摘要
Background The Qingcaosha Reservoir is facing issues of algal blooms and eutrophication, and the resulting increase in the level of chlorination disinfection by-products in the water has been a major concern. Objective To evaluate the impact of "Algae Monitoring and Control Program in Qingcaosha Reservoir" (hereinafter referred to as the program) on the control of trihalomethanes (THMs) in conventional finished water. Methods From 2011 to 2019, water samples were collected from the Lujiazui Water Plant once per season, one sample each time, and the concentrations of four THMs (trichloromethane, dichlorobromomethane, monochlorodibromomethane, and tribromomethane) were measured in the samples. Using 2014 when the program was implemented as a cut-off point, the entire study period was divided into two phases: pre-implementation (2011–2013) and post-implementation(2014–2019). Segmented linear regression with interrupted time series analysis was applied to assess the concentrations and trends of THMs in the finished water before and after the program launch. Results The concentration of total THMs in finished water increased by 1.561 µg·L−1 (P=0.010) for each season of time extension before launching the program. The change in the concentration of total THMs in finished water was not statistically significant after the program launch, but the THMs concentration showed a decreasing trend as the slope was −0.626 (P=0.001). From 2017 until the end of 2019, the average concentration of THMs in finished water of Lujiazui Water Plant dropped to 10 μg·L−1 or less. Conclusions The algae and eutrophication control measures in Qingcaosha Reservoir have achieved good results, controlling THMs in finished water at a low level, and the trend of THMs has changed from a yearly increase pattern before the program to a yearly decrease pattern after the program.
摘要
Objective To observe the effect of costimulatory molecule B7-1 on cytoskeleton rearrangement in mouse podocytes induced by angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang Ⅱ),and to study the underlying molecular mechanism of B7-1 in the pathological changes of podocytes.Methods All cultivation of conditionally immortalized mouse podocytes (MPC) in vitro were divided into the following groups:normal control group,CTLA-4 group,Ang Ⅱ group (10-6 mmol/L 12 h,24 h;10-8 mmol/L 12 h,24 h) and CTLA-4 with Ang Ⅱ group.Transfect B7-1 RNA interference fragment (siRNA) to the mature podocytes,and then restimulated by Ang Ⅱ (10-6 mmol/L 12 h),the change of podocyte cytoskeleton after Ang Ⅱ stimulation were observed.The expression of B7-1 in each group was assayed by flow cytometry and Western blotting.The nephrin and p-nephrin protein levels in the four groups were also analyzed by Western blotting.At the same time,the podocyte cytoskeleton distribution as indicated by F-actin was observed by fluorescence microscopy.Results Flow cytometry and Western blotting showed that B7-1 was not expressed in the normal control group.Ang Ⅱ showed a concentration and time dependent induction of B7-1 expression in mouse podocytes (P ＜ 0.05).Western blotting indicated that Ang Ⅱ induced B7-1 protein expression (P ＜ 0.05).Expression of nephrin and p-nephrin was significantly down-regulated by Ang Ⅱ (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with the normal control group,the expression of podocyte protein nephrin and p-nephrin in Ang Ⅱ stimulation group was significantly reduced (P ＜ 0.05).Using FITC phalloidin fluorescence staining showed that CTLA-4+Ang Ⅱ stimulation group cytoskeleton rearrangement was improved significantly and F-actin recombinant score (mCFS) decreased compared with Ang Ⅱ group (P ＜ 0.05),suggesting that Ang Ⅱ led to the disorder of the podocytes cytoskeleton and the destruction of the cytoskeleton of podocytes by Ang Ⅱ could be improved after B7-1 blocking.Compared with the Ang Ⅱ stimulation,transfection of B7-1 siRNA + Ang Ⅱ stimulation group improved F-actin cytoskeletal rearrangement,and mCFS also decreased significantly (P ＜ 0.05),suggesting that transfection of B7-1 siRNA might improve the damage of Ang Ⅱ on podocytes cytoskeleton.Conclusions B7-1 participates in the process of cytoskeleton reconstruction and plays an important role in the pathological changes of podocytes.
摘要
The expressions of NF-κB and PPARγ were increased in adipose tissue of insulin resistant rats.The angiotensin receptor blocker decreased NF-κB protein expression by 21%,increased PPARγ protein expression by 28%and diminished adipocyte size,suggesting that these findings may be involved in the improvement of obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resisitance.