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Resumo Fundamento Dados robustos sobre a curva de aprendizagem (LC) da substituição da válvula aórtica transcateter (TAVR) são escassos nos países em desenvolvimento. Objetivo Avaliar a LC da TAVR no Brasil ao longo do tempo. Métodos Analisamos dados do registro brasileiro de TAVR de 2008 a 2023. Pacientes de cada centro foram numerados cronologicamente em número sequencial de caso (NSC). A LC foi realizada usando um spline cúbico restrito ajustado para o EuroSCORE-II e o uso de próteses de nova geração. Ainda, os desfechos hospitalares foram comparados entre grupos definidos de acordo com o nível de experiência, com base no NSC: 1º ao 40º caso (experiência inicial), 41º ao 80º caso (experiência básica), 81º ao 120º caso (experiência intermediária) e 121º caso em diante (experiência alta). Análises adicionais foram conduzidas de acordo com o número de casos tratados antes de 2014 (>40 e ≤40 procedimentos). O nível de significância adotado foi p <0,05. Resultados Foram incluídos 3194 pacientes de 25 centros. A idade média foi 80,7±8,1 anos e o EuroSCORE II médio foi 7±7,1. A análise da LC demonstrou uma queda na mortalidade hospitalar ajustada após o tratamento de 40 pacientes. Um patamar de nivelamento na curva foi observado após o caso 118. A mortalidade hospitalar entre os grupos foi 8,6%, 7,7%, 5,9%, e 3,7% para experiência inicial, básica, intermediária e alta, respectivamente (p<0,001). A experiência alta foi preditora independente de mortalidade mais baixa (OR 0,57, p=0,013 vs. experiência inicial). Centros com baixo volume de casos antes de 2014 não mostraram uma redução significativa na probabilidade de morte com o ganho de experiência, enquanto centros com alto volume de casos antes de 2014 apresentaram uma melhora contínua após o caso de número 10. Conclusão Observou-se um fenômeno de LC para a mortalidade hospitalar do TAVR no Brasil. Esse efeito foi mais pronunciado em centros que trataram seus 40 primeiros casos antes de 2014 que naqueles que o fizeram após 2014.
Abstract Background Robust data on the learning curve (LC) of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) are lacking in developing countries. Objective To assess TAVR's LC in Brazil over time. Methods We analyzed data from the Brazilian TAVR registry from 2008 to 2023. Patients from each center were numbered chronologically in case sequence numbers (CSNs). LC was performed using restricted cubic splines adjusted for EuroSCORE-II and the use of new-generation prostheses. Also, in-hospital outcomes were compared between groups defined according to the level of experience based on the CSN: 1st to 40th (initial-experience), 41st to 80th (early-experience), 81st to 120th (intermediate-experience), and over 121st (high-experience). Additional analysis was performed grouping hospitals according to the number of cases treated before 2014 (>40 and ≤40 procedures). The level of significance adopted was <0.05. Results A total of 3,194 patients from 25 centers were included. Mean age and EuroSCORE II were 80.7±8.1 years and 7±7.1, respectively. LC analysis demonstrated a drop in adjusted in-hospital mortality after treating 40 patients. A leveling off of the curve was observed after case #118. In-hospital mortality across the groups was 8.6%, 7.7%, 5.9%, and 3.7% for initial-, early-, intermediate-, and high-experience, respectively (p<0.001). High experience independently predicted lower mortality (OR 0.57, p=0.013 vs. initial experience). Low-volume centers before 2014 showed no significant decrease in the likelihood of death with gained experience, whereas high-volume centers had a continuous improvement after case #10. Conclusion A TAVR LC phenomenon was observed for in-hospital mortality in Brazil. This effect was more pronounced in centers that treated their first 40 cases before 2014 than those that reached this milestone after 2014.
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Objective To explore the relationship between the types of bicuspid aortic valves(BAV)and the outcome of functional mitral regurgitation(FMR)and the affecting factors of FMR.Methods From Jun 2018 to Sep 2022,patients with severe BAV aortic valve stenosis(AS)complicated with FMR underwent post transcatheter aortic valve replacement(TAVR)in Zhongshan Hospital,Fudan University were retrospectively analyzed.The baseline information and imaging data of different BAV patients were collected.Logistic regression was used to analyze the factors affecting the outcome of FMR(improvement and non-improvement).Result A total of 100 patients with TAVR were included,including 49 patients with type 0 of BAV and 51 patients with type 1 of BAV.Compared with patients of type 1,patients of type 0 had younger age[(72.78±6.09)y vs.(77.00±8.35)y,P=0.050],lower male ratio(47%vs.73%,P= 0.009)higher BMI[(23.19±2.62)kg/m2 vs.(21.99±3.13)kg/m2,P=0.041],and lower incidence of aortic regurgitation(69%vs.92%,P=0.040).Compared with the non-improvement group,the improvement group had a lower incidence of coronary heart disease(5%vs.18%,P=0.042),higher incidence of pulmonary hypertension(20%vs.2%,P=0.007),larger left ventricular diastolic diameter[(51.98±6.74)mm vs.(48.04±7.72)mm,P=0.009]and higher maximum flow velocity[(4.86±0.95)cm/s vs.(4.47±0.75)cm/s,P= 0.023]of the aortic valve.The results of Logistic regression analysis showed that preoperative pulmonary hypertension,left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and maximum valvular flow velocity of BAV patients were the potential affecting factors of FMR improvement after TAVR.Conclusion No significant difference was found in FMR improvement between BAV patients of type 0 and type 1 after TAVR.For BAV patients with AS,preoperative pulmonary hypertension,larger left ventricular end-diastolic diameter,and faster aortic valve flow velocity were associated with higher FMR improvement rate.
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A domestically produced self-expanding transcatheter aortic valve controllable bending delivery system(VitaFlow? Ⅲcontrollable bending retrievable delivery system)was first used to perform transcatheter aortic valve replacement(TAVR)in a symptomatic severe aortic valve stenosis patient with severe heart failure and high risk of surgery in China on September 22,2023.The patient successfully completed TAVR under general anesthesia,with good valve position and function after the operation.Before discharge and at one month of follow-up,the patient's symptoms and degree of heart failure were significantly improved.The follow-up results of this case showed that the VitaFlow? Ⅲ controllable bending retrievable delivery system for TAVR is safe and feasible,and future prospective,multicenter clinical trials are expected to evaluate its efficacy.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is related to increased circulating endothelial microparticles (EMP). Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the plasma concentration of EMP between patients undergoing aortic valve replacement with conventional bioprosthesis implantation and Perceval™ S (LivaNova) and to evaluate its impact on the inflammatory response in the short-term follow-up. Methods: This is a randomized clinical trial with 24 patients submitted to isolated aortic valve replacement divided into two groups: Perceval™ S (Group P) and conventional bioprostheses (Group C). Incidence of severe SIRS (three or more criteria) in the first 48 hours postoperatively, EMP release profile, interleukins (IL) 6 and 8, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin were analyzed preand postoperatively at 24 hours and three months. Results: There were 24 patients (12 in each group), mean age was 69.92±5.17 years, 83.33% were female, the incidence of severe SIRS was 66.7% and 50% in groups C and P, respectively (P=0.68), and EMP showed a significant increase in the 24-hour postoperative period (P≤0.001) and subsequent decrease in the three-month postoperative period (P≤0.001), returning to baseline levels. For IL-6 and IL-8, there was a greater increase in group C at 24 hours postoperatively (P=.0.02 and P<0.001). Conclusion: The incidence of severe SIRS was similar in both groups, with significantly higher levels of IL-6 and IL-8, at the 24-hour postoperative period, in group C, however with higher levels of EMP in group P, and subsequent return to baseline levels at the three-month postoperative period in both groups.
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Resumo Fundamento O implante percutâneo de bioprótese valvar aórtica (TAVI) consolidou-se como opção terapêutica da estenose aórtica de grau importante. Dados sobre as características evolutivas dos procedimentos e dos resultados obtidos com a técnica ao longo da última década, em escala nacional, são desconhecidos. Objetivos Analisar a tendência temporal referente ao perfil demográfico, características dos procedimentos e desfechos hospitalares de pacientes submetidos a TAVI na Rede D'Or São Luiz. Métodos Registro observacional envolvendo 29 instituições nacionais. Comparou-se características dos procedimentos realizados de 2012 a 2017 (Grupo 1) e de 2018 a 2023 (Grupo 2). Foram considerados significantes os resultados com valor de p < 0,05. Resultados Foram analisados 661 casos, 95 pertencentes ao Grupo 1 e 566 ao Grupo 2. A média de idade foi 81,1 anos. Observou-se no Grupo 1 maior prevalência de pacientes em classe funcional III ou IV e escore de risco > 8%. Foi mais frequente o emprego de anestesia geral, monitorização ecocardiográfica transesofágica e via de acesso por dissecção. Maior taxa de sucesso do procedimento (95,4% versus 89,5%; p = 0,018) foi aferida em implantes efetivados a partir de 2018, assim como menor mortalidade (3,9% versus 11,6%; p = 0,004) e necessidade de marcapasso definitivo (8,5% versus 17,9%; p = 0,008). Conclusões A análise temporal de 10 anos do Registro TAVIDOR demonstra uma queda na complexidade clínica dos pacientes. Além disso, o avanço para técnicas de implante minimalistas, somadas à evolução tecnológica dos dispositivos, podem ter contribuído para desfechos favoráveis dentre aqueles cujo implante ocorreu no último quinquênio.
Abstract Background Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has established itself as the preferential strategy to approach severe aortic stenosis. Information on procedural improvements and nationwide results obtained with the technique throughout the past decade are unknown. Objectives To assess the temporal variation of the demographic profile, procedural characteristics, and in-hospital outcomes of patients undergoing TAVI procedures at the Rede D'Or São Luiz. Methods Observational registry comprising 29 national institutions, comparing the characteristics of the TAVI procedures performed from 2012 to 2017 (Group 1) to those performed from 2018 to 2023 (Group 2). The statistical significance level adopted was p < 0.05. Results This study assessed 661 patients, 95 in Group 1 and 566 in Group 2, with a mean age of 81.1 years. Group 1 patients had a higher prevalence of New York Heart Association functional class III or IV and STS risk score > 8%. In addition, they more often underwent general anesthesia, transesophageal echocardiographic monitoring, and access through femoral dissection. Group 2 patients had a higher success rate of the TAVI procedure (95.4% versus 89.5%; p = 0.018), lower mortality (3.9% versus 11.6%; p = 0.004), and less often needed permanent pacemaker implantation (8.5% versus 17.9%; p = 0.008). Conclusions The 10-year temporal trends analysis of the TAVIDOR Registry shows a reduction in patients' clinical complexity over time. Furthermore, the advance to minimalistic implantation techniques, added to the technological evolution of the devices, may have contributed to the favorable outcomes observed among those whose implantation occurred in the last 5 years studied.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients undergoing cardiac transcatheter or surgical interventions usually is correlated with poor outcomes. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has been developed as a therapy choice for inoperable, high-, or intermediate-risk surgical patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS). Objective: To evaluate the impact of DM and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) on outcomes and survival after TAVI. Methods: Five hundred and fifty-two symptomatic severe AS patients who underwent TAVI, of whom 164 (29.7%) had DM, were included in this retrospective study. Follow-up was performed after 30 days, six months, and annually. Results: The device success and risks of procedural-related complications were similar between patients with and without DM, except for acute kidney injury, which was more frequent in the DM group (2.4% vs. 0%, P=0.021). In-hospital and first-year mortality were similar between the groups (4.9% vs. 3.6%, P=0.490 and 15.0% vs. 11.2%, P=0.282, respectively). There was a statistical difference between HbA1c ≥ 6.5 and HbA1c ≤ 6.49 groups in total mortality (34.4% vs. 15.8%, P<0.001, respectively). The only independent predictors were Society of Thoracic Surgeons score (hazard ratio [HR] 1.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09-1.51; P=0.003) and HbA1c level ≥ 6.5 (HR 10.78, 95% CI 2.58-21.50; P=0.003) in multivariable logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: In this study, we conclude that DM was not correlated with an increased mortality risk or complication rates after TAVI. Also, it was shown that mortality was higher in patients with HbA1c ≥ 6.5, and it was an independent predictor for long-term mortality.
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Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 35 años, femenina, con antecedentes de presentar un soplo desde la infancia y que debía ser intervenida quirúrgicamente por fibroma uterino. El anestesiólogo, durante la consulta preoperatoria, constató el soplo ya mencionado por lo que se decidió posponer la cirugía e interconsultar con un cardiólogo. El examen ecocardiográfico demostró que la paciente era portadora de una estenosis aórtica severa con fracción de eyección conservada, prueba ergométrica: clase funcional I, sin isquemia. Mediante anestesia general orotraqueal, se realizó histerectomía total abdominal sin complicaciones. Es de vital importancia para el anestesiólogo el manejo perioperatorio de la estenosis aórtica.
The case of a 35-years-old female patient with a history of presenting a murmur since childhood and who had to undergo surgery for uterine fibroid is presented. The anesthesiologist, during the preoperative consultation, verified the aforementioned murmur, so it was decided to postpone surgery and consult with a cardiologist. The echocardiographic examination showed that the patient had severe aortic stenosis with preserved ejection fraction, stress test: functional class I, without ischemia. Using orotracheal general anesthesia, a total abdominal hysterectomy was performed without complications. The perioperative management of aortic stenosis is of vital importance for the anesthesiologist.
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Resumen: La estenosis carotídea (EC) ocurre en 13% de los pacientes con estenosis valvular aórtica (EVA). El riesgo de evento vascular cerebral (EVC), en los pacientes con EC significativa sometidos a cirugía valvular cardíaca, puede aumentar hasta 11%. Someter a un paciente con EVA crítica y fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo (FEVI) disminuida a endarterectomía carotídea es todo un reto anestésico, cuyo principal objetivo es evitar la hipotensión y el bajo gasto cardíaco. La anestesia regional es una opción para estos pacientes. Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 70 años con diagnóstico de EC significativa y EVA crítica con disfunción ventricular izquierda, al que se realizó endarterectomía carotídea con bloqueo del plexo cervical superficial por alto riesgo de colapso circulatorio. Dicha estrategia anestésica permitió mantener al paciente despierto durante la cirugía, al valorar continuamente su estado neurológico. Asimismo, se documentaron los cambios transoperatorios en el NIRS (Near-infrared spectroscopy) cerebral y Doppler transcraneal (DTC), los cuales se correlacionaron con el estado clínico del paciente. En un segundo tiempo se hizo cambio valvular aórtico sin complicaciones. En este caso destaca la importancia de la anestesia regional y el monitoreo neurológico con Doppler transcraneal, en pacientes sometidos a endarterectomía carotídea con alto riesgo quirúrgico por EVA crítica.
Abstract: Carotid stenosis occurs in 13% of patients with aortic valve stenosis. The risk of stroke in patients with significant carotid stenosis undergoing heart valve surgery may increase to 11%. Proposing a patient with critical aortic valve stenosis and left ventricular dysfunction to carotid endarterectomy is an anesthetic challenge, where the objective is to avoid hypotension and low cardiac output. Regional anesthesia is an option for these patients. Due to the high incidence of intraoperative stroke during carotid endarterectomy, continuous neurological monitoring is of relevance. We present the case of a 70-year-old man diagnosed with significant carotid stenosis and critical aortic valve stenosis and left ventricular dysfunction who underwent carotid endarterectomy with superficial cervical plexus block due to a high risk of circulatory collapse. In addition, this anesthetic strategy made it possible to keep the patient awake during surgery, and to continuously assess their neurological status. Likewise, transoperative changes in brain NIRS and transcranial Doppler were documented, which correlated with the patient's clinical status. In a second time, aortic valve replacement was performed without complications. This case highlights the importance of regional anesthesia and neurological monitoring in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy with high surgical risk due to critical aortic valve stenosis.
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RESUMEN Introducción : La indicación de reemplazo valvular aórtico (RVA) en pacientes con estenosis aórtica (EA) grave asintomáticos con función conservada es motivo de creciente debate. Objetivos : Evaluar si la elevación de la fracción aminoterminal del pro-péptido natriurético tipo B (NT-proBNP) predice la aparición de síntomas y la indicación de reemplazo valvular en pacientes inicialmente asintomáticos, con EA grave y fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda (FEVI) conservada. Material y métodos : Se incluyeron en forma prospectiva pacientes con EA grave, FEVI conservada (≥55%) que fueron considerados asintomáticos, sin indicación inicial de RVA. A todos se les realizó laboratorio con medición de NT-proBNP en forma basal y ecocardiograma con Doppler tisular consignando la onda S de la pared lateral (S lat) y la relación E/e´. Se consideró como punto final el requerimiento de reemplazo valvular durante el seguimiento. Resultados : Se incluyeron 133 pacientes con una edad de 69 ± 8 años, 49% mujeres. Luego de un seguimiento de 570 (rango intercuartilo 380-680) días, el 23,3% (n = 31) de los pacientes presentaron requerimiento de reemplazo valvular. En el aná lisis multivariado, el NT-proBNP y la relación E/e´ fueron predictores independientes de requerimiento de cirugía (HR 1,02, IC95% 1,001-1,03, p <0,001; y HR 1,42, IC95% 1,21-2,45, p<0,001, respectivamente). El NT-proBNP presentó un Área Bajo la Curva (ABC) mayor que la relación E/e´ (0,88 versus 0,64, p = 0,02). Se estableció como mejor punto de corte de NT-proBNP un valor >350 pg./mL (HR ajustado 1,55, IC95% 1,38-2,01, p <0,001). Conclusiones : El NT-proBNP y la relación E/e´ fueron predictores independientes de requerimiento de cirugía. El NT-proBNP presentó una muy buena capacidad de discriminación, mayor que la relación E/e´.
ABSTRACT Background : The aortic valve replacement (AVR) indication in asymptomatic patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) and preserved function is being increasingly discussed. Objective : The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the elevation of the N-terminal fraction of the pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) predicts the occurrence of symptoms and the AVR indication in patients with severe AS and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), initially asymptomatic. Methods : Asymptomatic patients with severe AS, preserved EF (≥55%) and no initial AVR indication were prospectively included. All patients underwent laboratory tests measuring NT-proBNP at baseline and an echocardiogram with tissue Doppler recording the lateral wall S wave (lat. S) and the E/e´ ratio. The endpoint was the aortic valve replacement indication at follow-up. Results : We included 133 patients aged 69 ± 8 years, 49% of which were women. After a follow-up of 570 (interquartile range 380-680) days, 23.3% (n=31) of them required aortic valve replacement. In the multivariate analysis, NT-proBNP value and the E/e´ ratio were 2 independent predictors of surgery (HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.001-1.03) p<0.001 and HR 1.42, 95% CI 1.21- 2.45, p< 0.001, respectively). NT-proBNP presented an area under the curve (AUC) greater than the E/e' ratio (0.88 versus 0.64, p=0.02). The best NT-proBNP cut-off point was determined >350 pg/mL (adjusted HR 1.55, 95% CI 1.38-2.01, p<0.001) Conclusion : NT-proBNP value and the E/e´ ratio were independent predictors of the AVR requirement. NT-proBNP had a very good discrimination capacity, greater than the E/e´ ratio.
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Objective:To explore the immune and angiogenesis-related genes in aortic valve stenosis(AS)and potential therapeutic targets, based on bioinformatics and machine learning analysis.Methods:AS data sets from the Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO), immune-related genes from the ImmPort database, and angiogenesis-related genes from the Genecards database and MsigDB were downloaded and combined to determine differentially expressed immune and angiogenesis-related genes(DEGs).Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)functional enrichment analyses were performed.Protein-protein interaction(PPI)was analyzed by using STRING database.The key biomarkers were identified by two machine learning methods including Least Absolute Shrinkage Selection Operator(LASSO)and Support Vector Machine Recursive Feature Elimination(SVM-RFE), validated in training data set and verification data set by receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC), and analyzed by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis(GSEA).The subtypes of immune infiltrating cells were analyzed by CIBERSORT.Based on starBase, miRDB, miRWalk and hTFtarget databases, the mRNA-miRNA-TF was constructed.Finally, Potential therapeutic targets and drugs were analyzed through the CTD database.Results:A total of 90 DEGs related to AS, immune, and angiogenesis were obtained.Enrichment analysis found that DEIRGs were mainly related to immune regulation and cell cycle regulation, such as "leukocyte migration" , "cell chemotaxis" and "cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction" .84 related proteins and 548 interactions were obtained by PPI analysis.Two key biomarkers SecretograninⅡ(SCG2)and Tenascin-C(TNC)were identified by machine learning, which showed high diagnostic value for AS by ROC.SCG2 and TNC are mainly involved in the immune regulation by Enrichment analysis.The infiltration level of macrophage M0 in AS group was significantly higher than that in control group by CIBERSORT analysis.The correlation between macrophage M0 and macrophage M2 and SCG2 was the highest.879 mRNA-miRNA-TF, 253 potential therapeutic agents and 299 relationships were obtained.Conclusions:The key biomarkers, immune characteristics and potential therapeutic targets obtained from the research play a vital role in exploring the pathophysiological progress and new therapeutic strategies of AS.
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Surgical treatment is the first choice for patients with aortic stenosis(AS)and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy(HOCM),this article reports a case of a high-risk surgical patient who underwent transcatheter aortic valve replacement(TAVR)after undergoing percutaneous septal embolization with microspheres(PSEM)to treat left ventricular outflow tract(LVOT)obstruction.A 77-year-old male patient was admitted due to chest tightness and shortness of breath post physical activities.Echocardiography showed signs of severe aortic valve stenosis(mean gradient:53 mmHg)and HOCM(peak LVOT gradient:93 mmHg).The risk of cardiac surgery is extremely high.Multidisciplinary decision was reached in that PSEM strategy should be performed at first to relieve LVOT obstruction,followed by TAVR to treat aortic valve stenosis.After embolization of the first septal branch with microparticles,the peak LVOT gradient decreased to 15 mmHg immediately post PSEM.TAVR was performed at 6 days post PSEM,the postoperative aortic valve pressure gradient decreased to 2 mmHg.The patient was discharged without complications.
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@#As the indications for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) expand, multi-valve lesions are becoming more common in clinical practice. Moderate to severe atrioventricular regurgitation, particularly when persistent after TAVR, significantly increases the risk of adverse events. Therefore, many studies have evaluated factors that contribute to the improvement of atrioventricular regurgitation. However, this field remains controversial due to the heterogeneity of retrospective studies and the lack of randomized controlled trials. Despite advances in atrioventricular valve intervention techniques, evidence for atrioventricular regurgitation intervention after TAVR is still scarce. The management decision for atrioventricular regurgitation in patients who underwent TAVR is complex and must take into account the severity of valve disease, anatomical characteristics, quality of life, and procedural complexity. We conducted a review of atrioventricular regurgitation in patients who have received TAVR in hope that it will help decision-making in clinical practice.
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@#Patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) are characterized by asymmetric anatomy, severe calcification and combined aortic dilatation. Compared with tricuspid aortic valve stenosis patients, patients with BAV stenosis confront with greater surgical risks in transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), including paravalvular leak, aortic valve rupture, coronary artery obstruction, atrioventricular block and so on. However, with the advent of new generation of prosthetic valves and optimization of surgical strategies, several studies have shown that TAVR is safe and effective in the treatment of BAV stenosis. Therefore, we aim to provide an overview of the use of TAVR in patients with BAV stenosis.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Due to Brazilian population aging, prevalence of aortic stenosis, and limited number of scores in literature, it is essential to develop risk scores adapted to our reality and created in the specific context of this disease. Methods: This is an observational historical cohort study with analysis of 802 aortic stenosis patients who underwent valve replacement at Hospital São Lucas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, from 1996 to 2018. With the aid of logistic regression, a weighted risk score was constructed based on the magnitude of the coeficients β of the logistic equation. Two performance statistics were obtained: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and the chi-square (χ2) of Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit with Pearson's correlation coeficient between the observed events and predicted as a model calibration estimate. Results: The risk predictors that composed the score were valve replacement surgery combined with coronary artery bypass grafting, prior renal failure, New York Heart Association class III/IV heart failure, age > 70 years, and ejection fraction < 50%. The receiver operating characteristic curve area was 0.77 (95% confidence interval: 0.72-0.82); regarding the model calibration estimated between observed/predicted mortality, Hosmer-Lemeshow test χ2 = 3,70 (P=0.594) and Pearson's coeficient r = 0.98 (P<0.001). Conclusion: We propose the creation of a simple score, adapted to the Brazilian reality, with good performance and which can be validated in other institutions.
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Introdução: Face à melhor compreensão da fisiopatologia da estenose valvar aórtica, cresceu paralelamente a complexidade da avaliação de sua gravidade, persistindo relevante incerteza quanto à aplicabilidade dos métodos invasivos pelo cateterismo cardíaco e os não invasivos, com base em ecocardiografia. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os padrões hemodinâmicos da avaliação com ecocardiografia comparativamente à estimativa da gravidade da estenose aórtica com o cateterismo em pacientes consecutivos referidos para avaliação diagnóstica por laboratório de hospital acadêmico terciário no triênio 2016-2018. Métodos: Estudo observacional, descritivo e retrospectivo das características clínicas e dos resultados das avaliações da gravidade da estenose valvar aórtica obtidas em 96 pacientes consecutivos, por meio de cateterismo e ecocardiografia. Resultados: Amostra populacional de 49 homens e 47 mulheres, com mediana de idade de 66,5 (56,5 a 72,8) anos, estenose valvar aórtica degenerativa em 49% e reumática em 40%, além de diversas comorbidades, inclusive doença coronária (37%). Pelo cateterismo, com base no gradiente pico de 48 (20 a 68), a estenose valvar aórtica foi avaliada como grave em 56%, sendo a pressão telediastólica ventricular de 20mmHg (16 a 30mmHg). Pela ecocardiografia, a área valvar foi 0,9cm2 (0,7 a 1,2cm2), sendo indexado 0,5cm2/m2 (0,43 a 0,5cm2/m2), com gradiente pico de 62±26 mmHg. A estenose valvar aórtica foi considerada severa em 69,2%. Houve discordância entre os métodos sobre a severidade da estenose valvar aórtica em 30% dos exames, com coeficiente de Spearman entre área valvar pelo ecocardiograma e gradiente pico pelo cateterismo de -0,7 (p<0,001). Conclusão: Em amostra representativa dos vários padrões hemodinâmicos, a avaliação da gravidade da estenose valvar aórtica, como praticada rotineiramente em laboratório acadêmico, limitou-se à medida de pico de gradiente transvalvar. A estimativa da área valvar pelo método ecocardiográfico, sendo indireta e também passível de crítica, contribui para as discrepâncias encontradas, tornando-se justificável buscar o aperfeiçoamento de ambos os métodos, em vista da complexidade clínica e hemodinâmica detectada.
Background: In view of the better understanding of the pathophysiology of aortic valve stenosis, the complexity of assessing its severity has simultaneously grown, with relevant uncertainty persisting as to the applicability of invasive methods by cardiac catheterization and non-invasive methods based on echocardiography. The objective of this study was to analyze the hemodynamic patterns of evaluation with echocardiography compared to the estimation of severity of aortic stenosis with catheterization in consecutive patients referred for diagnostic evaluation by the laboratory of a tertiary academic hospital in the 2016 to 2018 triennium. Methods: An observational, descriptive and retrospective study of clinical characteristics and results of assessments of severity of aortic valve stenosis obtained in 96 consecutive patients, through catheterization and echocardiography. Results: A population sample of 49 men and 47 women, with a median age of 66.5 (56.5 to 72.8) years, degenerative aortic valve stenosis in 49%, and rheumatic aortic stenosis in 40%, in addition to several comorbidities, including coronary disease (37%). Using catheterization, based on the peak gradient of 48 (20 to 68), aortic valve stenosis was assessed as severe in 56%, with ventricular end-diastolic pressure of 20mmHg (16 to 30mmHg). Using echocardiography, the valve area was 0.9cm2 (0.7 to 1.2cm2), indexed valve area was 0.5cm2/m2 (0.43 to 0.5cm2/m2), with peak gradient of 62±26mmHg. Aortic valve stenosis was considered severe in 69.2%. There was disagreement between the methods regarding severity of aortic valve stenosis in 30% of exams, with a Spearman coefficient between the valve area on the echocardiogram and the peak gradient on catheterization of -0.7 (p<0.001). Conclusion: In a representative sample of various hemodynamic patterns, the assessment of severity of aortic valve stenosis, as routinely practiced in an academic laboratory, was limited to measuring the peak transvalvular gradient. The estimation of the valve area using the echocardiographic method was indirect and also subject to criticism, and contributed to the discrepancies found, rendering it justifiable to seek the improvement of both methods, in view of the clinical and hemodynamic complexity detected.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) constitute the most prevalent congenital pathology, and they are a consequence of structural and functional abnormalities during fetal development. The etiology of CHD involves the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Fetal cardiac surgery aims at preventing natural pathways of CHD in utero, mitigating progression to more complex abnormalities. The goal of this review was to demonstrate the benefits and risks of fetal interventions in the two most prevalent CHDs, pulmonary stenosis and pulmonary atresia with an intact ventricular septum, but also critical aortic stenosis and hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Methods: Original and relevant articles were selected by meta-aggregation to perform a qualitative analysis of fetal cardiac interventions for pulmonary stenosis and critical aortic stenosis. The Joanna Briggs Institute's Qualitative Assessment and Review Instrument (or JBI-QARI) was used for data quality appraisal. Results: Of 61 potential articles, 13 were selected, and nine were finally included. Discussion: The present review demonstrated that fetal cardiac surgery increases right ventricular growth and hemodynamic flow in pulmonary stenosis, whereas in critical aortic stenosis it enables growth of the left ventricle and increases left ventricular pressure. However, it has a high complication rate, along with considerable morbidity and mortality. Conclusion: The benefits of fetal cardiac surgery for pulmonary stenosis and critical aortic stenosis are well-described in the literature; however, there is a significant risk of complications which can be reduced by the surgeon's technical expertise and well-structured hospital facilities.
摘要
Resumo Fundamento Ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECRs) e estudos observacionais compararam a eficácia e a segurança do implante valvar transcateter (TAVR) e da substituição cirúrgica da valva aórtica (SAVR) em pacientes com estenose aórtica grave. Objetivos Comparar TAVR e SAVR em pacientes com diferentes riscos cirúrgicos, características da população e diferentes válvulas protéticas transcateter. Métodos Uma overview das revisões sistemáticas (RSs) foi realizada seguindo um protocolo estruturado. Os resultados foram agrupados por risco cirúrgico, características da população e diferentes válvulas. Os ECRs foram reanalisados por meio de metanálises nas RSs, e os resultados foram resumidos por meio do método GRADE. O nível de significância estatística adotado foi de 5%. Resultados Em comparação com a SAVR, os pacientes com alto risco cirúrgico submetidos à TAVR tiveram um risco menor de ( odds ratio , intervalo de confiança de 95%, diferença absoluta de risco) fibrilação atrial (FA) (0,5, 0,29-0,86, -106/1000) e hemorragia com risco à vida (0,29, 0,2-0,42, -215/1000). Pacientes com risco cirúrgico intermediário apresentaram menor risco de FA (0,27, 0,23-0,33, -255/1.000), hemorragia com risco à vida (0,15, 0,12-0,19, -330/1.000) e insuficiência renal aguda (IRA) (0,4, 0,26-0,62, -21/1000). Pacientes com baixo risco cirúrgico tiveram menor risco de morte (0,58, 0,34-0,97, -16/1000), acidente vascular encefálico (AVE) (0,51, 0,28-0,94, -15/1000), FA (0,16, 0,12-0,2, -295/1000), hemorragia com risco à vida (0,17, 0,05-0,55, -76/1000) e IRA (0,27, 0,13-0,55, -21/1000) e tiveram maior risco de implante de marca-passo definitivo (IMD) (4,22, 1,27 -14.02, 141/1000). Os dispositivos de geração mais recente tiveram um risco menor de FA em comparação com as gerações mais antigas, e pacientes usuários de dispositivos expansíveis por balão não apresentaram riscos maiores de IMD. Conclusões Este artigo apresenta evidências de que pacientes com risco cirúrgico baixo, intermediário e alto apresentam melhores desfechos quando tratados com TAVR em comparação com a SAVR.
Abstract Background Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies have compared the efficacy and safety of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in patients with severe aortic stenosis. Objectives Compare TAVR and SAVR in patients with different surgical risks, population characteristics, and different transcatheter prosthetic valves. Methods An overview of systematic reviews (SRs) was conducted following a structured protocol. Results were grouped by surgical risk, population characteristics, and different valves. RCTs in the SRs were reanalyzed through meta-analyses, and the results were summarized using the GRADE method. The adopted level of statistical significance was 5%. Results Compared to SAVR, patients with high surgical risk using TAVR had a lower risk of (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval, absolute risk difference) atrial fibrillation (AF) (0.5, 0.29-0.86, -106/1000) and life-threatening bleeding (0.29, 0.2-0.42, -215/1000). Patients with intermediate surgical risk had a lower risk of AF (0.27, 0.23-0.33, -255/1000), life-threatening bleeding (0.15, 0.12-0.19, -330/1000), and acute renal failure (ARF) (0.4, 0.26-0.62, -21/1000). Patients with low surgical risk had a lower risk of death (0.58, 0.34-0.97, -16/1000), stroke (0.51, 0.28-0.94, -15/1000), AF (0.16, 0.12-0.2, -295/1000), life-threatening bleeding (0.17, 0.05-0.55, -76/1000), and ARF (0.27, 0.13-0.55, -21/1000), and had a higher risk of permanent pacemaker implantation (PPI) (4.22, 1.27-14.02, 141/1000). Newer generation devices had a lower risk of AF than older generations, and patients using balloon-expandable devices did not experience higher risks of PPI. Conclusions This paper provides evidence that patients at low, intermediate, and high surgical risks have better outcomes when treated with TAVR compared with SAVR.
摘要
Abstract Degenerative aortic stenosis is currently a public health problem. Affecting the elderly population, this pathology has been showing an increasing prevalence as a direct result of the population aging. In this context, women have a greater life expectancy, corresponding to most of the population with degenerative aortic stenosis. Specific characteristics of this pathology in females are present in the diagnosis, pathophysiology, anatomical aspects, imaging and in therapeutic approach. Women present a more severe disease with less valve calcification than men, more concentric ventricular remodeling, higher transvalvular gradients, and less myocardial fibrosis. Less evident symptoms mean that these patients are referred later for surgical or percutaneous therapeutic treatment. The greater comorbidity presented by females and possibly due to the smaller body surface, bring specific aspects that affect the surgery results, leading to higher mortality rates and, more often, the prosthesis-patient mismatch. Percutaneous valve implantation is a good alternative, with better results in females, when compared to surgery, both in the treatment of native valves and in the treatment of a previously implanted bioprosthesis' dysfunction. The challenges encountered for the treatment of aortic stenosis in women and their possible solutions are described in this article, focusing on the observed difference of aortic stenosis in females and their possible solutions.