摘要
Purpose@#In India, the age of 14 years is the legal age threshold for child labour. Therefore, in suspected instances of child labour, age assessment plays a crucial role in determining whether a violation of the law on the employment of children has occurred. The aim of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to assess the discriminatory ability of stages of cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) in predicting the legal age threshold of 14 years. @*Materials and Methods@#Routinely taken lateral cephalograms from 408 subjects aged 10 to 18 years were evaluated retrospectively using the CVM stages described by Baccetti et al. Descriptive statistics, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and likelihood ratios were calculated for stages 2, 3, and 4 of CVM. @*Results@#Real age increased as the CVM stage gradually increased. The results of 2×2 contingency tables showed that CVM stage 4 produced an accuracy of 71% and 73%, a false positive rate of 7% and 18%, and a post-test probability of 59% and 68% for boys and girls, respectively. @*Conclusion@#Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the stages of CVM are of limited use for predicting the attainment of the legal age threshold of 14 years. Future studies should investigate whether combinations of skeletal and dental methods could achieve better accuracy and post-test probability.
摘要
A 13-year-old boy with a 4-year history of idiopathic pediatric uveitis and recurrent uveitic macular edema had failed conventional immunomodulatory therapy and presented to us with a vision of 6/24 [right eye (OD)] and 6/9 [left eye (OS)]. Fluorescein angiography showed diffuse vascular leakage along with cystoid macular edema (CME). Intravenous tocilizumab (10 mg/kg body) was given as 14 injections over 12 months. Repeat fluorescein angiography every 3 months showed a dramatic improvement in the vascular leakage and resolution of CME. At 13 months OF follow-up, vision had improved to 6/9p (OD) and 6/6(OS) with no recurrence of inflammation or CME.
摘要
We report a rare finding of progressive subretinal fibrosis mimicking retinal necrosis in 2 cases of sympathetic ophthalmia. Histopathology of the inciting eye and vitreous biopsy of the sympathizing eye ruled out infections and masquerades. Progression of inflammation and rapid deterioration of vision inspite of maximum immunosuppression are key findings in this variant of sympathetic ophthalmia.
摘要
We report an interesting case of 36-year-old HIV-positive male with uveitis, cilioretinal artery occlusion in OD, and superotemporal branch retinal artery occlusion in OS. Hypercoagulability, cardiovascular, and rheumatologic workups were unremarkable. Aqueous taps were negative for toxoplasma, viruses, and MTb by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Patches of retinitis were seen on clearing of retinal edema. Serology was positive for toxoplasma and rickettsia. Management included doxycycline, azithromycin, bactrim DS, and oral steroids. Vision improvement to 6/60 and 6/24 in OD and OS refer to the right eye and left eye, respectively, were noted at 4-month follow-up. Infections should be considered in arterial occlusions associated with inflammation in HIV-positive individuals.
摘要
In the present study transdermal Lisinopril proniosomal gels was formulated by using Lecithin, Cholesterol as encapsulating agents, Surfactant, Span and permeation enhancers. The study methodology encompasses compatibility studies using FTIR spectra, evaluation of proniosomal gels for pH determination, Viscosity, Vesicle size analysis, rate of spontaneity, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro skin permeation studies and stability studies. The preliminary compatibility studies conducted revealed that there no interaction between Lisinopril and excipients which was as evident from FTIR spectral studies. The physical characterization of proniosomal gels was found to be within the acceptable limits. It was observed that the gel formulations showed good spreadability and viscosity. Determination of vesicle size was found to be 20.10-26.23μm. The proniosomes showed spherical and homogenous structure in optical microscopy. All formulations showed zero order drug release by diffusion mechanism. The stability studies showed that proniosomal gels were stable at 4 to 80C and 25±20C. The above results indicated that the proniosomal gels of could be formulated for controlled release of Lisinopril. The proniosomal gels are suitable for Lisinopril once a day controlled release formulation.
摘要
Diltiazem hydrochloride has poor oral bioavailability, easily undergo first passage effect in the liver. Hence, an attempt was made to prepare and evaluate mucoadhesive buccal films containing diltiazem hydrochloride by employing HPMC, eudragit, ethyl cellulose alone and in combination with PVP. The I.R and DSC studies showed that there was no interaction between drug and the utilized polymer. The prepared mucoadhesive buccal films showed uniform thickness, weight, folding endurance, surface pH, drug content and swelling index. The drug content of all the formulation was found to be uniform. In vitro drug release studies indicated that the films prepared with HPMC (3%) and ethyl cellulose (4%) has shown fast and slow release respectively. The formulations incorporated with SLS and sodium glycocholate indicated significant drug release from F11 and F15. Later the in-situ diffusion studies using goat cheek pouch showed faster drug release from film with 1% (SLS). About 93.04% and 91.83% of drug release profile were observed during in situ diffusion studies at the end of 9hrs and 18 hrs respectively. The formulated films were stable during stability studies at 45ºC and 75%RH with respect to drug content.