摘要
With the rapid development of tumor immunotherapy in recent years, therapeutic cancer vaccines are attracting increased attention. Compared with personalized neoantigen vaccines, in situ vaccines could form an antigen reservoir in the tumor itself. Subsequently, antitumor immunity is initiated and the response to immune-checkpoint inhibitors of some patients improve without necessitating these patients to undergo the complicated procedures of detecting personalized antigen and customizing and synthesizing antigen peptide. At this stage, the potential of realizing the clinical translation of in situ vaccination is tremendous. In this review, we primarily introduce the mechanisms of radiotherapy and intratumoral immune injection as in situ vaccination and discuss the current status of preclinical study and clinical application of their combination to attract more attention from researchers and clinicians toward in situ vaccination.
摘要
Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment is an important obstacle to tumor immunotherapy.Therefore,improving tumor microenvironment to enhance immune response is the key to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy.Based on the basic principle of immunology that the body has a strong response to"foreign"antigens and a weak response to preexisting antigens,pathogen infection can be combined with innate immune-related receptors to enhance the anti-tumor immune response.Pathogen vaccines can induce a"hot"tumor microenvironment with stronger antigen presentation and T lymphocyte activation,showing higher response to immunotherapy and having better security.In this review,we summarized the related studies on pathogen vaccine enhancing tumor immune response,including mixed bacterial vaccine,BCG vaccine,OK-432,synthetic vaccines based on tetanus toxin,modified vaccinia virus,influenza vaccine,Epstein-Barr virus and COVID-19 vaccine.The feasibility,application prospect and challenge of pathogen vaccine in tumor immunotherapy were discussed.
摘要
Tumor immunotherapeutics include immune checkpoint inhibitors,adoptive cellular therapy,tumor vaccines,immunomodulators,which regulate or induce anti-tumor activity by blocking immunosuppressive signals,infusing in vitro-induced anti-tumor effector cells,and enhancing the immunogenicity of tumor cells in the fight against cancer.The effect mechanisms of tumor immunotherapy is different from that of other tumor therapeutic approaches,such as surgery and chemotherapy.Therefore,in the evaluation of anti-tumor efficacy,the use of conventional imaging methods to detect the volume change of tumor lesions shows special response patterns such as"false progression"and"superprogression",which cannot timely and accurately evaluate the objective efficacy of tumor immunotherapy.This review is an attempt to focus on those challenges in evaluating immunotherapy efficacy and the latest developments of relevant evaluation criteria,and is aimed at providing reference for the scientific evaluation of tumor immunotherapy efficacy and the selection of appropriate immunotherapy strategies for tumor patients.
摘要
Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is a highly heterogeneous group of malignant tumors originating from mesenchymal tissues. The most common sites of STS are limbs (45%), viscera (21%) and retroperitoneum (17%). The incidence of head and neck soft tissue sarcomas (HNSTS) is the lowest (5%) compared with other areas of the body. Due to numerous functional organs and delicate and complex anatomical structures of the head and neck, it is often difficult to perform radical surgical treatment. Therefore, radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of HNSTS. Due to its low incidence, radiotherapy for HNSTS has been rarely studied and captivated little attention. In this article, the present situation and clinical evidence of radiotherapy for HNSTS were summarized, aiming to provide reference for clinical practice.
摘要
Chemoradiation has been the standard treatment of stage Ⅲ unresectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for a long period of time. However, the clinical efficacy of chemoradiation has not been significantly improved in recent two decades. In the past 2-3 years, the role of immune-checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic NSCLC has been persistently strengthened. Moreover, the synergistic effect between radiotherapy and immune-checkpoint blockade has been conformed in pre-clinical and clinical studies. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that the combination of radiotherapy and immune-checkpoint blockade has been proven to be more effective in the treatment of stage Ⅲ unresectable NSCLC. In this article, the latest clinical studies since 2017 regarding the application value of this combined treatment of stage Ⅲ unresectable NSCLC were summarized.
摘要
A number of medications have been proved to be able to either improve the antitumor effect of chemotherapeutics and molecular targeted drugs or reverse the resistance of tumors to chemotherapeutics and molecular targeted drugs,which are not traditionally used as anticancer drugs.Especially for late-stage tumors after multiple treatments,these agents are good alternatives when used independently or in combination with chemotherapeutics and molecular targeted drugs.These drugs include proton modulators,hypoglycemic agents and cardiovascular agents,etc.