Evaluation of the hygiene status of teaching environment in primary and secondary schools in Beijing City from 2016 to 2020 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the trend of changes of hygiene status in the teaching environment among primary and secondary schools in Beijing City during 2016-2020, so as to provide basis for further improving the teaching environment and campus hygiene conditions in primary and secondary schools.@*Methods@#A proportional systematic sampling method covered over 50% of schools selected annually in Beijing from 2016 to 2019, and 34% were selected in 2020. Two representative classrooms were selected from each selected school for testing based on their structure and other factors, with 6 196 classrooms supervised, from 2016 to 2020,1 330,1 312,1 384,1 322,848 classrooms were monitored for each year.@*Results@#From 2016 to 2020, the overall lighting qualification rate of classrooms (lighting coefficient 72.8%, window to floor area ratio 41.8%, rear wall reflectance ratio 42.2%, blackboard reflection ratio 37.4%), the overall qualification rate of average blackboard illumination and uniformity (50.6%, 34.9 %), and the overall qualification rate of desk and chair allocation (58.6%) were all below 80%. The overall qualification rate of per capita classroom area (87.5%), blackboard size (83.2%), average desk illumination ( 80.1% ), average desk illumination and uniformity (82.9%), the distance between lamp and desk (99.1%), carbon dioxide ( 86.6% ), temperature (84.9%), and noise (96.6%) were all above 80%. The following indicators, blackboard size, the distance between lamp and desk, average blackboard illumination, lighting coefficient, blackboard reflectance, rear wall reflectance, carbon dioxide, temperature, and noise ( χ 2=78.38, 9.71, 11.76, 320.59, 37.63, 58.45, 236.45, 1 347.56, 101.97), had statistically significance between years. Among those indicators, the qualified rates of blackboard size, blackboard reflectance, lighting coefficient, and noise had been increasing year by year ( χ 2 trend =69.98, 15.82, 240.02, 5.77) ( P <0.05). The qualified rates of per capita classroom area, window to floor area ratio, and blackboard reflection ratio in primary schools (81.6%, 39.8%, 36.3%) were all lower than those in secondary schools (94.9%, 44.5%, 40.3%) ( χ 2=246.32, 12.03, 10.51, P <0.05). The qualified rates of blackboard size, average blackboard illumination, average blackboard illumination and uniformity, and desk and chair allocation (89.3%, 55.6% , 36.0%, and 60.2%) were all higher than those in secondary schools (75.4%, 44.1%, 33.3%, and 56.5%) ( χ 2=209.33, 78.41, 4.44, 8.22) ( P <0.05). The qualified rates of average desk illumination and uniformity, average blackboard illumination, rear wall reflectance ratio, desk and chair allocation, carbon dioxide, temperature, and noise indicators in urban area (82.9%, 84.1% , 51.9%, 45.0%, 60.9%, 91.2%, 89.5%, 97.8%) were all higher than those in suburban area (77.3%, 81.7%, 49.2%, 39.5%, 56.3%, 82.3%, 80.4%, 95.5%) ( χ 2=31.16, 6.28, 4.36, 16.40, 13.39, 105.29, 98.23, 24.66， P <0.05). The qualified rates of the distance between lamp and desk, lighting coefficient, window to floor area ratio, blackboard size, blackboard reflection ratio, average blackboard illumination and uniformity, and per capita classroom area in urban areas (98.8%, 65.2%, 34.3%, 76.7%, 35.9%, 30.1%, 84.6%) were all lower than those in suburban areas (99.4%, 81.4%, 49.8%, 89.7%, 40.2%, 39.6%, 90.3%) ( χ 2=6.80, 171.67, 132.43, 188.46 , 12.45, 60.28, 44.82) ( P <0.05).@*Conclusions@#The main problems in the teaching environment of schools in Beijing are classroom lighting, as well as desk and chair allocation. The findings suggest technical rationality and operability of relevant standard should be considered when under revision, and standard training and supervision management should be strengthened, with the aim of teaching environment improvement.

Avaliação da adesão às dietas sustentáveis, desertos alimentares e associações de saúde, aspectos socioeconômicos e espaciais em adultos e idosos do estudo Brazuca-Natal / Assessment of adherence to sustainable diets, food deserts and health associations, socioeconomic and spatial aspects in adults and elderly people from the Brazuca-Natal study

Introdução: Alcançar a segurança alimentar e nutricional e a melhoria da nutrição são metas estabelecidas pelos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) da ONU e para tanto é fundamental a compreensão das interações entre saúde coletiva, meio ambiente e os determinantes sociais no planejamento de ações eficazes no enfrentamento da Insegurança Alimentar e Nutricional (IAN) e na promoção de territórios saudáveis e sustentáveis. Na perspectiva de identificação da situação da alimentação nos territórios, destacam-se os ambientes alimentares que são influenciados por uma variedade de fatores (disponibilidade, acessibilidade, conveniência, promoção, qualidade dos alimentos e bebidas), incluindo a sustentabilidade dos ecossistemas nos quais estão inseridos. Nesse contexto, este estudo pode fornecer informações valiosas ao identificar e descrever áreas críticas de desigualdades espaciais acerca da adesão às dietas sustentáveis, as quais podem corroborar para o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas focalizadas nas áreas mais vulneráveis do município de Natal. Objetivo: Avaliar a adesão às dietas sustentáveis, desertos alimentares e associações de saúde, aspectos socioeconômicos e espaciais em adultos e idosos do estudo BRAZUCA-Natal. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo que aborda métodos mistos: 1) Revisão de escopo que buscou compreender as características dos índices de adesão às dietas sustentáveis que foram desenvolvidos com base no relatório da Comissão EAT-Lancet e verificar as principais lacunas de conhecimento destas ferramentas. Essa revisão foi realizada a partir de uma busca sistemática na literatura nas bases de dados PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, e Science Direct de 01 de junho a 01 de agosto janeiro de 2022. 2) Estudo transversal que se decompõe, a partir das variáveis independentes, em três artigos científicos que avaliaram 399 adultos e idosos, por meio de entrevistas domiciliares contendo questões sociodemográficas, de estilo de vida, dados clínicos, antropométricos e dietéticos orientado pelo software Globodiet® por meio do Recordatório alimentar de 24h (R24h). A adesão às dietas sustentáveis foi mensurada pelo Planet Health Diet Index (PHDI). No primeiro artigo, avaliamos a adesão às recomendações do EAT-Lancet para dietas saudáveis e sustentáveis em adultos e idosos do estudo Brazuca-Natal. O segundo artigo, buscou avaliar a associação entre a adesão à dieta EAT-Lancet com fatores de risco cardiometabólicos (glicose, triglicerídeos, colesterol total, HDL-c, LDL-c, mensuração da pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, utilizamos a regressão linear múltipla para avaliar a relação entre o PHDI e variáveis independentes. O terceiro, buscou associar a adesão à dieta sustentável com variáveis individuais e de contexto com foco nos desertos alimentares, IAN e infraestrutura urbana. Essa pesquisa se baseou nos setores censitários da cidade de Natal-RN, a partir da identificação dos estabelecimentos de aquisição de alimentos, agrupados nas categorias de in natura ou minimamente processados, ultraprocessados ou mistos. Os desertos alimentares foram calculados pela densidade de estabelecimentos saudáveis ponderados pela renda dividido por 10 mil habitantes e classificados menor ou igual ao percentil 25. Utilizamos dados socioeconômicos do Censo 2010. Regressão múltipla com seleção Backward foi utilizada para observar a relação entre a adesão às dietas sustentáveis com as variáveis independentes. Resultados: Na revisão de escopo foram recuperados um total de 1.458 artigos, 14 dos quais foram incluídos na revisão. Identificamos sete índices que mensuram dietas sustentáveis, como se segue: EAT-Lancet diet score (ELD-I), New EAT-Lancet diet score (EAT), Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI), Sustainable Diet Index (SDI), Sustainable-HEalthy-Diet (SHED), novel Nutrient-Based EAT index (NB-EAT) e World Index for Sustainability and Health (WISH). No artigo 2 (transversal), verificamos que o escore total médio de adesão ao PHDI foi de 29,4 pontos (IC 95% 28,04-30,81), em um escore que pode variar de 0 a 150 pontos. As maiores pontuações foram para frutas, leguminosas e vegetais e as menores para gordura animal e carne vermelha. Esse estudo mostrou que a adesão à dieta sustentável está diretamente relacionada a ser do sexo masculino e não consumir álcool e inversamente relacionada a ter 1 a 9 anos de estudos (comparado a quem tem ensino superior) e estar em insegurança alimentar. No artigo 3 (transversal), o PHDI apresentou associação significativa (p <0,05) com a presença de diabetes e dislipidemia, com a pressão arterial sistólica, colesterol total e LDL-c alterados, assim como com um índice que avalia saúde cardiovascular aos seus componentes (de forma positiva com frutas, vegetais e leguminosas e de forma negativa com os alimentos ultraprocessados). No artigo 4 (ecológico transversal) encontramos uma maior adesão à dieta sustentável na região Sul de Natal-RN, em indivíduos com maior renda per capita, em segurança alimentar, moradores de áreas com melhor infraestrutura e que não são desertos alimentares. Identificamos que a ocorrência de desertos alimentares coincide com as áreas em que há uma menor adesão à dieta sustentável, que são as regiões Norte e Oeste da cidade. A adesão à dieta sustentável reduz quando associada à infraestrutura urbana desfavorável e a IAN. Conclusões: Concluímos na revisão de escopo que há a utilização de diferentes métricas que avaliam a adesão às dietas sustentáveis, dificultando a comparação entre os índices e a tendência a negligenciar aspectos sociais. No artigo 2, que a adesão às dietas sustentáveis está distante das recomendações do EAT-Lancet e que essa adesão foi menor em mulheres, com baixa escolaridade, nas classes sociais menos favorecidas, com menor renda per capita e que se encontravam em IAN. No artigo 3, que associação com o padrão alimentar sustentável também sugeriu um menor risco cardiometabólico. E no artigo 4, verificamos no mapeamento de desertos alimentares que a distribuição dos estabelecimentos que comercializam alimentos sustentáveis sofre iniquidades territoriais na cidade de Natal-RN. Apesar de não estarem associados à adesão às dietas sustentáveis nesse estudo, os desertos alimentares ressaltam questões relacionadas às escolhas de alimentos sustentáveis que podem ir além da disponibilidade e acessibilidade. Contudo, são necessários novos estudos que explorem questões relacionadas aos hábitos e poder de compra dessas famílias (AU).

Introduction: Achieving food security and improving nutrition are goals set by the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). To this end, it is essential to understand the interactions between public health, the environment and social determinants in order to plan effective actions to tackle Food and Nutrition Insecurity (FNI) and promote healthy and sustainable territories. From the perspective of identifying the food situation in the territories, food environments stand out, which are influenced by a variety of factors (availability, accessibility, convenience, promotion, quality of food and drink), including the sustainability of the ecosystems in which they are inserted. In this context, this study can provide valuable information by identifying and describing critical areas of spatial inequalities regarding adherence to sustainable diets, favoring the development of public policies focused on the most vulnerable areas. Objective: To evaluate adherence to sustainable diets, food deserts and health associations, socioeconomic and spatial aspects in adults and elderly people from the BRAZUCA-Natal study. Methods: This is a multi-method study. 1) A scoping review that sought to understand the characteristics of the sustainable diet adherence indices that were developed on the basis of the EATLancet Commission report and to verify the main knowledge gaps in these tools. This review was carried out through a systematic literature search in the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases from June 1 to August 1, 2022. 2) A cross-sectional study that was broken down, based on the independent variables, into two scientific articles that assessed 399 adults and elderly people, through home interviews containing sociodemographic, lifestyle, clinical, anthropometric and dietary questions, guided by the Globodiet® software using the 24-hour dietary recall (R24h). Adherence to sustainable diets was measured using the Planet Health Diet Index (PHDI). In the first article, we assessed adherence to the EAT-Lancet recommendations for healthy and sustainable diets in adults and the elderly in the Brazuca-Natal study. The second article sought to assess the association between adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet and cardiometabolic risk factors (glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, measurement of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, we used multiple linear regression to assess the relationship between the PHDI and independent variables. 3) A transversal ecological study that sought to associate adherence to a sustainable diet with individual and contextual variables, focusing on food deserts, FNI and urban infrastructure. This research was based on the census sectors of the city of Natal-RN, based on the identification of food purchasing establishments, grouped into the categories of in-natura or minimally processed, ultra-processed or mixed. Food deserts were calculated by the density of healthy establishments weighted by income divided by 10,000 inhabitants and classified as less than or equal to the 25th percentile. We used socioeconomic data from the 2010 Census. Multiple regression with Backward selection was used to observe the relationship between total of 1,458 articles, 14 of which were included in the review. We identified seven indices that measure sustainable diets, as follows: EAT-Lancet diet score (ELD-I), New EAT-Lancet diet score (EAT), Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI), Sustainable Diet Index (SDI), Sustainable-HEalthy-Diet (SHED), novel Nutrient-Based EAT index (NB-EAT) and World Index for Sustainability and Health (WISH). In article 2 (cross-sectional), we found that the average total score for adherence to the PHDI was 29.4 points (95% CI 28.04-30.81), out of a score that can vary from 0 to 150 points. The highest scores were for fruit, pulses and vegetables and the lowest for animal fat and red meat. This study showed that adherence to a sustainable diet is directly related to being male and not consuming alcohol, and inversely related to having 1 to 9 years of schooling and being food insecure. In article 3 (cross-sectional), the PHDI showed a significant association (p <0.05) with the presence of diabetes and dyslipidemia, with systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and LDL-c, as well as with an index that assesses cardiovascular health and its components (positively with fruits, vegetables and legumes and negatively with ultra-processed foods). In article 4 (transversal ecological) we found greater adherence to the sustainable diet in the southern region of Natal-RN, in individuals with higher per capita income, food security, living in areas with better infrastructure and which are not food deserts. We found that the occurrence of food deserts coincides with the areas where there is less adherence to the sustainable diet, which are the North and West regions of the city. Adherence to a sustainable diet decreases when associated with unfavorable urban infrastructure and FNI. Conclusions: The scoping review observed the use of different metrics that assess adherence to sustainable diets, making it difficult to compare the indices and the tendency to neglect social aspects. In article 2, we concluded that adherence to sustainable diets is far from the EAT-Lancet recommendations and that this adherence was lower in women, with low education, in less favored social classes, with lower per capita income and who were in the IAN. In article 3, the association with a sustainable dietary pattern also suggested a lower cardiometabolic risk. And in article 4, we verified in the mapping of food deserts that the distribution of establishments that sell healthy and sustainable food suffers territorial inequities in the city of Natal-RN, concentrated in the South and East regions. Despite not being associated with adherence to sustainable diets in this study, food deserts highlight issues related to sustainable food choices that may go beyond availability and accessibility. However, new studies are needed that explore issues related to the habits and purchasing power of these families (AU).

Reflexiones sobre el cuidado ambiental desde la perspectiva de estudiantes universitarios de Enfermería / Reflections on Environmental Care from the Perspective of University Nursing Students

Introducción: Cada día el medio ambiente se ve deteriorado por la contaminación ambiental y el cambio climático, por tanto, es necesario que desde su formación universitaria los futuros enfermeros tomen conciencia ambiental, ayuden a prevenir enfermedades emergentes y se comprometan con el cuidado de su entorno, que le permita un hábitat saludable para todos. Objetivo: Comprender las reflexiones sobre el cuidado ambiental desde la perspectiva de estudiantes universitarios de Enfermería. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación cualitativa descriptiva exploratoria en agosto del 2022. La población fue de 20 estudiantes de Enfermería de la Universidad Nacional "Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza" de Amazonas en Perú, que cursaron la asignatura de Enfermería en Salud Ambiental, y la muestra fue de 12 estudiantes, obtenida por la técnica de saturación y redundancia. Para recolectar los datos se usó la entrevista semiestructurada a través de la plataforma Zoom, procesadas con el análisis de contenido temático. Resultados: Se obtuvieron cuatro categorías: a) Interés para cuidar el medio ambiente, b) Estrategias para cuidar el medio ambiente a nivel personal y familiar, c) Percepción sobre el cuidado/descuido del medio ambiente en su comunidad, y d) Impacto de la formación profesional para cuidar el medio ambiente. Conclusiones: Los estudiantes de Enfermería son conscientes de la importancia del cuidado del medio ambiente y por ello practican, junto a su familia, acciones que ayudan a mitigar el cambio climático. Se confirma el impacto positivo que tiene la asignatura de Enfermería en salud ambiental, por ello otras escuelas y facultades de Enfermería lo deberían considerar en sus planes curriculares(AU)

Introduction: Every day, the environment becomes much deteriorated by environmental pollution and climate change; therefore, it is necessary that, from their university education, future nurses become environmentally aware, help to prevent emerging diseases and commit themselves to taking care of their environment, allowing a healthy habitat for all. Objective: To understand the reflections on environmental care from the perspective of university Nursing students. Methods: An exploratory descriptive and qualitative research was conducted in August 2022. The population was 20 Nursing students from Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, of Amazonas in Peru, who studied the subject of Nursing in Environmental Health. The sample, of 12 students, was obtained using the saturation and redundancy technique. To collect the data, a semistructured interview was used through the Zoom platform, processed using thematic content analysis. Results: Four categories were obtained: a) Interest in caring for the environment, b) Strategies to care for the environment at a personal and family level, c) Perception on care/neglect of the environment in their community, and d) Impact of professional training to care for the environment. Conclusions: Nursing students are aware of the importance of caring for the environment; therefore, they carry out, together with their family, actions that help to mitigate climate change. The positive impact of the course Nursing in Environmental Health course is confirmed, and other schools or academic institutions of nursing should consider it for their curricular plans(AU)

Análisis de interacciones de los actores de la red de conocimiento en salud ambiental del Observatorio Nacional de Salud de Colombia

Introducción: Las interrelaciones positivas y negativas entre el hombre y el medioambiente impactan en la salud general de la población, por esto, la gestión del conocimiento y la transformación social, orientadas a la prevención de la exposición a factores de riesgo ambiental y a la creación de ambientes propicios, deben realizarse a través de acciones multidisciplinares intersectoriales, como el trabajo colaborativo de redes del conocimiento. Objetivo: Describir las interacciones entre los actores de la Red de Conocimiento de Salud Ambiental del Observatorio Nacional de Salud de Colombia (ONS), con el fin de promover, mejorar y fortalecer la colaboración, intercambio de información y planificación conjunta de acciones. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo transversal de análisis de redes sociales mediante herramientas de minería de texto del lenguaje de programación R. Se analizaron las categorías de agua y saneamiento, clima, calidad del aire, radiaciones electromagnéticas e intoxicaciones químicas de un corpus documental de 99 textos de los actores de la red general de conocimiento en salud pública del ONS. Se calcularon medidas de centralidad y prestigio y se graficaron redes dirigidas multicapa con Power BI. Resultados: Los actores con mayor centralidad en la red fueron: Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, Superintendencia de Salud, Profamilia, universidades de Antioquia y La Salle, ONS, Observatorio de Salud Ambiental de Bogotá, Organización Panamericana de la Salud y Organización Mundial de la Salud. Las cinco categorías analizadas presentaron bajas centralidades de grado, y las categorías de agua y clima mostraron mayor participación de los actores (más nodos e interacciones). Conclusiones: El análisis de redes sociales permitió identificar temas relevantes de salud ambiental entre los actores de la red del ONS, además de actores clave para desarrollar espacios de interacción y gestión del conocimiento. Acorde con las limitaciones del análisis, se sugiere la inclusión de aproximaciones bibliométricas para la actualización de las interacciones de la red.

Introduction: Positive and negative interactions between the human beings and the environment have an impact on the general health of the population. Therefore, it is necessary to use knowledge management and social transformation, in order to limit exposure to environmental risk factors by creating a favorable environment for healthcare. This should be carried out through multidisciplinary and intersectorial actions, such as the collaborative work of knowledge networks. Objective: To describe the interactions between the actors within the Environmental Health Knowledge Network Colombia's National Observatory of Health (ONS acronym in Spanish), in order to promote, improve and strengthen collaboration, information exchange and planning of collaborative actions. Methodology: Cross-sectional descriptive study to analyze social interactions through text mining tools by R, programmer language. Categories analyzed: Water and sanitation, climate, air quality, electromagnetic radiation and chemical poisoning. Data source: a documentary corpus of 99 texts done by actors of Environmental Health Knowledge Network of Colombia's ONS. We calculated centrality and prestige measures. We used Power BI in order to plot multi-layered directed networks. Results: Actors with greatest centrality in the network: Ministry of Health and Social Protection, Health Superintendency, Profamilia, Antioquia and La Salle universities, National Health Observatory, Bogota's Observatory of Environmental Health, the Pan American Health Organization and the World Health Organization. The five categories analyzed provides a low centrality degree, and water and climate categories presented greater participation by actors (more nodes and links). Conclusions: Social interactions analysis provides the identification of relevant environmental health issues in Colombia and key actors in order to develop interaction spaces for knowledge management. The analysis had limitations that suggest the inclusion of bibliometric approaches for updating the interactions within the network.

Distribution of cases of congenital heart disease in a hospital in Oeste Paulista / Distribuição dos casos de cardiopatias congênitas em um hospital do Oeste Paulista

The aim of this research was to conduct a comprehensive spatial-temporal analysis of the population affected by congenital heart anomalies assisted at the Pediatric Cardiology Outpatient Department at the distinguished Western Paulista reference hospital. We conducted a retrospective study involving the analysis of electronic database records and patient medical charts for individuals diagnosed with congenital heart disease during the period from July 2013 to July 2018. A total of 298 medical records were selected for the analysis of variables encompassing the ICD-10 codes, gender, spatial distribution, and temporal trends. It was possible to observe that septal defects were the most prevalent congenital heart abnormalities, and there was no gender-based difference. An increase in diagnoses was noted from 2014, coinciding with the implementation of the "heart test," and 51% of the cases were from Presidente Prudente, with a higher concentration of cases in the industrial park area. There is an association between cardiac congenital malformations and an adverse environmental context. The findings can inform public health policies aimed at reducing the exposure of the most vulnerable population in pursuit of improving health indicators (AU).

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a distribuição espaço-temporal dos pacientes com cardiopatias congênitas aten-didos no Ambulatório de Cardiologia Pediátrica do Hospital de referência do Oeste Paulista. Realizamos um estudo retrospectivo com análise de dados de base eletrônica e prontuários dos pacientes diagnosticados com cardiopatia congênita entre os períodos de julho de 2013 a julho de 2018. Foram selecionados 298 prontuários para análise das variáveis de CID-10, gênero, distribuição espacial e série temporal. Foi possível observar que os defeitos septais foram as cardiopatias mais prevalentes, não houve diferença entre os gêneros. Notou-se aumento do diagnóstico a partir de 2014, com implementação do teste do coraçãozinho e 51% dos casos eram da cidade de Presidente Prudente, com maior concentração de casos na região do parque industrial. Há uma relação na incidência das malformações cardíacas com o meio ambiente desfavorável. Os resultados encontrados podem guiar políticas de saúde pública, visando reduzir a exposição da população mais vulnerável, na busca da melhora nos índices de saúde (AU).

Microplásticos, una amenaza invisible para la salud humana y ambiente / Micro Plastics, An Invisible Threat to Human Health and the Environment

Introducción: Los microplásticos son pequeñas partículas de plástico, de menos de 5 milímetros de tamaño, que están presentes en nuestro entorno, incluyendo el agua, los alimentos y el aire que respiramos. Aunque su presencia es preocupante desde una perspectiva ambiental, también plantea riesgos para la salud humana, dado que la exposición a estos puede ocurrir a través de múltiples vías, por ejemplo, la ingestión de alimentos y agua contaminados, así como la inhalación de partículas presentes en el aire. Objetivo: Describir los riesgos y daños asociados con el microplástico a nivel de la salud de las personas y del medio ambiente desde una perspectiva de metabolismo, sociedad y naturaleza. Posición: Se evidencian múltiples actores y diversos factores que favorecen a la problemática, pero desde el metabolismo social naturaleza, se puede identificar que el consumidor juega un papel fundamental. No obstante, se requiere de la participación de múltiples actores para lograr frenar o reducir las consecuencias propias de esta situación. Conclusiones: Se logra entender que es una problemática, que se fortalece con el paso del tiempo y aún permanece invisible en algunos campos, pero que requiere una intervención inmediata y profunda, se destaca que abordar este problema requiere un enfoque integral y colaborativo que involucre a diversos actores, incluyendo a los gobiernos, la industria, la sociedad civil y los consumidores(AU)

Introduction: Micro plastics are small plastic particles, smaller than 5 millimeters, that are present in our environment, including water, food and the air we breathe. Although their presence is concerning from an environmental perspective, it also poses risks to human health, given that exposure to them can occur through multiple pathways; for example, ingestion of contaminated food and water, as well as inhalation of airborne particles. Objective: To describe the risks and damages associated with microplastic at the level of people's health and the environment from a metabolism, society and nature perspective. Position: Multiple actors and various factors are evident favoring this issue, but from the nature social metabolism the consumer is identified to play a fundamental role. However, the participation of multiple actors is required to stop or reduce the consequences of this situation. Conclusions: It is possible to understand that it is a problem that strengthens with time and still remains invisible in some fields, but requires immediate and profound intervention. It is highlighted that addressing this problem requires a comprehensive and collaborative approach involving diverse actors, including governments, industry, civil society, and consumers(AU)

Descarte de medicamentos e os impactos ambientais: uma revisão integrativa da literatura / Disposal of drugs and the ensuing environmental impacts: an integrative review of the literature

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é investigar as evidências nacionais e internacionais disponíveis sobre o descarte de medicamentos e os impactos em matrizes ambientais. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) e que incluiu artigos em inglês, espanhol e português publicados entre 2010 e 2020. Foram selecionados 26 artigos, que evidenciaram o descarte incorreto de medicamentos por profissionais e consumidores devido, principalmente, à falta de conhecimentos sobre os impactos ambientais que esses podem ocasionar. Estudos apontaram a contaminação de água, esgoto e sedimentos por fármacos descartados de forma incorreta. Além disso, observou-se que seres vivos aquáticos podem ser impactados pela presença de medicamentos em matrizes ambientais. O descarte de medicamentos incorreto ainda é uma realidade nas evidências avaliadas, que promove a contaminação de matrizes ambientais e muitas vezes não é removido por estações de tratamento de águas residuárias e interfere no equilíbrio da vida ambiental.

Abstract The scope of this article is to investigate the national and international evidence available on the forms of drug disposal and the presence of drugs in environmental matrices. It involved an integrative review of the literature conducted in the PubMed, SciELO and Virtual Health Library (VHL) databases, which included articles in English, Spanish and Portuguese published between 2010 and 2020. Twenty-six articles were selected, which revealed the incorrect disposal of medicines by professionals and consumers due mainly to the lack of knowledge about the environmental impacts that they may cause. Studies have highlighted the contamination of water, sewage and sediments by incorrectly discarded drugs. Furthermore, it was observed that aquatic living creatures can be impacted by the presence of drugs in environmental matrices. The incorrect disposal of drugs continues to be a reality in the evidence assessed, which leads to the contamination of environmental matrices and is often not removed by wastewater treatment plants and interferes with the equilibrium of environmental life.

COVID-19: una oportunidad para revitalizar la autonomía alimentaria en comunidades indígenas / COVID-19: an opportunity to revitalize food autonomy in indigenous communities / Covid-19: uma oportunidade para revitalizar a autonomia alimentar nas comunidades indígenas

Resumen La autonomía alimentaria permite a las comunidades determinar sus prácticas alimentarias, comenzando con la producción agrícola en sus territorios garantizando la economía propia y la armonía con la madre tierra, en este contexto, la pandemia por COVID-19 generó cambios en las practicas sociales en las comunidades indígenas, incluidas sus prácticas alimentarias. Objetivo: Describir prácticas de autonomía alimentaria revitalizadas a partir del confinamiento por COVID-19 en una comunidad indígena Nasa del sur de Colombia. Método: Estudio cualitativo orientado en investigación participativa basada en comunidad (CBPR) realizado en una comunidad indígena Nasa del sur de Colombia. La recolección e interpretación de información se efectuó con técnicas de la investigación cualitativa: codificación abierta y axial y hasta llegar a la descripción de categorías emergentes. Resultados: Se fortalecieron prácticas ancestrales del sistema alimentario para mejorar el acceso a los alimentos sanos producidos en sus territorios, dentro de las que se destacan: tul (huerta familiar), trueque, mano-cambio, mercado Nasa y recetas tradicionales. Conclusiones: El confinamiento representó una oportunidad para retomar y revitalizar las prácticas alimentarias ancestrales de la comunidad que respondieron a necesidades concretas de salud y de alimentación, fortaleciendo el tejido social y la identidad indígena, acciones que pueden trascender a políticas públicas, planes de vida y aspiraciones de buen vivir.

Abstract Food autonomy allows communities to determine their food practices, starting with agricultural production in their territories, guaranteeing their own economy and harmony with Mother Earth. In this context, the COVID-19 pandemic generated changes in social practices in the communities. indigenous communities, including their food practices. Objective: Describe food autonomy practices revitalized following the COVID-19 confinement in a Nasa indigenous community in southern Colombia. Method: Qualitative study oriented on community-based participatory research (CBPR) carried out in a Nasa indigenous community in southern Colombia. The collection and interpretation of information was carried out with qualitative research techniques: open and axial coding and until reaching the description of emerging categories. Results: Ancestral practices of the food system were strengthened to improve access to healthy foods produced in their territories, among which the following stand out: tul (family garden), barter, hand-exchange, Nasa market and traditional recipes. Conclusions: Confinement represented an opportunity to resume and revitalize the community's ancestral food practices that responded to specific health and food needs, strengthening the social fabric and indigenous identity, actions that can transcend public policies, life plans and aspirations for a good life.

Abstract A autonomia alimentar permite que as comunidades determinem suas práticas alimentares, começando pela produção agrícola em seus territórios, garantindo sua própria economia e harmonia com a Mãe Terra. Nesse contexto, a pandemia da Covid-19 gerou mudanças nas práticas sociais nas comunidades indígenas, incluindo suas práticas alimentares. Objetivo: Descrever as práticas de autonomia alimentar revitalizadas após o confinamento da COVID-19 em uma comunidade indígena Nasa no sul da Colômbia. Método: Estudo qualitativo orientado à pesquisa participativa de base comunitária (CBPR) realizada em uma comunidade indígena Nasa no sul da Colômbia. A coleta e interpretação das informações foram realizadas com técnicas de pesquisa qualitativa: codificação aberta e axial e até chegar à descrição das categorias emergentes. Resultados: As práticas ancestrais do sistema alimentar foram fortalecidas para melhorar o acesso aos alimentos saudáveis produzidos em seus territórios, entre os quais se destacam: tul (horta familiar), escambo, troca de mãos, mercado Nasa e receitas tradicionais. Conclusões: O confinamento representou uma oportunidade para retomar e revitalizar as práticas alimentares ancestrais da comunidade que respondiam às necessidades específicas de saúde e alimentação, fortalecendo o tecido social e a identidade indígena, ações que podem transcender as políticas públicas, os planos de vida e as aspirações por uma vida boa.

Geocoding processes in cohort studies: methods applied in the EpiFloripa Aging / Processos de geocodificação em estudos de coorte: métodos aplicados no EpiFloripa Idoso

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the process and epidemiological implications of georeferencing in EpiFloripa Aging samples (2009-2019). METHOD The EpiFloripa Aging Cohort Study sought to investigate and monitor the living and health conditions of the older adult population (≥ 60) of Florianópolis in three study waves (2009/2010, 2013/2014, 2017/2019). With an automatic geocoding tool, the residential addresses were spatialized, allowing to investigate the effect of the georeferencing sample losses regarding 19 variables, evaluated in the three waves. The influence of different neighborhood definitions (census tracts, Euclidean buffers, and buffers across the street network) was examined in the results of seven variables: area, income, residential density, mixed land use, connectivity, health unit count, and public open space count. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate the differences between neighborhood definitions according to three variables: contextual income, residential density, and land use diversity. RESULT The losses imposed by geocoding (6%, n = 240) caused no statistically significant difference between the total sample and the geocoded sample. The analysis of the study variables suggests that the geocoding process may have included a higher proportion of participants with better income, education, and living conditions. The correlation coefficients showed little correspondence between measures calculated by the three neighborhood definitions (r = 0.37-0.54). The statistical difference between the variables calculated by buffers and census tracts highlights limitations in their use in the description of geospatial attributes. CONCLUSION Despite the challenges related to geocoding, such as inconsistencies in addresses, adequate correction and verification mechanisms provided a high rate of assignment of geographic coordinates, the findings suggest that adopting buffers, favored by geocoding, represents a potential for spatial epidemiological analyses by improving the representation of environmental attributes and the understanding of health outcomes.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever o processo e as implicações epidemiológicas do georreferenciamento nas amostras do EpiFloripa Idoso (2009-2019). MÉTODO O estudo de coorte EpiFloripa Idoso buscou investigar e acompanhar as condições de vida e saúde da população idosa (≥ 60) de Florianópolis em três ondas de estudo (2009/2010, 2013/2014, 2017/2019). Com uma ferramenta de geocodificação automática, os endereços residenciais foram espacializados, permitindo a investigação do efeito das perdas amostrais do georreferenciamento em relação a 19 variáveis, avaliadas nas três ondas. A influência de diferentes definições de vizinhança (setores censitários, buffers euclidianos e buffers pela rede de ruas) foi examinada nos resultados de sete variáveis: área, renda, densidade residencial, uso misto do solo, conectividade, contagem de unidades de saúde, e contagem de espaços livres públicos. Coeficientes de correlação de Pearson foram calculados para avaliar as diferenças entre as definições de vizinhança de acordo com três variáveis: renda contextual, densidade residencial e diversidade de uso do solo. RESULTADO As perdas impostas pela geocodificação (6%, n = 240) não ocasionaram diferença estatística significativa entre a amostra total e a georreferenciada. A análise das variáveis do estudo sugere que o processo de geocodificação pode ter incluído uma maior proporção de participantes com melhor nível de renda, escolaridade e condições de vida. Os coeficientes de correlação evidenciaram pouca correspondência entre medidas calculadas pelas três definições de vizinhança (r = 0,37-0,54). A diferença estatística entre as variáveis calculadas por buffers e setores censitários ressalta limitações no uso destes na descrição dos atributos geoespaciais. CONCLUSÃO Apesar dos desafios relacionados à geocodificação, como inconsistências nos endereços, adequados mecanismos de correção e verificação propiciaram elevada taxa de atribuição de coordenadas geográficas. Os achados sugerem que a adoção de buffers, favorecida pela geocodificação, representa uma potencialidade para análises epidemiológicas espaciais ao aprimorar a representação dos atributos do ambiente e a compreensão dos desfechos de saúde.

Beneficios de los espacios verdes y actividad física en el bienestar y salud de las personas / Benefits of green spaces and physical activity for the well-being and health of people

BACKGROUND: Physical environment can influence well-being, quality of life and health and population health in several ways. Exposure to green spaces improves the physical and mental health of individuals. Chile has privileged conditions for outdoor activities that could benefit millions of people. However, a small percentage of the Chilean population is exposed to green spaces in the recommended amounts to promote health. AIM: To describe the benefits of green spaces on physical and mental health and their relationship with the practice of physical activity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review of the scientific literature in English in the Web of Science (WoS) electronic database published between 2006-2019. RESULTS: In addition to the direct benefits of green spaces, there are synergistic effects of performing physical activities in these environments such as feelings of good health, satisfaction with life and pleasure, increased physiological relaxation, positive emotions, mental well-being, restoration of attention, decreased perceived stress and a reduction negative affections. CONCLUSIONS: This review supports strategies for improving access to green spaces in urban areas coupled with physical activity promotion in these settings. Health and urban planning stakeholders should consider these aspects in future programs.

Cumplimiento de las medidas de restricción del uso residencial de leña en la ciudad de Valdivia / Compliance with the measures of restrict the residential use of firewood in Valdivia, Chile

BACKGROUND: Atmospheric pollution is a problem that causes great concern and health risks for the population and the earth, as it affects developed countries and third world countries. Locally, there are no studies that prove the fulfillment level of the restriction about the usage of residential firewood, considering that since 2014 there is a procedure called "The Environmental Decontamination Plan" in Valdivia (PDAV). Aim: To determine the fulfillment level of the restriction about residential firewood and its related factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The population study were 594 homes that were assigned randomly and proportionally according to 2 territorial areas (A and B) established in the PDAV. The sample's characteristics were described, comparison techniques were applied by subgroups (sociodemographic, home's structures and humidity's perception and percentage of the firewood) to identify factors related mainly with the fulfillment of measurements about firewood usage. RESULTS: 52% of households do not comply with the residential firewood use restriction measure, having sociodemographic factors related with this failure, such as schooling, health insurance and home structure. Besides, it is noted that the knowledge level of PDAV is associated with the accomplish level of restriction measures. When people know more about PDAV, there is a higher proportion of accomplishment. Conclusion: In more than half of the households, the restriction on the use of woodstove is not complied. The lack of knowledge of the population about the PDAV directly influences its compliance, which requires strategies to promote adherence to this program.

Humanização na ambiência de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares: significado de bem-estar na perspectiva dos usuários / Humanisation in the Complementary and Integrative Practice ambience: the meaning of well-being from the users' perspective

Resumo Na busca pelo incremento qualitativo dos espaços de saúde e por uma experiência positiva de seus usuários, este artigo apresenta os significados de bem-estar relacionados à ambiência, atribuídos pelos usuários de ambientes terapêuticos de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares (PIC). A pesquisa qualitativa teve como um de seus objetivos "Identificar o significado de bem-estar e os estímulos que o influenciam, em ambientes de PIC". Foi realizada uma avaliação ambiental em três estudos de caso no ano de 2017, com múltiplos métodos, dos quais as entrevistas - com terapeutas, pacientes e coordenadores das instituições - e as observações sistemáticas foram os que melhor contribuíram para os resultados aqui apresentados. A categorização dos resultados sugere que os significados de bem-estar atribuídos pelos usuários de ambientes terapêuticos de PIC sejam: Acolhimento, Ânimo, Beleza, Concentração, Confiança, Relaxamento e Simplicidade. Neste artigo, apresenta-se a discussão da categorização em relação à revisão de literatura, às amostras de usuários, aos estímulos ambientais e aos métodos. Estima-se que essa categorização possa contribuir para a humanização das ambiências de PIC e para a melhoria de seus projetos arquitetônicos.

Abstract Aiming to have a qualitative increase in health spaces and provide a positive experience for its users, this article presents the meanings of well-being related to the environment, attributed by users of therapeutic environments with complementary and integrative practices (CIPs). One of the objectives of the qualitative research was to "Identify the meaning of well-being and the stimuli that influence it in CIP environments". An environmental assessment was carried out in three case studies in 2017, using multiple methods, of which interviews - with therapists, patients and coordinators from institutions - and systematic observations best contributed to the results presented here. The categorisation of the results suggests that the meanings of well-being attributed by users of therapeutic CIP environments are: Welcomeness, Motivation, Beauty, Concentration, Trust, Relaxation and Simplicity. In this article, the discussion of categorisation in relation to the literature review, user samples, environmental stimuli and methods is presented. It is estimated that this categorisation can contribute to the humanisation of CIP ambiences and to improving their architectural projects.

Estratégia saúde da família rural no Nordeste do Brasil: percepções de profissionais sobre a saúde e ambiente / Rural family health strategy in Northeastern Brazil: professionals' perceptions of health and the environment

Objetivo: compreender as percepções de profissionais da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) que atuam em territórios rurais de municípios do Nordeste brasileiro acerca das inter-relações entre a saúde e ambiente no processo saúde-doença-cuidado da população.Método: pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, em que se realizaram 29 entrevistas de sete categorias profissionais. Adotou-se a análise temática para o processamento e interpretação do material empírico. Resultados: foram discutidas a necessidade de informação acerca de questões ambientais e seu impacto no processo saúde-doença e a consciência ambiental na dimensão do território. Há compreensão do ambiente como determinante de saúde, porém sob uma perspectiva embrionária, além de uma articulação insuficiente entre determinação social e práticas emancipatórias no contexto de saúde e ambiente. Conclusões: ressalta-se a importância de fortalecer as práticas na ESF a partir dos pressupostos explicitados na Política Nacional de Saúde Integral da População de Campo Florestas e Águas. Reforça-se a necessidade de se desenvolver processos formativos, envolvendo a equipe para contribuir na transformação da realidade em saúde da população de campo e das águas.

Objective: To understand the perceptions of Family Health Strategy (ESF, in Portuguese) professionals working in rural territories in municipalities of the Brazilian Northeast on the interrelationships between health and the environment in the health-disease-care process of the population. Method: qualitative research, in which 29 interviews in seven professional categories were carried out. Thematic analysis was adopted for the processing and interpretation of the empirical material. Results: it was discussed the need for information about environmental issues and their impact on the health-disease process, as well as environmental awareness in the dimension of the territory. From an embryonic perspective, there is an understanding of the environment as a determinant of health, with insufficient articulation between social determinants and emancipatory practices in the context of health and the environment. Conclusion: We emphasize the importance of strengthening ESF practices based on the assumptions outlined in the National Policy for the Integral Health of the Populations of the Field, Forest, and Water. We reinforce the need to develop training processes involving the team to contribute to the transformation of the health reality of the countryside and water populations.

Spatial distribution of sedentary behavior and unhealthy eating habits in Belo Horizonte, Brazil: the role of the neighborhood environment / Distribuição espacial do comportamento sedentário e do hábito alimentar não saudável em Belo Horizonte, Brasil: o papel do ambiente da vizinhança

Abstract The study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of sedentary behavior and unhealthy eating habits, and to assess its relationship with the neighborhood environment. Cross-sectional study with data of Surveillance System of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases, carried out in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Watching television for four hours or more per day was identified as sedentary behavior. Unhealthy eating habits were defined based on regular consumption of sodas, excess fat meat, and red meat, and irregular consumption of fruits and vegetables. Georeferenced data of places for physical activity, food establishments, population and residential density, homicide rate, mean total income, and social vulnerability index were entered into the Vigitel database. The coverage area by basic health units was used as the geographical unit of neighborhood. SaTScan was used to analyze the spatial distribution. Spatial analysis identified a significant cluster of high prevalence of sedentary behavior and unhealthy eating habits, after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. The comparison of environmental characteristics inside and outside clusters showed significant differences in the physical and social environment. Physical and social environment might be related to clusters of high prevalence of sedentary behavior and unhealthy eating habits.

Resumo O objetivo foi analisar a distribuição espacial do comportamento sedentário e do hábito alimentar não saudável e verificar a relação com o ambiente da vizinhança. Estudo transversal com dados do Sistema de Vigilância de fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas, realizado em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Considerou-se comportamento sedentário o hábito de assistir televisão quatro ou mais horas por dia. O hábito alimentar não saudável foi avaliado pelo consumo regular de carne com excesso de gordura, refrigerante e carne vermelha e irregular de frutas e hortaliças. Informações georreferenciadas dos locais para a prática de atividade física, estabelecimentos com venda de alimentos, densidade populacional e residencial, taxa de homicídio, renda e índice de vulnerabilidade social foram inseridas na base do Vigitel. A área de abrangência da unidade básica de saúde foi usada como unidade geográfica da vizinhança. A análise espacial identificou cluster significativo de alta prevalência de comportamento sedentário e hábito alimentar não saudável, mesmo após ajuste. Os ambientes físico e social podem estar relacionados a cluster de alta prevalência de comportamento sedentário e hábito alimentar não saudável.

Estrutura, perfil dos frequentadores e padrão de utilização de Academias a Céu Aberto em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais / Characteristics, the profile of users, and pattern of use of outdoors gyms in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a estrutura, o perfil dos frequentadores e o padrão de utilização de Academias a Céu Aberto (ACA) localizadas em áreas de vulnerabilidade distintas de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Estudo com delineamento transversal e análises exploratórias, realizado em duas ACA no ano de 2016. Foram utilizadas três abordagens in loco para mensurar as variáveis de interesse: das estruturas das ACA (PA R A), entrevistas face-a-face com os usuários presentes e observação sistemática dos frequentadores (SOPARC). Os dados foram analisados com a estatística descritiva e testes de qui-quadrado e Fisher no software R (p < 0,05). ACA-médio risco apresentou melhores estruturas para exercícios, conforto para usuários e condições de limpeza, estética e segurança comparadas à ACA-baixo risco. Foram entrevistados 49 adultos (51,2% mulheres) e observados 294 frequentadores (59,9% homens). Entre os usuários entrevistados, a maioria tinha mais de 50 anos, apresentavam sobrepeso ou obesidade (65,2%). Ademais, 51,0% dos entrevistados realizavam 150 minutos ou mais de atividade física moderada ou vigorosa, sendo que 24,5% deles atingiram esse tempo utilizando apenas as ACA (p = 0,016). Por meio do SOPARC, foi observado proporcionalmente maior presença de adultos (62,0%), de frequentadores em atividades sedentárias (58,4%), seguido de exercícios nos aparelhos das ACA (34,7%), e em dias de semana (64,0%). Proporção significativa de frequentadores em atividades sedentárias foi observada na ACA-baixo risco (p < 0,001). Este estudo contribui para orientação de políticas públicas de promoção de atividade física nas ACA, reforçando a relevância dos aspectos do ambiente físico e social no planejamento, monitoramento e avaliação dessas intervenções

This study aimed to describe the characteristics, the profile of users, and the pattern of use of Outdoors Gym (ACA - Portuguese abbreviation) in different socioeconomic areas of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. A cross-sectional study was carried out in the two ACA in 2016. Three instruments were used to measure the variables of interest in loco: the characteristics of the ACA ( PARA), face to face interviews, and systematic observation of attendees (SOPARC). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square and Fisher tests in the R software (p < 0.05). ACA-medium risk showed better structures for exercises, comfort for users, and conditions of cleanliness, aesthetics, and safety compared to ACA-low risk. Forty-nine adults (51.2% women) were interviewed, and 294 participants were observed (59.9% men). Among the users in-terviewed, most were over 50 years old, were overweight or obese (65.2%). Furthermore, 51.0% of respond-ents performed 150 minutes or more of moderate or vigorous physical activity, and 24.5% of them reached this time using only the ACA (p = 0.016). Through SOPARC was observed a proportionally greater presence of adults (62.0%), who were in sedentary behaviors (58.4%), followed by ACA exercises (34.7%) and dur-ing weekdays (64.0%). A significant proportion of participants in sedentary activities was observed in the ACA-low risk (p < 0.001). This study may contribute to guiding physical activity promotion and reinforces the relevance of physical and social environments in the planning, monitoring, and evaluation of ACA

Analysis of health monitoring results in the teaching environment of primary and secondary schools in Sichuan Province from 2017 to 2021 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To analyze the current situation of teaching environmental sanitation in primary and secondary schools in Sichuan Province from 2017 to 2021, and to provide basis for the development of teaching environmental sanitation intervention measures in Sichuan Province.@*Methods@#A total of 7 510 primary and secondary schools were supervised and sampled from 2017 to 2021 according to the unified questionnaire. Descriptive statistical analysis method was used to analyze the monitoring results.@*Results@#The overall pass rate from 2017 to 2021 is only 51.70% (3 883), a total of 2 282 were sampled in 2017 and 1 414 were qualified, with the pass rate was the highest (61.96%),a total of 1 768 were sampled in 2019 and 750 were qualified, with the lowest pass rate (42.42%). The pass rate of different testing items in each year from 2017 to 2021 and the pass rate of the same test item in different years from 2017 to 2021 were statistically significant ( P <0.05). A total of 2 095 samples were inspected in rural areas in five years, and 1 177 were qualified, with the highest pass rate (56.18%). In urban areas, a total of 2 124 samples were inspected in five years, and 1 040 were qualified, with the lowest pass rate (48.96%). In the five year period of primary school, a total of 4 867 schools were sampled, and 2 626 were qualified, with the highest pass rate (53.93%). There were statistically significant differences in the qualification rate of desks and chairs, classroom lighting, blackboard illumination, per capita area of classrooms, and per capita area of student dormitories in different regions ( χ 2=9.87, 17.51, 37.69, 75.43, 11.22, P ＜0.05), and there were statistically significant differences in the pass rates of classroom lighting, per capita area of classrooms, per capita area of student dormitories, and ventilation of classrooms and student dormitories between different school sections ( χ 2=9.16, 39.37, 79.56 , 31.37, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#The teaching environment of primary and secondary schools in Sichuan Province needs to be improved continuously, the qualified rate of classroom lighting and desks and chairs is low, and the investment in weak links should be increased.

Associated factors of environmental health in primary and secondary schools in Beijing from 2017 to 2020 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the current situation of teaching and living environment in primary and secondary schools in Beijing and to provide basis for further intervention.@*Methods@#According to the national plan, an annual average of 92 schools in 16 districts of Beijing were investigated from 2017 to 2020, including school drinking water, canteen, toilet, dormitory management and equipment allocation. Classroom environment of some schools were tested,including the per capita area of classrooms, the agreement rate of desks and chairs distribution, blackboard reflectance, the average illumination and uniformity of desks, the average illumination and uniformity of blackboards, and noise.@*Results@#From 2017 to 2020,most of schools provided water purifiers and direct drinking water, accounting for 85.1% of all investigated schools. The proportion of students canteens in urban schools was increasing,accounting for 90.5% of all schools in 2020. And there was little change in suburban schools,reaching 85.1% in 2020. The proportion of school toilets equipped with soap increased significantly, 92.0% of school toilets were equipped with soap in 2020. The proportion of student dormitories with a per capita area of less than 3 m 2 decreased by year, and all reached the standard in 2020. The qualified rates of various classroom testing indicators, including per capita area in classroom, desk illumination uniformity, and noises, were higher than 80%, while the qualified rates of the blackboard illumination uniformity, desk allotment were lower than 80%.@*Conclusion@#The teaching and living environment in Beijing has improved in recent years, but there are still some problems need to be solved.

Proposition and application of an environmental salubrity index in rural agglomerations / Proposição e aplicação de um índice de salubridade ambiental em aglomerados rurais

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Propose an Índice de salubridade ambiental (ISARural - environmental salubrity index) that expresses the conditions experienced in rural agglomerations, including indicators and subindicators for its subsequent application in rural communities in the state of Goiás. METHODS We developed the research in three phases: 1) previous analysis for the proposition of an ISARural, with the participation of seven specialists; 2) proposition of the ISARural by means of the Delphi method, starting with 168 specialists from 26 federative units of Brazil and Distrito Federal; and 3) application of the ISARural in 43 rural communities in the state of Goiás. RESULTS The proposed ISARural resulted in the composition of eight indicators, four of which related to basic sanitation, and the others to health, socioeconomic conditions, public services offered, and housing conditions. The weight assigned to each indicator ranged from 22.82% for the water supply indicator to 6.35% for the service indicator, it is possible to apply the ISARural fully or to evaluate each indicator individually. The application of ISARural in communities of Goiás classified 86% of them with low salubrity, highlighting the worst conditions for quilombola communities. The sanitary sewage had the lowest score among the ISARural indicators, requiring greater attention from public authorities. CONCLUSIONS This study contributed to the proposition of an index in line with the concept of environmental salubrity, useful in the scope of public policies as a conditioner for the prioritization of actions needed to improve the salubrity conditions identified. The proposed ISARural can be fully applied or used in the individual evaluation of each indicator of its composition. The results of its application made it possible to identify the communities with the worst environmental salubrity conditions and the indicators that require greater priority attention in the communities studied.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Propor um índice de salubridade ambiental que expresse as condições vividas em aglomerados rurais (ISARural), englobando indicadores e subindicadores para sua posterior aplicação em comunidades rurais do estado de Goiás. MÉTODOS A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em três fases: 1) análise prévia para proposição de um ISARural, contando com a participação de sete especialistas; 2) proposição do ISARuralpor meio do método Delphi, iniciando com 168 especialistas das 26 unidades federativas do Brasil e do Distrito Federal; e 3) aplicação do ISARuralem 43 comunidades rurais do estado de Goiás. RESULTADOS O ISARuralproposto resultou na composição de oito indicadores, sendo quatro relacionados ao saneamento básico, e os demais à saúde, às condições socioeconômicas, aos serviços públicos ofertados e às condições de moradia. O peso atribuído para cada indicador variou de 22,82%, para indicador de abastecimento de água, a 6,35%, para o indicador de serviços, podendo o ISARuralser aplicado na sua totalidade ou para avaliação de cada indicador individualmente. A aplicação do ISARuralem comunidades de Goiás evidenciou que 86% se classificam com baixa salubridade, destacando as piores condições para as comunidades quilombolas. Dentre os indicadores do ISARural, o de esgotamento sanitário foi caracterizado com a menor pontuação, o que demanda uma maior atenção do poder público. CONCLUSÕES Esse estudo cumpriu o papel de contribuir com a proposição de um índice em consonância com o conceito de salubridade ambiental, podendo ser empregado no âmbito das políticas públicas como um condicionante para a priorização das ações necessárias à melhoria das condições de salubridade identificadas. O ISARuralproposto pode ser aplicado na sua totalidade ou ainda na avaliação individual de cada indicador de sua composição. Os resultados da sua aplicação possibilitaram identificar as comunidades com piores condições de salubridade ambiental e os indicadores que requerem maior atenção prioritária nas comunidades estudadas.

Sequía y calidad de vida en zona urbano-rural según grupos vulnerables y profesionales de salud

RESUMEN En Chile, la sequía ha afectado a la población social y económicamente vulnerable, impactando desfavorablemente en los determinantes sociales, salud y calidad de vida. Objetivo: Visibilizar los efectos de la sequía de una zona urbano-rural de Chile en la calidad de vida desde la perspectiva de la población vulnerable y de los profesionales de salud. Material y Método: Investigación cualitativa, con estudio de caso múltiple, realizado en zona urbano-rural de la Región de Valparaíso, decretada zona de catástrofe por sequía, por séptimo año consecutivo. Se aplica entrevista cualitativa semiestructurada a 10 personas mayores de 65 años, 10 madres de menores de cinco años y 6 profesionales de salud, con previo consentimiento informado. Se realiza análisis de contenido con Atlas ti® versión 8; surgen códigos y categorías y subcategorias. Se aplicaron los principios éticos de Ezekiel Emanuel y para garantizar rigor metodológico se consideraron los principios de credibilidad, confiabilidad, confirmabilidad y transferibilidad. Resultados: Las categorías que surgieron fueron: 1) Devastadoras consecuencias de la sequía en la familia: empobrecimiento familiar y migración de jóvenes; 2) Desafío de adaptación en el día a día: asegurar provisión de agua a través de la reutilización; 3) Percepción de invisibilidad: sensación de estar sin apoyo y pérdida de la confianza en organizaciones; 4) Visión de los profesionales: medidas de mitigación insuficientes y desinformación. Conclusiones: Los resultados visibilizaron las consecuencias de la sequía en la calidad de vida de grupos vulnerables y los desafíos que los profesionales de la salud tienen al implementar estrategias de adaptación al cambio climático.

ABSTRACT In Chile, drought has affected the socially and economically vulnerable population, adversely impacting social determinants, health and quality of life. Objective: To address the effects of drought in an urban-rural area on the quality of life from the perspective of the vulnerable population and health professionals. Material and Method: Qualitative research, with a multiple case study, carried out in an urban-rural area of the Valparaíso Region, which has been declared as a drought disaster area for the seventh consecutive year. A qualitative semi-structured interview was applied to 10 people over 65 years of age, 10 mothers of children under five years of age and 6 health professionals, after obtaining prior informed consent. Content analysis was performed using Atlas ti® version 8, resulting in codes, categories and subcategories. The ethical principles of Ezekiel Emanuel were applied and in order to ensure methodological rigor, the principles of credibility, reliability, confirmability and transferability were considered. Results: The categories that emerged were: 1. Devastating consequences of drought on families: family impoverishment, youth migration; 2. Day-to-day adaptation challenge: ensuring water supply through reuse; 3. Perception of invisibility: feeling of being unsupported, loss of trust in organizations; 4. Professionals' view: insufficient mitigation measures and misinformation. Conclusions: The results show the consequences of drought on the quality of life of vulnerable groups and the challenges that health professionals face when implementing adaptation strategies to climate change.

RESUMO No Chile, a seca tem afetado a população social e economicamente vulnerável, impactando negativamente os determinantes sociais, a saúde e a qualidade de vida. Objetivo: Tratar os efeitos da seca na qualidade de vida a partir da perspectiva da população vulnerável e dos profissionais de saúde de uma área urbano-rural. Material e Método: Pesquisa qualitativa, com estudo de casos múltiplos, realizada em uma área urbano-rural da Região de Valparaíso, decretada pelo sétimo ano consecutivo como área de desastre por seca. Uma entrevista qualitativa semiestruturada foi aplicada a 10 pessoas maiores de 65 anos, 10 mães de crianças menores de cinco anos e 6 profissionais de saúde, com consentimento prévio informado. A análise de conteúdo foi realizada utilizando Atlas ti® versão 8, resultando em códigos e categorias e subcategorías. Os princípios éticos de Ezekiel Emanuel foram aplicados e para garantir o rigor metodológico foram considerados os princípios de credibilidade, confiabilidade, confirmabilidade e transferibilidade. Resultados: As categorias que emergiram foram: 1. Conseqüéncias devastadoras da seca na família: empobrecimento familiar, migração juvenil; 2. Desafio da adaptação no dia a dia: garantir o abastecimento de água através da reutilização; 3. Percepção da invisibilidade: sensação de estar sem apoio, perda de confiança nas organizações; 4. Visão dos profissionais: medidas de mitigação insuficientes, desinformação. Conclusões: Os resultados evidenciaram as consequências da seca na qualidade de vida de grupos vulneráveis e os desafios que os profissionais de saúde enfrentam na implementação de estratégias de adaptação às mudanças climáticas.