Caracterización de pacientes con trombosis portal sobre hígado no cirrótico en un hospital universitario de Medellín, Colombia / Characterization of patients with portal vein thrombosis on non-cirrhotic liver at a university hospital in Medellín, Colombia

Introducción. La trombosis de la vena porta es la oclusión parcial o completa de la luz de la vena porta o sus afluentes por la formación de trombos. Se asocia a desenlaces adversos y a un peor pronóstico. La frecuencia de aparición viene en aumento, a menudo de manera incidental, debido al uso cada vez mayor de imágenes diagnósticas. Metodología. Estudio observacional de una serie de casos de pacientes mayores de 18 años a quienes se les documentó trombosis venosa portal en hígado no cirrótico en el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2012 y diciembre de 2019 en un hospital de cuarto nivel de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia. Resultados. Se documentaron 94 trombosis portales, la media de edad fue 44 ± 15 años, el 56 % eran mujeres. El promedio de aparición de síntomas fue de 14 días. La presentación de la trombosis fue aguda en un 41 %, crónica en 44 % y de instauración aguda sobre una trombosis crónica en un 15 %. La presentación clínica fue asintomática en el 33 %, el dolor abdominal fue la presentación más común con el 62 %. La trombofilia adquirida de mayor ocurrencia fueron las neoplasias mieloproliferativas crónicas en un 18 %, seguida del síndrome antifosfolípido en un 6 %. El método diagnóstico más usado fue la TAC trifásica en un 58 % seguido de la ultrasonografía en un 35 %. El 66 % de los pacientes fueron anticoagulados, siendo la warfarina el principal anticoagulante usado en un 56 %. El 16 % presento algún tipo de sangrado, aunque ninguno fue sangrado mayor. Conclusiones. La trombosis portal sigue siendo en muchos casos un hallazgo incidental. Se encontró un número inusual de neoplasias mieloproliferativas crónicas. La anticoagulación es segura y eficaz, aunque los anticoagulantes orales directos aún tienen un uso restringido.

Introduction. Portal vein thrombosis is the partial or complete occlusion of the lumen of the portal vein or its tributaries by thrombus formation. It is associated with adverse outcomes and a poorer prognosis. Its frequency is increasing, often incidentally, due to the growing use of diagnostic imaging. Methodology. This is an observational study of a case series of patients over 18 years old who were documented with portal vein thrombosis in a non-cirrhotic liver between January 2012 and December 2019 in a fourth-level hospital in the city of Medellín, Colombia. Results. Ninety-four cases of portal vein thrombosis were documented. The mean age was 44 ± 15 years, and 56 % were women. The average onset of symptoms was 14 days. Thrombosis presentation was acute in 41 %, chronic in 44 %, and acute on chronic in 15 %. Clinically, 33 % were asymptomatic, and abdominal pain was the most common presentation at 62 %. The most common acquired thrombophilia was chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms at 18 %, followed by antiphospholipid syndrome at 6 %. The most used diagnostic method was triphasic CT at 58 %, followed by ultrasonography at 35 %. Sixty-six percent of the patients received anticoagulation, with warfarin being the main anticoagulant used at 56 %. Sixteen percent experienced some type of bleeding, although none were major. Conclusions. Portal vein thrombosis remains, in many cases, an incidental finding. An unusual number of chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms were found. Anticoagulation is safe and effective, although the use of direct oral anticoagulants remains restricted.

Research Advances of Anticoagulation on Venous thromboembolism Associated with Gastric Cancer / 医药导报

Patients with gastric cancer are at high risk for venous thromboembolism(VTE)and bleeding,and patients who develop VTE are often associated with poor outcomes,making it clinically challenging to identify and manage the risk of thrombosis in patients with gastric cancer.Risk factors for VTE in gastric cancer patients include age,obesity,surgery,chemotherapy,etc.It is essential to identify high-risk patients and adopt aggressive prevention strategies.The main strategy to prevent and treat VTE is the use of anticoagulant drugs.This article discusses guidelines and recent studies for the prevention and treatment of VTE in patients with gastric cancer to help clinicians make individualized decisions for their patients and maximize clinical outcomes for their patients.

Research Advances on Prophylactic Anticoagulant Therapy for Primary Membranous Nephropathy / 医药导报

Patients with primary membranous nephropathy(PMN)tend to develop thrombosis,especially in the early phase of the disease.The pathogenesis of thrombosis is multifactorial,with hypoalbuminemia being widely regarded as an inde-pendent risk factor.Other factors include proteinuria,M-type phospholipase A2 receptor antibody,and D-dimer.Although prophy-lactic anticoagulation therapy is frequently used in clinical practice to prevent thrombosis in PMN patients,there are still many un-resolved issues regarding the optimal prevention of thrombosis in this condition.The timing of prophylactic anticoagulation,the threshold of serum albumin level,and the choice of treatment regimen are still lacking consensus.This article reviewed the relevant literature on these topics,aiming to establish a standard for thrombosis prevention and treatment for this population in the future and provide guidance for clinical practice.

Evaluation and analysis of bleeding risk of anticoagulation therapy in severe non-ICU patients with COVID-19 based on heparinase-modified TEG / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the clinical application of heparinase-modified TEG (hmTEG) in evaluating coagulation status and monitoring anticoagulant therapy in severe non-ICU patients with COVID-19. 【Methods】 The clinical data of severe non-ICU patients with COVID-19 confirmed to be infected with novel coronary disease (SARS-CoV-2) from December 2022 to May 2023 were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into therapeutic dose group and prophylactic dose group according to the initial dose of enoxaparin. The changes of platelet count, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, thrombin time, fibrinogen, D-dimer, TEG and hmTEG before and after heparin treatment were compared between the two groups, so as to evaluate the changes of coagulation function and bleeding risk of COVID-19 severe non-ICU patients after anticoagulation with different doses of heparin. 【Results】 A total of 179 severe non-ICU patients with COVID-19 were enrolled in this study, including 102 patients in therapeutic dose group and 77 patients in prophylactic dose group. Before receiving heparin anticoagulation, except for age(63.4±11.6 vs 59.8±9.1) D-dimer(678 ng/mL vs 621 ng/mL) and MA values [(69.1±10.2)mm vs (65.6±8.5)mm], there were no statistical differences in platelet count, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, thrombin time, fibrinogen, R value, K time, α angle and coagulation index (CI) between the therapeutic dose group and the prophylactic dose group (P>0.05). After receiving heparin anticoagulation, there were significant differences in CKR value [(12.2±4.1)min vs (10.2±3.3)min] and CKHR value [(8.1±3.2)min vs (7.1±2.6)min] between therapeutic dose group and prophylactic dose group (P0.05). Meanwhile, the proportion of heparin overdose in the therapeutic dose group was significantly higher than that in the prophylactic dose group 15.69%(16/102) vs 5.19%(4/77)(P0.05). 【Conclusion】 In the current epidemic trend of COVID-19, in order to reduce the occurrence of bleeding events, the heparin dose should be selected more carefully in the prevention of thrombosis in severe non-ICU patients with COVID-19. The individualized assessment of bleeding risk by hmTEG is more conducive to the adjustment and control of heparin dose.

New perspective of anticoagulation in intensive care unit: basic and clinical advances in coagulation factor Ⅻ and Ⅺ inhibitors / 中华危重病急救医学

Anticoagulation therapy stands as a key treatment for thrombotic diseases. The consequential bleeding risk tied to existing anticoagulation methods significantly impacts patient prognosis. In the intensive care unit (ICU), patients often necessitate organ support, leading to the inevitable placement of artificial devices in blood vessels, thereby requiring anticoagulation treatment to avert clot formation that might impede organ support. Nevertheless, these patients commonly encounter a heightened risk of bleeding. Hemophilia B, identified in 1953, manifests as a deficiency in coagulation factor Ⅺ (FⅪ), which focused people's perspective on the endogenous coagulation pathway, that is, the contact pathway. Upon interaction between the surface of artificial devices and FⅫ, FⅫ activates, subsequently triggering FⅪ and initiating the "coagulation cascade" within the contact pathway. Inhibitors targeting the contact pathway encompass two primary categories: FⅫ inhibitors and FⅪ inhibitors, capable of impeding this process. This article reviews the role of FⅫ and FⅪ in activating the contact pathway, seeking to illuminate their contributions to thrombus formation. By listing the relatively mature drugs and their indications, clinicians are familiar with this new anticoagulant.

Application of local sodium citrate anticoagulation in the initial speed of plasma exchange therapy / 重庆医学

Objective To study the initial pumping speed of sodium citrate in single plasma exchange with regional citrate anticoagulation(RAC).Methods From January to December 2021,15 patients and 67 times of treatment with local sodium citrate anticoagulation single plasma exchange in the hospital were in-cluded in the study.According to the initial pumping speed of sodium citrate,they were included in the low-speed group(n=33)and the high-speed group(n=34).The transmembrane pressure,filter pressure drop and venous pressure were compared between the two groups at 30 minutes,one hour and two hours after treatment.The free calcium concentration after plasma separator at 15 minutes and one hour after treatment,and the coagulation of plasma separator and extracorporeal circulation pipeline at the end of treatment were compared between the two groups.The concentration of free calcium,blood gas analysis and electrolyte were compared at the beginning of treatment,one hour after treatment and at the end of treatment.Results The free calcium concentration after the filter was monitored at 15 minutes and one hour of treatment in both groups was within the effective range of anticoagulation recommended by the guidelines.There were no lips,fingertip numbness and hand-foot convulsions in the two groups during the treatment,and no bleeding oc-curred after the treatment.There were four cases of hypocalcemia and two cases of alkalosis in the low-speed group,and 13 cases of hypocalcemia and eight cases of alkalosis in the high-speed group.The difference be-tween the two groups was statistically significant(P＜0.05).There were 15 cases of grade Ⅰ coagulation and five cases of grade Ⅱ coagulation in plasma separator and pipeline in the low-speed group,while there were 14 cases of grade Ⅰ coagulation and four cases of grade Ⅱ coagulation in plasma separator and pipeline in the high-speed group.There was no significant difference between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion In plasma exchange treatment,according to the low initial pumping speed,RAC can not only ensure the anticoagulant effect,but also reduce the incidence of complications such as hypocalcemia and alkalosis.

Thromboelastography and routine coagulation tests in the management of coagulation during ECMO therapy: a comparative study / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the correlation and consistency between the parameters of thromboelastography(TEG) and routine coagulation tests, and to evaluate the application value of the two methods in heparin anticoagulation monitoring and coagulation function monitoring in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO) therapy. 【Methods】 A total of 138 patients who recieved ECMO in the Department of Critical Care Medicine of the People′s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region from October 2021 to December 2022 were selected. A total of 317 pairs of ordinary TEG and heparinase-modified TEG(hmTEG) parameters measured simultaneously were analyzed for correlation and consistency with activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT), fibrinogen(Fib), and platelet count(Plt), and the parameters tested when ECMO was established and 24 hours after ECMO operation were compared. 【Results】 The correlation coefficient between R values and APTT of hmTEG(r=0.441, P0.05), while as for hmTEG, the correlation was 0.359(P0.05). 【Conclusion】 The parameters of hmTEG can better reflect the real level of coagulation factors in patients receiving ECMO. The results of hmTEG and APTT are complementary to assess whether heparin in ECMO patients is overdosed, and hmTEG has unique advantages. Routine coagulation tests and TEG cannot replace each other, and the combination of them can achieve better anticoagulation and coagulation management.

Clinical application of thromboelastography in the prevention of lower extremity intermuscular venous thrombosis after knee arthroscopy / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To explore the guiding value of thromboelastography (TEG) in the formulation of personalized anticoagulation regimen after knee arthroscopy. 【Methods】 A total of 50 patients who underwent knee arthroscopy in our hospital from April to August 2023 were randomly divided into two groups. Twenty-seven patients with routine anticoagulation were selected as the control group, and 23 patients with personalized anticoagulation were selected as the experimental group. Conventional anticoagulation was a prophylactic dose of low molecular weight heparin calcium (LMWHC) selected according to body weight, once a day to 7 days after surgery. Personalized anticoagulation was performed according to the prophylactic dose of LMWHC until postoperative day 3. On postoperative day 3, LMWHC was changed to aspirin according to the TEG return index (MA>70 mm, α Angle >72°, K value <1 min), and the initial prophylactic dose was 100 mg/d. LMWHC was changed to rivaroxaban when R<5 min, and the prophylactic dose was 10 mg/d until postoperative day 7. Patients with hypocoagulation or subcutaneous ecchymosis stopped the drug first, and if it was further aggravated, component blood transfusion was performed according to the TEG results. The difference of Caprini score in perioperative period, the correlation between TEG and CCT on postoperative day 1, and the accuracy of predicting thrombosis on postoperative day 7 were compared between the two groups using the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). 【Results】 There was a significant difference in Caprini score between the two groups at 7 days after operation (P<0.05), suggesting that the adjustment of anticoagulant drugs in the experimental group was effective at 3 days after operation. Pearson correlation evaluation showed that there was a strong positive correlation between maximum coagulation intensity (MA) in TEG and platelet (Plt) in CCT at day 1 after surgery (P<0.05). Thrombosis was found in the control group at 7 days after operation, all of which were CMVT and disappeared after therapeutic antithrombotic therapy. MA was included in the ROC curve for model analysis. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the control group was 0.819, and the AUC of the experimental group was 0.508. It was found that the control group model had higher accuracy in predicting the formation of CMVT. 【Conclusion】 Individualized anticoagulation under TEG monitoring can effectively reduce the occurrence of CMVT after knee arthroscopy, which has guiding value for anticoagulation and thrombosis prevention.

Anticoagulación precoz con warfarina en pacientes sometidos a sustitución valvular aórtica por bioprótesis: ensayo prospectivo randomizado: análisis interino / Early anticoagulation with warfarin in patients undergoing bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement: randomized prospective trial: interim analysis / Anticoagulação precoce com varfarina em pacientes submetidos à troca valvar aórtica por bioprótese: ensaio prospectivo randomizado: análise provisória

Introducción: aunque las bioprótesis son menos trombogénicas que las válvulas mecánicas; la trombosis de estas es una entidad cada vez más reconocida como causa de disfunción protésica potencialmente reversible. No está definido el beneficio de la anticoagulación rutinaria versus antiagregación plaquetaria luego de la sustitución valvular aórtica (SVA) por bioprótesis. La anticoagulación precoz podría asociarse a menores gradientes transprotésicos con similar riesgo de complicaciones. Objetivos: el objetivo primario es determinar si existe una diferencia significativa en la variación del gradiente transprotésico medio al año de la SVA entre las dos estrategias de tratamiento antitrombótico. Los objetivos secundarios son la comparación de la variación del gradiente máximo y del área valvular aórtica, y parámetros clínicos que incluyen la Clase Funcional de la New York Heart Association, las tasas de sangrado mayor y menor y la incidencia de eventos embólicos. Este trabajo representa el análisis interino a 3 meses de un proyecto a más largo plazo, y se propone mostrar los resultados preliminares de los puntos finales previamente definidos. Métodos: se presenta el análisis interino de un ensayo randomizado multicéntrico. Todos los pacientes sometidos a SVA por bioprótesis porcinas fueron sucesivamente reclutados en dos centros de cirugía cardíaca desde el 01/01/2019 hasta el 01/09/2019. El grupo anticoagulación recibió warfarina durante los primeros 3 meses y ambos recibieron aspirina a largo plazo. Se realizaron instancias de seguimiento clínicas y ecocardiográficas antes del alta, a los 3 meses y al año. Resultados: se reclutaron 107 pacientes; 46% de ellos fueron randomizados al grupo anticoagulación y 54% al grupo control. No existieron diferencias en las características basales. Tampoco existieron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos en la variación entre el alta y los 3 meses del área valvular protésica, coeficiente de obstrucción, gradiente máximo ni gradiente medio ni en la clase funcional. En cuanto a las complicaciones, no existieron eventos embólicos y los sangrados no difirieron significativamente entre ambos grupos. Conclusiones: la anticoagulación no modificó la variación de los gradientes transprotésicos a los 3 meses. Asimismo, no produjo mayor incidencia de efectos adversos. Todavía no está dilucidado si la anticoagulación precoz con warfarina luego de la SVA tiene impacto en los resultados a largo plazo.

Introduction: although bioprostheses are less thrombogenic than mechanical valves, bioprosthesis valve thrombosis is an increasingly recognized entity that can cause potentially reversible prosthetic valve dysfunction. There is a lack of consensus whether to use anticoagulation after aortic valve replacement (AVR) or antiplatelet therapy. Our hypothesis is that early anticoagulation is associated with lower transprosthetic gradients with similar risk of complications. Objective: primary objective is to determine if there is a significant difference in the variation of the mean transprosthetic gradient (ΔGm) one year after SVA between the two antithrombotic treatment strategies. Secondary objectives are the comparison of the variation of maximum gradient and aortic valve area, and clinical parameters including NYHA functional class, major and minor bleeding rates, and the incidence of embolic events. This work represents the 3-month interim analysis of a longer-term project, and is intended to show the preliminary results of the previously defined end points. Methods: this is an interim analysis of a multicenter randomized trial. All patients who underwent AVR by porcine bioprostheses were successively recruited in two cardiac surgery centers in Montevideo between 01/01/2019 and 01/09/2019. The anticoagulation group received warfarin for 3 months. Both groups received aspirin. Clinical and echocardiographic follow-up consultations were performed before discharge, at 3 months, and at 1 year. Results: 107 patients were recruited, 46% were randomized to the anticoagulation group and 54% to the control group. There were no differences in baseline characteristics. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the variation between discharge and 3 months of effective orifice area, doppler velocity index, peak gradient and mean gradient. There were also no differences between both groups in functional class. Regarding complications, there were no embolic events and bleeding did not differ significantly. Conclusions: in this study, anticoagulation did not modify the variation of transprosthetic gradients at 3 months. Likewise, it did not produce a higher incidence of adverse effects. It remains unclear whether early anticoagulation with warfarin after AVR has an impact on long-term outcomes.

Introdução: embora as biopróteses sejam menos trombogênicas que as mecânicas, a trombose de biopróteses é uma entidade cada vez mais reconhecida como causa de disfunção protética potencialmente reversível. A anticoagulação de rotina após a substituição da valva aórtica por bioprótese (SVA) não está definida. Nossa hipótese é que a anticoagulação precoce está associada a menores gradientes transprotéticos com risco semelhante de complicações. Objetivo: o objetivo principal é determinar se há uma diferença significativa na variação do gradiente transprotético médio (ΔGm) um ano após SVA entre as duas estratégias de tratamento antitrombótico. Os objetivos secundários são a comparação da variação do gradiente máximo e da área valvar aórtica e parâmetros clínicos, incluindo NYHA CF, taxas de sangramento maior e menor e incidência de eventos embólicos. Este trabalho representa a análise intercalar de 3 meses de um projeto de longo prazo, e pretende mostrar os resultados preliminares dos pontos finais previamente definidos. Métodos: apresenta-se a análise interina de um estudo multicêntrico randomizado. Todos os pacientes submetidos a SVA por biopróteses suínas foram sucessivamente recrutados em dois centros de cirurgia cardíaca em Montevidéu, durante um período de recrutamento de 1/1/2019 a 1/9/2019. O grupo de anticoagulação recebeu warfarina por 3 meses. Ambos os grupos receberam aspirina. Foram realizadas consultas médicas clínicas e ecocardiográficas antes da alta, aos 3 meses e ao 1 ano. Resultados: foram recrutados 107 pacientes, 46% foram randomizados para o grupo anticoagulação e 54% para o grupo controle. Não houve diferenças nas características basais. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos da variação entre alta e 3 meses na área valvar, coeficiente de obstrução, gradiente máximo ou gradiente médio. Também não houve diferenças entre os dois grupos na classe funcional. Em relação às complicações, não houve eventos embólicos e sangramentos não diferiram significativamente. Conclusões: neste estudo, a anticoagulação não modificou a variação dos gradientes transprotéticos aos 3 meses. Da mesma forma, não produziu maior incidência de efeitos adversos. Ainda não está claro se a anticoagulação precoce com varfarina após SVA tem impacto nos resultados a longo prazo.

Adherencia y calidad de vida en pacientes con fibrilación auricular e insuficiencia cardíaca anticoagulados con Apixaban

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Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in patients with heart failure (HF), regardless of ejection fraction, leading to a greater risk of thromboembolic complications. Anticoagulation is one of the fundamental pillars in the treatment of AF, and prior to this, it is recommended to evaluate the embolic risk using the CHA2DS2-VASc score and the bleeding risk with the HAS-BLED score. There are two pharmacological groups of oral anticoagulants (OACs), vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). Both groups have advantages and disadvantages in their use. VKAs require frequent monitoring to achieve INR levels within range, a greater number of drug and dietary interactions, leading to lower adherence, satisfaction, and quality of life. Likewise, scientific evidence supports the non-inferiority of DOACs versus VKAs, being recommended in recent clinical practice guidelines for the prevention of thrombotic events in all patients with AF except in cases where moderate to severe mitral stenosis or mechanical valve replacement coexist. To date, there are no published studies that assess adherence and impact on quality of life with the use of DOACs in HF with AF. Therefore, the objective of this research is to observe changes in adherence and quality of life of patients who were switched from VKA to DOAC, describing the occurrence of thrombotic or hemorrhagic events. Methodology: Quasi-experimental, prospective, longitudinal study. All patients over 18 years of age with AF without mechanical valve prosthesis or moderate/severe mitral stenosis, anticoagulated with warfarin with therapeutic range time (TTR) ≤65% and SAMe-T2R ≥2 were included. The Morisky questionnaire was administered to evaluate adherence, and the Anti-Clot Treatment Scale was used to evaluate satisfaction and quality of life. Thrombotic and hemorrhagic risk was evaluated by CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED. The questionnaires were applied using warfarin and the same questionnaires were repeated after replacing with DOAC for convenience, specifically apixaban. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Cochrane Q test, ANOVA, and STATAv.15.0. Results: 43 patients, 31 of whom were male, 100% had CHA2DS2-VASC >2, 37% had HAS-BLED >3, and 62.8% had SAMe-TT2R2 >2. There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.001) in relation to the use of apixaban in quality of life, disease burden, and positive impact. No thrombotic or hemorrhagic events were observed with the use of apixaban. Conclusions: A statistically significant difference was observed in adherence, satisfaction, and quality of life with the use of apixaban, without thrombotic or hemorrhagic events.

Introdução: A fibrilação atrial (FA) é a arritmia cardíaca mais comum em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC), independentemente da fração de ejeção, o que leva a um maior risco de complicações tromboembólicas. A anticoagulação é um dos pilares fundamentais no tratamento da FA e, antes disso, é recomendado avaliar o risco embólico usando o escore CHA2DS2-VASc e o risco de sangramento com o escore HAS-BLED. Existem dois grupos farmacológicos de anticoagulantes orais (AOs): os antagonistas da vitamina K (AVKs) e os anticoagulantes orais diretos (DOACs). Ambos os grupos têm vantagens e desvantagens em seu uso. Os AVKs exigem monitoramento frequente para alcançar níveis de RNI dentro da faixa, um maior número de interações medicamentosas e alimentares, levando a menor adesão, satisfação e qualidade de vida. Da mesma forma, a evidência científica suporta a não inferioridade dos DOACs em relação aos AVKs, sendo recomendados nas diretrizes recentes de prática clínica para a prevenção de eventos trombóticos em todos os pacientes com FA, exceto nos casos em que coexistem estenose mitral moderada a grave ou substituição valvar mecânica. Até o momento, não há estudos publicados que avaliem a aderência e o impacto na qualidade de vida com o uso de DOACs em IC com FA. Portanto, o objetivo desta pesquisa é observar mudanças na adesão e qualidade de vida de pacientes que mudaram de AVK para DOAC, descrevendo a ocorrência de eventos trombóticos ou hemorrágicos. Metodologia: Estudo quase-experimental, prospectivo e longitudinal. Foram incluídos todos os pacientes com mais de 18 anos de idade com FA sem prótese valvar mecânica ou estenose mitral moderada/grave, anticoagulados com varfarina com tempo de alcance terapêutico (TTR) ≤65% e SAMe-T2R ≥2. O questionário Morisky foi administrado para avaliar a adesão, e a Escala de Tratamento Anticoagulante foi usada para avaliar a satisfação e qualidade de vida. O risco trombótico e hemorrágico foi avaliado pelo escore CHA2DS2-VASc e HAS-BLED. Os questionários foram aplicados usando varfarina e os mesmos questionários foram repetidos após a substituição por DOAC por conveniência, especificamente apixabana. A análise estatística foi realizada usando o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, teste Q de Cochrane, ANOVA e STATAv.15.0. Resultados: Foram incluídos 43 pacientes, sendo 31 do sexo masculino. Todos os pacientes apresentavam CHA2DS2-VASC >2, 37% tinham HAS-BLED >3 e 62,8% tinham SAMe-TT2R2 >2. Foi observada uma diferença estatisticamente significativa (p<0,001) no que diz respeito ao uso de apixabana na qualidade de vida, carga da doença e impacto positivo. Não foram observados eventos tromboembólicos ou hemorrágicos com o uso de apixabana. Conclusões: Foi observada uma diferença estatisticamente significativa na adesão, satisfação e qualidade de vida em relação ao uso de apixabana, sem eventos tromboembólicos ou hemorrágicos.

Primera colocación del dispositivo AMPLATZER™, Amulet™ para cierre de orejuela en Costa Rica utilizando Heart Navigator / First placement of the AMPLATZER™ Amulet™ device for appendage closure in Costa Rica using Heart Navigator

RESUMEN El cierre de la orejuela izquierda mediante un dispositivo facilita la prevención de un accidente cerebrovascular en pacientes con antecedente de fibrilación auricular no valvular y contraindicación para el uso de medicamentos anticoagulantes. Este artículo presenta dos casos de pacientes con historia de fibrilación auricular en el Hospital Calderón Guardia, ambos con el antecedente de sangrado digestivo y contraindicación para la anticoagulación, en los que se logró el cierre de la orejuela izquierda mediante la colocación exitosa del dispositivo AmuletTM, utilizando TAC y Heart Navigator, técnicas de imagen que se están convirtiendo en el estándar de oro de muchos centros internacionales de referencia en cardiología intervencionista.

ABSTRACT Closure of the left atrial appendage with a device facilitates the prevention of stroke in patients with a history of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and a contraindication to the use of anticoagulant medications. This article presents two cases of patients with a history of atrial fibrillation at the Calderón Guardia Hospital, both with a history of digestive bleeding and contraindication to anticoagulation, in whom closure of the left atrial appendage was achieved through successful placement of the AmuletTM device, using CT and Heart Navigator, imaging techniques that are becoming the gold standard in many international reference centers in interventional cardiology.

Uso de anticoagulantes parenterales en pacientes con síndromes coronarios / Use of parenteral anticoagulants in patients with coro nary syndromes

Resumen El tratamiento anticoagulante, en conjunto con la anti agregación, cumple un rol de suma importancia en el tratamiento de los síndromes coronarios agudos. Su uso está asociado a reducción de nuevos eventos isquémicos, trombosis del stent e incluso menor morta lidad. No obstante, en la práctica clínica existe una gran heterogeneidad en su utilización, llevando a resultados subóptimos en el tratamiento. Este trabajo ofrece una revisión narrativa sobre el uso de anticoagulantes parenterales en pacientes con sín dromes coronarios agudos, dependiendo del escenario clínico, así como también de la estrategia de revascula rización implementada y el riesgo hemorrágico. Se abordan los diferentes esquemas anticoagulantes disponibles en síndromes coronarios agudos con y sin elevación del segmento ST, basados en la evidencia ac tualizada hasta la fecha. Finalmente, se desarrollan herramientas para la es tratificación del riesgo de sangrado y su manejo tera péutico.

Abstract Anticoagulant treatment, together with antiplatelet therapy, plays an important role in the treatment of acute coronary syndromes. Its use is associated with a reduction in new ischemic events, stent thrombosis, and lower mortality. However, in clinical practice there is great heterogene ity in its use, leading to suboptimal results in treatment. This paper conducts a narrative review on the use of parenteral anticoagulants in patients with acute coronary syndromes, depending on the clinical scenario, as well as the revascularization strategy used and the bleeding risk. The different anticoagulant schemes available in acute coronary syndromes with and without segment ST elevation are addressed, based on the updated evidence. Finally, evidence-based strategies for risk stratifi cation for bleeding and therapeutic management are developed.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation in Mexico: National Registries Raise a Red Flag

ABSTRACT Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide and is highly prevalent in Mexico, as 10.2% of the adult population harbors this condition. T2DM is usually associated with cardiovascular comorbidities, including arrhythmias. Metabolic impairment is one of the mechanisms that contribute to tissue remodeling that affects atrial structure, and concomitant, the cardiac conduction system, both could result in atrial fibrillation (AF). AF is estimated to affect more than a half million Mexicans, and its incidence is expected to keep rising. According to national registries, T2DM is present in 28.4% of Mexican patients with AF and the coexistence of both diseases is associated with a higher risk of stroke. In clinical practice, the CHA2DS2-VASc risk score is useful for stroke risk stratification in patients with AF to facilitate the adequate use of anticoagulation therapy. T2DM is among the items of the CHA2DS2-VASc score because it correlates with an intrinsic prothrombotic state. In this narrative review, we present information that highlights the need for optimal glucose control and adequate anticoagulation in subjects with T2DM and AF.

Management of thromboembolic disorders during pregnancy in resource-constrained settings: An Indian perspective

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in pregnancy and resulting thrombotic disorders are increasingly being recognized as an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. The diagnosis of VTE during pregnancy has an impact on current as well as future foeto-maternal outcomes. Whereas algorithms to manage VTEs during pregnancy in developed countries exist, these are difficult to implement in resource-constraint settings. In this narrative review, we discuss strategies that can be applied in daily clinical practice by obstetricians and haematologists dealing with these disorders in the country

Complicaciones tromboembólicas y hemorrágicas en pacientes portadores de prótesis valvulares del corazón en un centro de tercer nivel. ¿Qué hemos aprendido? / Thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications in patients with prosthetic heart valves at third level care center. What have we learned?

Resumen Antecedentes: El reemplazo valvular por prótesis mecánicas o biológicas implica riesgo de tromboembolismo y complicaciones hemorrágicas. Objetivo: Determinar las complicaciones relacionadas con la terapia de anticoagulación complementaria y la probabilidad de riesgo en pacientes portadores de prótesis valvulares del corazón. Métodos: Se estudiaron 163 pacientes entre 2002 y 2016, portadores de prótesis mecánicas y biológicas, quienes recibieron antagonistas de la vitamina K posterior al egreso hospitalario. La terapia de anticoagulación se categorizó en óptima y no óptima conforme a los valores de INR previos a las complicaciones. Fueron excluidos los pacientes con comorbilidades y otros factores de riesgo de trombosis y/o sangrado. Resultados: a 68.7 % de los pacientes se les colocó prótesis mecánica y a 31.3 %, biológica (p ≤ 0.001); 25.2 % presentó las complicaciones motivo de estudio (p ≤ 0.001), hemorrágicas en 48.8 %, tromboembólicas en 26.8 % y de ambos tipos en 24.4 % (riesgo relativo = 4.229); a 95.1 % de los pacientes con complicaciones se les colocó prótesis mecánica y a 4.9 %, biológica (p = 0.005); 49.7 % presentó INR no óptimo (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusiones: Ante riesgo alto de complicaciones tromboembólicas y hemorrágicas, la elección de las prótesis valvulares, la prevención y el seguimiento son prioridades, principalmente en quienes requieren terapia de anticoagulación.

Abstract Background: Heart valve replacement surgery with mechanical or biological prostheses entails a risk of thromboembolism and bleeding complications. Objective: To determine the complications related to complementary anticoagulation therapy and the probability of risk. Methods: One-hundred and sixty-three patients who underwent heart valve replacement between 2002 and 2016 with either mechanical or biological prostheses, and who received vitamin K antagonists after hospital discharge, were studied. Anticoagulation therapy was categorized into optimal and non-optimal according to INR values prior to the development of complications. Patients with comorbidities and other risk factors for thrombosis and/or bleeding were excluded. Results: In total, 68.7 % of patients received mechanical prostheses, and 31.3 %, biological prostheses (p ≤ 0.001); 25.2 % experienced the complications that motivated the study (p ≤ 0.001), which were hemorrhagic in 48.8 %, thromboembolic in 26.8 %, and of both types in 24.4 % (relative risk = 4.229). Among the patients with complications, 95.1 % received mechanical prostheses, and 4.9 %, biological (p = 0.005); non-optimal INR was identified in 49.7 % (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusions: Given the high risk of thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications, valve prostheses must be carefully chosen, and care priorities should include prevention and follow-up, especially in those patients who require anticoagulation therapy.

Current state of non-hematologic cancer-associated thrombosis at a tertiary care hospital in India

Abstract Introduction Cancer-associated thrombosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in malignancy patients. Prophylactic anticoagulation is under-utilized and the cost of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) and direct oral anticoagulants is a major barrier in developing countries. Material and methods A retrospective analysis was performed of all cancer-associated thrombosis patients attending the thrombosis clinic at a tertiary-level referral hospital based in North India between 2011 and 2015. Patient demographics and disease-related parameters were collected and analyzed. Results A total of 771 patients attended the thrombosis clinic during study period, of which 64 cases were malignancy-associated. Of these, 56% of the patients were female and 20% were bedridden. The median age was 48.5 years, adenocarcinoma (48%) being the most common histological subtype. Gynecological malignancies (30%) were the most common malignancies, followed by genitourinary (11%) malignancies. Most of the cases occurred during first year of diagnosis (51%), and only 14% occurred after 3 years. Most of the patients were on combined treatment. Almost 40% of the patients developed thrombosis within 30 days of surgical treatment. Lower limb thrombosis was the most commonly seen type (56%), while abdominal and pulmonary thrombosis were both seen in 5%. Patients were managed with LMWH and vitamin K antagonists (84.3%) and only 6.25% with LMWH alone. Direct oral anticoagulants were not commonly used during the study period. Discussion At the hospital studied, most of the cases occurred early in the disease course. Postoperative prophylaxis could have contributed towards reducing thrombosis in the peri-operative period. Early suspicion and prompt treatment can improve quality of life in such patients.

Optimal processing technology of Zhangbang vinegar-processed Olibanum with multi-indicator-response surface methodology and anticoagulant effect evaluation / 中国中药杂志

This study first optimized the processing technology for Zhangbang vinegar-processed Olibanum and investigated its in vitro anticoagulant activity. A multi-index-response surface methodology was used, with yield, powder yield, and the relative percentage of the content of six non-volatile components [11-keto-boswellic acid(KBA), 3-acetyl-11-keto-boswellic acid(AKBA), β-elemonic acid, α-boswellic acid(α-BA), β-boswellic acid(β-BA), and α-acetyl-boswellic acid(α-BA)] and three volatile components(octyl acetate, incensole, and incensole acetate) as evaluation indicators. Analytical hierarchy process(AHP) combined with coefficient of variation method was used to calculate the weight of each indicator and calculate the comprehensive score(OD). Furthermore, response surface methodology was used to investigate the effects of frying temperature(A), burning time(B), rice vinegar dosage(C), and steaming time(D) on the processing technology of vinegar-processed Olibanum. Vinegar-steamed Olibanum was prepared according to the optimal processing technology for in vitro anticoagulant experiments. The results showed that the weights of octyl acetate, incensole, incensole acetate, KBA, AKBA, β-elemonic acid, α-BA, β-BA, α-ABA, yield, and powder yield were 0.358 2, 0.104 5, 0.146 4, 0.032 9, 0.123 7, 0.044 4, 0.022 1, 0.042 2, 0.110 1, 0.012 2, and 0.0032, respectively. The optimal processing technology for Zhangbang vinegar-processed Olibanum was as follows. Olibanum(50 g) with a particle size of 1-5 mm was continuously stir-fried at a low heat of 150-180 ℃ until in a gel-like state, ignited for burning for 15 s, sprayed with 7.5 g of rice vinegar(15%), and steamed for 3 min without fire. Subsequently, the cover was removed, and the product was continuously stir-fried at 150-180 ℃ until in a soft lump shape, removed, cooled, and crushed. The results of the in vitro anticoagulant experiments showed that compared with the blank group, both Olibanum and vinegar-processed Olibanum significantly prolonged the activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT), thrombin time(TT), and prothrombin time(PT) of rat platelet-poor plasma(PPP), and the effect of vinegar-processed Olibanum was significantly better than that of Olibanum(P<0.05). The optimized processing technology for Zhangbang vinegar-processed Olibanum is stable, feasible, and beneficial for the further development and utilization of Olibanum slices. At the same time, using the content of volatile and non-volatile components, yield, and powder yield as indicators, and verifying through pharmacological experiments, the obtained results are more reasonable and credible, and have positive guiding significance for the clinical application of characteristic processed Olibanum products.

Why anticoagulant studies on sepsis fail frequently --- start with SCARLET / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

The Sepsis Coagulopathy Asahi Recombinant LE Thrombomodulin (SCARLET) trial has many defects, and thus cannot be the terminator of recombinant thrombomodulin (rTM). On the contrary, it provides sufficient evidence for further research. Based on analysis focusing on the failure of SCARLET and several previous anticoagulant studies, it is most important for new studies to grasp the following two points: (1) The enrolled cases should have sufficient disease severity and a clear standard for disseminated intravascular coagulation; (2) Heparin should not be used in combination with the investigated drugs. Multiple post-hoc analyses show that no combination of heparin will not increase the risk of thromboembolism. In fact, the combination of heparin can mask the true efficacy of the investigated drug. Due to the complexity of sepsis treatment and the limitations of clinical studies, the results of all treatment studies should be repeatedly verified, rather than be determined at one stroke. Some research conclusions contrary to disease physiology, pharmacology and clinical practice may be deceptive, and should be cautious rather than be simply accepted. On the other hand, the dissenting voices in the "consensus" scene are often well discussed by the authors and should be highly valued.

Extracardiac Rupture of Giant Left Valsalva Sinus Aneurysm / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

We report a case of extracardiac rupture of the left Valsalva sinus aneurysm, which is an extremely rare and fatal lesion. The three drugs, clindamycin, ethambutol and rifampicin, had been administered for eleven years because of lung mycobacterium infection. An emergency surgery was performed because of cardiac tamponade. The left Valsalva sinus was entirely enlarged without an aneurysmal neck. The other Valsalva sinuses seemed to be almost normal. The aneurysmal wall adhered the pulmonary artery and the left atrium. The left descending and circumflex arteries independently originated from the aneurysmal wall. The left main trunk seemed to become a part of the aneurysmal wall. Additionally the intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography showed severe aortic regurgitation. The Bio-Bentall procedure was performed. The right coronary artery was reconstructed with the Carrel patch method and the saphenous vein grafts were anastomosed to the proximal portions of the left anterior descending and circumflex arteries, individually. On the thirty-third postoperative day, the patient was discharged uneventfully expect for the delayed sternal closure on the second postoperative day. Five and half years after surgy, the patient is living a normal life and rifampicin has been administered without any anticoagulation drugs.

Recent advances in anticoagulation reversal of oral anticoagulant-associated intracerebral hemorrhage / 中国医师杂志

With the progressive aging of the population and the attendant increase in oral anticoagulants (OAC) use, studies have shown that the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in patients receiving OAC treatment is 7-10 times higher than that in patients not receiving OAC treatment. Moreover, compared to general ICH patients, patients with oral anticoagulant-associated intracerebral hemorrhage (OAC-ICH) exhibit larger ICH-volumes, have higher mortality, and importantly have a greater frequency of hematoma expansion (HE). Hence, aggressive and specific medical management to reverse anticoagulation irrespective of vitamin K antagonists (VKA) or new oral anticoagulants (NOAC) used is essential to reduce HE rates and thereby to potentially influence clinical outcomes. This paper aims to compare and analyze the history and latest progress of reversal scheme in different OAC, so as to provide a theoretical basis for patients with OAC-ICH to pick a more reasonable reversal scheme.