39 % of females at the level of lower third of L4. The vertical distance between the IC and the AB was measured and negative correlation between genders based on age was detected. Demographic values are important to consider the relationship of the IVC, the lumbar vertebra and the AB. The IVC was located further from the lumbar vertebra in males compared to females. Age increase played role in the approaching of the AB and the IC to each other in both gender and the IC to the promontory level in males.

Las estructuras vasculares corren gran peligro durante la cirugía lumbar. El propósito de este estudio fue describir la morfología de la vena cava inferior (VCI) en relación con las vértebras lumbares y la bifurcación aórtica (BA), junto con evaluar los valores demográficos de estas relaciones para disminuir el riesgo de complicaciones en las intervenciones quirúrgicas. Se utilizaron tomografías computadorizadas multidetector (TCMD) de 100 casos de hombres y mujeres entre 50 a 84 años de edad. Los valores morfométricos de la VCI se obtuvieron desde imágenes coronales y sagitales reformateadas, medidas y comparadas con los valores demográficos. Se midió la distancia de la VCI a la 1a (L1) y 2a vértebra lumbar (L2), en hombres de 26,5 mm y 18,1 mm respectivamente, y en mujeres de 21,1 mm y 14,2 mm, respectivamente, con un alto nivel de significancia entre el sexos. La distancia desde la VCI a la confluencia iliocava (CI), 3a (L3) y 4a vértebra lumbar (L4) fue para los hombres de 6,5 mm, 10,5 mm y 6,9 mm, respectivamente, y en mujeres de 4,9 mm, 9,1 mm y 5,5 mm respectivamente, con significancia entre los sexos. El nivel de la IC se detectó en 46 % de los varones y en el 39 % de las mujeres, a nivel de tercio inferior de L4. La distancia vertical entre la CI y la BA se tuvo una correlación negativa entre sexos en base a la edad. Los valores demográficos son importantes al considerar la relación de la VCI, las vértebras lumbares y la BA. La VCI se encuentra a una distancia mayor de las vértebras lumbares en hombres que en mujeres. El incremento de la edad jugó un papel importante en la aproximación de la BA y la IC, tanto entre sí como según sexo, con la CI a nivel del promontorio en los hombres.