摘要
Lower extremity venous thromboembolism in the presence of soft tissue infection (cellulitis/erysipelas) is difficult to diagnose using clinical findings alone. This leads to an overuse of Doppler ultrasound, which is unnecessary in many cases. In Colombia, there are no studies to date reporting the simultaneous prevalence of these two conditions. Objective: to determine which factors are related to deep vein thrombosis in patients with lower extremity cellulitis/erysipelas. Materials and methods: a case-control study. Patients seen at Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe and the university hospital between January 2018 and December 2019 who were diagnosed with cellulitis/erysipelas and underwent lower extremity venous Doppler. Demographic, clinical, laboratory and imaging variables were considered. Results: altogether, 637 patients with a diagnosis of lower extremity cellulitis and erysipelas were found during the study period in both institutions. Of these, 18.5% (118 patients) had a lower extremity Doppler ultrasound ordered to rule out deep vein thrombosis, finding a total of 25 positive studies (21.19%). Out of the total sample, 56 (47.4%) were male, with a mean age of 65 years. Most of the cases (55.08%) had an intermediate risk according to the Wells scale. The most common patient factors related to thrombosis were: immobility 33%, lymphedema 29.66%, and chronic kidney disease 23.73%. Neoplasms were the factor which showed statistical significance for the presence of thrombosis OR 5 (1.64-15.16) (P=0.0056). Conclusions: cellulitis is not a unique finding to justify carrying out a Doppler test, and the routine use of this imaging technique in the diagnostic approach is not justified if there are no other risk factors for thrombosis. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 47. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2022.2109).
El diagnóstico de enfermedad tromboembólica venosa de miembros inferiores en presencia de infección de tejidos blandos (celulitis/erisipela): es difícil de determinar con sólo los hallazgos clínicos, lo que lleva a un sobreuso de la ecografía Doppler que resulta innecesaria en muchos casos. En Colombia a la fecha no hay estudios que reporten la prevalencia simultánea de éstas dos condiciones. Objetivo: determinar cuáles son los factores que se relacionan con trombosis venosa profunda (TVP) en pacientes con celulitis/erisipela en miembros inferiores. Materiales y métodos: estudio de casos y controles. Pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe y la IPS universitaria entre enero de 2018 y diciembre de 2019 con diagnóstico de celulitis/erisipela y a quienes se les realizó Doppler venoso de miembros inferiores. Se consideraron variables demográficas, clínicas, paraclínicas e imagenológicas. Resultados: en total se identificaron 637 pacientes con diagnóstico de celulitis y erisipela de miembros inferiores en el periodo de estudio en ambas instituciones. De estos en 18.5% (118 pacientes) se solicitó ecografía Doppler de miembros inferiores para descartar trombosis venosa profunda, encontrando un total de 25 estudios positivos (21.19%). Del total de esta muestra fueron 56 hombres (47.4%) con una media de edad de 65 años. La mayoría de casos (55.08%), tuvieron riesgo intermedio según la escala de Wells. Los antecedentes más frecuentes relacionados con trombosis fueron: inmovilización 33%, linfedema 29.66%, enfermedad renal crónica 23.73%. La presencia de neoplasia fue el antecedente que demostró significancia estadística para la presencia de trombosis OR 5 (1.64-15.16) (P=0.0056). Conclusiones: la presencia de celulitis no es un hallazgo único que justifique la realización de Doppler, y el uso de imagen de rutina dentro del abordaje diagnóstico no está justificado si no existen otros factores de riesgo de trombosis. (Acta Med Colomb 2022; 47. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2022.2109).
摘要
Abstract Chronic kidney disease is a condition with high morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs which affects all population groups, having a significant impact on their quality of life. Its classification has been modified over time and there is still no universal consensus to differentiate a physiological change in kidney clearance from a pathological change. Below, we will discuss the importance of reconsidering the definition and classification in the general population according to age, including children and adults. (Acta Med Colomb 2021; 46. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2021.2080).
摘要
Abstract Thrombotic microangiopathies are disorders characterized by nonimmune microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and multi-systemic failure. They are classified as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and typical hemolytic uremic syndrome. The latter is associated with intestinal infections by Shiga toxin-producing bacteria. Typical hemolytic uremic syndrome in adults is an extremely rare condition, characterized by high morbidity and mortality. It has been seldom described in solid organ transplant recipients. Here is presented the case of a kidney transplant recipient who had typical hemolytic uremic syndrome with multisystem commitment, refractory to management and with a fatal outcome.
Resumo Microangiopatias trombóticas são distúrbios caracterizados por anemia hemolítica microangiopática não imune, trombocitopenia e insuficiência multissistêmica. Elas são classificadas como púrpura trombocitopênica trombótica, síndrome hemolítico-urêmica atípica e síndrome urêmica hemolítica típica. Essa última está associada a infecções intestinais por bactérias produtoras da toxina Shiga. A síndrome hemolítica urêmica típica em adultos é uma condição extremamente rara, caracterizada por alta morbimortalidade. Esta é raramente descrita em receptores de transplantes de órgãos sólidos. Apresentamos aqui o caso de um receptor de transplante renal que apresentava síndrome hemolítico-urêmica típica com comprometimento multissistêmico, refratário ao tratamento, e com desfecho fatal.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic , Kidney Transplantation , Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli , Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome , Anemia, Hemolytic摘要
Abstract Various characteristics influence the publication of scientific articles, including the quality of the content, its drafting, the journal's preferred topic, and the current needs, according to health advances or issues. However, other aspects such as the type of research results, the authors' recogni tion and editorial preferences mark the decision to reject or accept a manuscript; these are known as publication bias. Recognizing these biases allows teachers, researchers and students to maintain motivation and clinical judgement for presenting relevant academic proposals, and maintain a critical analysis of knowledge. (Acta Med Colomb 2021; 46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2021.1859).
Resumen Diferentes características influyen en la publicación de artículos científicos, dentro de los cuales se destaca: la calidad del contenido, la redacción, el tema de preferencia de la revista y las necesidades del momento de acuerdo con los avances o problemáticas en salud. Sin embargo, otros aspectos como el tipo de resultados de la investigación, el reconocimiento de los autores y las preferencias editoriales marcan la decisión de rechazar o aceptar un manuscrito; conocidos como sesgos de pu blicación. Reconocerlos permite a docentes, investigadores y estudiantes mantener la motivación y el juicio clínico para plantear propuestas académicas relevantes y tener un análisis crítico del conocimiento. (Acta Med Colomb 2021; 46. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2021.1859).
摘要
RESUMEN El infarto de miocardio con arterias coronarias no obstructivas es una nueva definición y manifestación clínica que incluye múltiples condiciones cardiacas. La importancia en su reconocimiento y búsqueda de la etiología radica en el pronóstico a largo plazo, dada la mayor incidencia de eventos cardiovasculares mayores. Por ello, la diferenciación de otras causas clínicas de elevación de biomarcadores cardiacos y el abordaje diagnóstico detallado basado en la historia clínica, junto con otros estudios complementarios, son fundamentales para definir un tratamiento y seguimiento que impacte en la evolución de los pacientes.
SUMMARY Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries is a new definition and clinical manifestation that includes multiple cardiac conditions. The importance in its recognition and search of the etiology lies in the long-term prognosis given the higher incidence of major cardiovascular events. Therefore, the differentiation of other clinical causes of elevation of cardiac biomarkers and a detailed diagnostic approach based on clinical history and complementary studies are fundamental to define treatment, follow-up and impact on the evolution of patients.
Subject(s)
Humans , Coronary Disease , Myocardial Infarction , Coronary Vessels摘要
Introducción. La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) es una condición que cursa con limitación del flujo aéreo espiratorio e inflamación crónica de las vías aéreas, y que representa un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. Objetivo. Determinar el perfil clínico y epidemiológico de pacientes con EPOC en una institución hospitalaria de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia. Metodología. Se realizó un estudio transversal, con una muestra de 50 pacientes, con diagnóstico clínico o espirométrico de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, atendidos de forma intrahospitalaria en una institución privada en Medellín durante el año 2015. A las variables cuantitativas se les calculó el promedio, desviación estándar y valores mínimo y máximo. A las cualitativas, medidas de nivel nominal y ordinal y se les estimaron proporciones. Resultados. La edad promedio fue de 73,5±9,3 años, el 52% fueron mujeres. El promedio de tiempo de diagnóstico fue de 7,8±1,3 años. Las características clínicas más frecuentes fueron las siguientes: el 36% tenía como clasificación estadio D para la enfermedad, el 34% tenía VEF1 <30%, el 88% tenían antecedente de tabaquismo y el 52% utilizaba oxígeno en casa. Conclusiones. La mayoría de nuestra población fue clasificada como GOLD categoría D, con una limitación grave del flujo aéreo espiratorio (VEF1 < 30%) y requerimiento de uso de oxígeno domiciliario. Lo anterior indica un inadecuado control de la enfermedad, debido, probablemente, al contexto intrahospitalario de los pacientes incluidos en el estudio.
Introduction. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a condition that limits the air flow and produce chronic inflammation of the airways, which represents a public health problem worldwide. Objective. To determine the clinical and epidemiological profile of patients with COPD in a hospital of the city of Medellin, Colombia. Methodology. A cross-sectional study was carried out, with a sample of 50 subjects, who had a clinical or spirometric diagnosis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, receiving Inpatient care in a private institution in Medellin in 2015. It was calculated on quantitative variables, the average, standard deviation and minimum and maximum values. It was estimated on qualitative variables, measures of nominal and ordinal level and proportions. Results. The average age was 73.5 ) 9,3 years, 52% were women. The average of Diagnostic time was 7.8 ) 1,3 years. The most common clinical characteristics were the following: 36% had a stage D classification for the disease, 34% had FEV1 <30%, 88% had a smoking history and 52% used oxygen at home. Conclusions. The majority of our population was classified as GOLD category D, with a severe limitation to breath (FEV1 <30%) and had to use oxygen at home. The foregoing indicates that there is an inadequate control of the disease, due to the inpatient environment of the subjects involved in the study.
Introdução. A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) é uma condição caracterizada por fluxo respiratório limitado e inflamação crônica das vias aéreas, e representa um problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo. Objetivo. Determinar o perfil clínico e epidemiológico dos pacientes com DPOC em uma instituição hospitalar da cidade de Medellín, Colômbia. Metodologia. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, com uma amostra de 50 pacientes, com diagnóstico clínico e espirométrico da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, que receberam atenção hospitalar em uma instituição privada em Medellín durante o ano de 2015. Para as variáveis quantitativos foram calculados a média, desvio padrão e valores mínimo e máximo. Para medidas qualitativas de nível nominal e ordinal se estimaram proporções. Resultados. A idade média foi de 73,5 ± 9,3 anos, 52% eram mulheres. A média do tempo de diagnóstico foi de 7,8 ± 1,3 anos. As características clínicas mais frequentes foram: 36% tinham classificação no estádio D para a doença, 34% tinham VEF1 <30%, 88% tinham história de tabagismo e 52% usavam oxigênio em casa. Conclusões. A maioria da nossa população foi classificada como GOLD categoria D, com uma limitação severa do fluxo de ar (VEF1 <30%) e exigência de uso de oxigênio domiciliar. O que precede indica um controle inadequado da doença, devido, provavelmente, ao contexto hospitalar dos pacientes incluídos no estudo.
摘要
RESUMEN El daño irreversible de órgano es predictor de morbilidad, mortalidad, mayor acúmulo de daño y mala calidad de vida en los pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico. Objetivos: Caracterizar el daño y los factores que mejor lo explican, en una población de pacientes colombianos con lupus eritematoso sistémico. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de seguimiento a una cohorte. El daño se midió con el SLICC/ACR (índice de Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics y del American College of Rheumatology) y la actividad de la enfermedad por SELENA SLEDAI. La caracterización del daño se hizo mediante estadística descriptiva, los factores asociados con el desenlace se evaluaron con Chi2 de Pearson o Fisher, t de Student o U de Mann-Whitney; la proporción de pacientes que acumularon daño se evaluó con el test de Friedman y el puntaje acumulado con el test de Wilcoxon. La determinación de los factores asociados independientemente con el desenlace se hizo con una regresión logística. Resultados: Se incluyeron 161 pacientes con diagnóstico de novo y seguimiento mínimo de un año; el 28,9% sufrió daño. Los dominios más representados fueron el neuropsiquiátrico, renal y vascular. Los anticuerpos antifosfolípido, las dosis promedio de prednisolona mayores a 12,5 mg/día y presentar 2 o más recaídas se asociaron independientemente al daño orgánico. Conclusiones: Los anticuerpos antifosfolípido, la dosis de esteroides y la frecuencia de recaídas se asocian al daño orgánico en una población colombiana de pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico.
ABSTRACT Irreversible organ damage is a predictive factor of morbidity, mortality, increased accumulation of damage, and poor quality of life in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Objectives: To describe the damage, and the factors that best explain it, in a population of Colombian patients. Methods: A retrospective follow-up study of a patient cohort. The damage was measured using the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) and the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) index, and disease activity by SELENA SLEDAI. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the damage. The factors associated with the outcome were evaluated with Pearson's or Fisher's Chi2, Student's t or Mann-Whitney's U. The proportion of patients that accumulated damage was evaluated with the Friedman test, and the cumulative score with the Wilcoxon test. The determination of the factors independently associated with the outcome was performed using logistic regression. Results: A total of 161 patients with recent diagnosis, and followed for one year or more, were included, 28.9% of whom had suffered damage. The most represented domains were neuropsychiatric, renal and vascular. Anti-phospholipid antibodies, mean doses of prednisolone greater than 12.5 mg/day, and suffering 2 or more relapses were independently associated with organ damage. Conclusions: Anti-phospholipid antibodies, steroid doses and frequency of relapses are associated with organ damage in a Colombian population of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic , Quality of Life , Prednisolone , Antibodies, Antiphospholipid , Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System , Antibodies摘要
Resumen La neumonitis por Pneumocystis jirovecii es una infección infrecuente en pacientes con trasplante de riñón, que se presenta de forma aguda y puede progresar rápidamente hasta la insuficiencia respiratoria y la muerte. El período de mayor riesgo es el de los primeros seis meses después del trasplante, y se asocia con las altas dosis de medicamentos inmunosupresores que reciben los pacientes. La condición también puede presentarse de manera tardía, asociada con la suspensión de la profilaxis con trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol. Se reportan dos casos de pacientes con trasplante renal que presentaron insuficiencia respiratoria hipoxémica grave por P. jirovecii pasados seis años del trasplante, y que fueron tratados con trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol y esteroides. Uno de los pacientes murió y el otro se recuperó sin que hubiera efectos en la función del injerto renal.
Abstract Pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii is an uncommon infection in kidney transplant patients that can have an acute and rapid progression to respiratory failure and death. The period of greatest risk occurs in the first six months after the transplant, and it relates to the high doses of immunosuppression drugs required by patients. However, it may occur late, associated with the suspension of prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. We present two cases of renal transplant patients who had severe hypoxemic respiratory failure due to P. jirovecii six years after transplantation. In addition to steroids, they received treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. One patient died, while the other had clinical recovery, with preservation of the renal graft function.
Subject(s)
Humans , Respiratory Insufficiency/complications , Kidney Transplantation/adverse effects , Pneumocystis carinii/chemistry , Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination/administration & dosage , Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination/adverse effects , Pneumocystis carinii/isolation & purification摘要
Resumen La insuficiencia adrenal es una endocrinopatía cuya principal causa se debe a la deficiencia en la producción de hormona adrenocorticotrópica, generalmente explicada por factores iatrogénicos y en menor número de casos al defecto primario de la glándula adrenal (enfermedad de Adisson). Su diagnóstico y la búsqueda de una etiología específica es muy importante, dado las implicaciones a largo plazo que conlleva por necesidad de suplencia hormonal, manejo en condiciones críticas, riesgo de muerte y compromiso de la actividad laboral. Presentamos el caso de una mujer quien consultó por ganancia excesiva de peso, signos de hipercortisolismo e hipertensión, se documentó una probable fuente exógena de esteroides, encontrando un cortisol sérico suprimido. Dos años antes estaba recibiendo artrivid PLUS, un producto natural para el manejo del dolor articular. Después de suspender ésta medicación presentó síntomas compatibles con insuficiencia adrenal, requiriendo el reinicio de prednisolona, con mejoría clínica y logrando su desmonte gradual posterior. (Acta Med Colomb 2017; 42: 243-246).
Abstract Adrenal insufficiency is an endocrinopathy whose main cause is due to the deficiency in the production of adrenocorticotropic hormone, usually explained by iatrogenic factors and in a smaller number of cases to the primary defect of the adrenal gland (Adisson's disease). Diagnosis and the search for a specific etiology is very important, given the long-term implications involved by the need of hormone replacement, management in critical conditions, risk of death and the compromise of work activity. The case of a woman who consulted for excessive weight gain, signs of hypercortisolism and hypertension, is presented. A probable exogenous source of steroids was documented, finding a suppressed serum cortisol. Two years before she was receiving artrivid PLUS, a natural product for joint pain management. After stopping this medication, she presented symptoms compatible with adrenal insufficiency, requiring the resumption of prednisolone, with clinical improvement and achieving its subsequent gradual removal. (Acta Med Colomb 2017; 42: 243-246).
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Cushing Syndrome , World Health Organization , Hydrocortisone , Weight Gain , Disease , Adrenal Glands摘要
Resumo A gencitabina é um fármaco utilizado no tratamento de vários tipos de neoplasias malignas. Há poucas descrições de associação entre a droga e a síndrome hemolítico-urêmica (SHU), apesar de os pacientes em questão terem ido a óbito em pelo menos 50% dos casos. O presente artigo relata o caso de uma paciente com 25 anos de idade em remissão diagnosticada com colangiocarcinoma que apresentou anemia hemolítica microangiopática acompanhada de insuficiência renal aguda anúrica após cinco ciclos de quimioterapia com gencitabina; as manifestações eram condizentes com SHU causada pelos efeitos colaterais do medicamento. A administração de gencitabina foi interrompida, e a paciente foi tratada com hemodiálise, transfusões de sangue, trocas de plasma, corticosteroides, doxiciclina e rituximabe. Foi atingido um desfecho favorável; mais especificamente, a hemólise foi controlada e a função renal foi plenamente restabelecida.
Abstract Gemcitabine is a medication used to treat various types of malignant neoplasms. Its association with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) has been described in few cases, although these cases have resulted in mortality rates of at least 50%. We report on the case of a 25-year-old patient with cholangiocarcinoma in remission who developed microangiopathic hemolytic anemia with acute anuric renal failure after receiving 5 cycles of gemcitabine chemotherapy; this condition was consistent with HUS caused by the side effects of this drug. The administration of gemcitabine was stopped, and hemodialysis, blood transfusions, plasma exchanges, steroids, doxycycline, and rituximab were used to treat the patient. A favorable outcome was achieved; in particular, hemolysis was controlled, and renal function was completely recovered.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives , Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome/chemically induced , Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/adverse effects , Bile Duct Neoplasms/drug therapy , Cholangiocarcinoma/drug therapy , Deoxycytidine/adverse effects , Deoxycytidine/therapeutic use , Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use摘要
La enfermedad por citomegalovirus es una entidad con importante morbilidad y mortalidad en pacientes trasplantados de órgano sólido, que se puede presentar como primoinfección o reactivación y con manifestaciones clínicas muy variables. A continuación se reporta el caso de un paciente con dolor epigástrico intenso postural como síntoma inicial de primoinfección por citomegalovirus.
Cytomegalovirus is an entity which causes significant morbidity and mortality among solid organ transplant patients. It may occur as a primary infection or be reactivated. In either case clinical manifestations vary. We report the case of a patient with severe epigastric pain related to posture which was the primary symptom of a cytomegalovirus infection.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Abdominal Pain , Cytomegalovirus , Gastritis , Kidney Transplantation摘要
Cada día, con los avances de la industria, las zonas urbanas incrementan la concentración y número de contaminantes, por ende, se exceden los valores permisibles (100 mg/m3) y se altera la sensibilidad de los organismos y se crean las condiciones para desarrollar mutaciones y cáncer. Históricamente, la exposición del hombre a una gran variedad de mezclas complejas se ha asociado con el aumento del riesgo para generar mutaciones y cáncer. La contribución sobre el riesgo para la salud, que ejerce la contaminación atmosférica, presenta dificultades en la identificación de los componentes tóxicos de las mezclas complejas y el poco conocimiento acerca del comportamiento de las sustancias genotóxicas encontradas en ellas.
Everyday, with industrial development, urban zones increase the amounts and concentrations of pollutants , frequently rising beyond their permissible values (100mg/m3) and modifying the organisms sensitivity and their possibility of developing mutations and cancer. Historically, human exposures to a variety of complex mixtures have been associated with an increased risk for cancer. Risk assessment in health of complex environmental samples suffers from difficulty in identifying toxic components, inadequacy of available toxicity data, and a paucity of knowledge about the behavior of genotoxic substances in complex mixtures.