Research progress on tetrabutylammonium dihydrogen trifluoride as a substitute for hydrofluoric acid used for porcelain surface treatment / 口腔疾病防治

@#Hydrofluoric acid is a common surface treatment agent for glass ceramic restorations before bonding. However, the use of hydrofluoric acid has a high safety risk, so the search for hydrofluoric acid substitutes has been a research hotspot. Tetrabutylammonium dihydrogen trifluoride is a kind of fluoride, whose chemical activity is lower than that of hydrofluoric acid, so it’s safer, and the surface morphology changes on glass ceramics caused by it are smaller and more superficial. At present, the vast majority of laboratory studies and clinical case reports indicate that the mechanical strength and bonding strength of glass ceramics treated with tetrabutylammonium dihydrogen trifluoride can meet the clinical requirements. In the future, according to the research results, the performance of porcelain surface treatment agents containing tetrabutylammonium dihydrogen trifluoride can be further improved, and more hydrofluoric acid substitutes may be developed. In this review, the research progress of tetrabutylammonium dihydrogen trifluoride as a substitute for hydrofluoric acid is reviewed in terms of the influence of the surface morphology, mechanical strength, and bonding strength of glass ceramics.

The p38 MAPK and NF-κB Pathways are Involved in Cyclic Compressive Force-induced IL-6 Secretion in MLO-Y4 Cells

ABSTRACT We previously revealed the involvement of extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) in interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion induced by cyclic compressive force (CCF) in MLO-Y4 cells. In this study, we investigated the contributions of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways to IL-6 secretion by stimulating MLO-Y4 cells with CCF. At 80% confluence, different magnitudes (1000μstrain, 2000 μstrain and 4000 μstrain), frequencies (0.5 Hz, 1.0 Hz and 2.0 Hz) and durations (10 min, 30 min, 1 h, 3 h and 6 h) of CCF were loaded onto cells using a four-point bending system. Flow Cytometry (FCM) analysis was used to analyze cell mortality rates after CCF loading. p38 and p65 phosphorylation as well as IκBα degradation in MLO-Y4 cells were detected by Western blotting (WB). Changes in IL-6 secretion after inhibitor treatment were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Cellular viability was over 90 percent after CCF. p38 and p65 phosphorylation increased under all conditions, whereas IκBα protein levels decreased. However, phosphorylation and degradation were not completely dependent on the loading magnitude, frequency or duration. Furthermore, p38 inhibition using the specific inhibitor SB203580 reduced both p38 phosphorylation and IL-6 secretion. Similarly, NF-κB inhibition using BAY 11-7082 decreased p65 phosphorylation and IL-6 secretion but increased the concentration of IκBα. These findings reveal significant roles for the p38 and NF-κB signaling pathways in IL-6 secretion induced by CCF in MLO-Y4 cells.